1
|
Khan H, Khanam A, Khan AA, Ahmad R, Husain A, Habib S, Ahmad S, Moinuddin. The complex landscape of intracellular signalling in protein modification under hyperglycaemic stress leading to metabolic disorders. Protein J 2024; 43:425-436. [PMID: 38491250 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is a life-threatening risk factor that occurs in both chronic and acute phases and has been linked to causing injury to many organs. Protein modification was triggered by hyperglycaemic stress, which resulted in pathogenic alterations such as impaired cellular function and tissue damage. Dysregulation in cellular function increases the condition associated with metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Hyperglycaemic stress also increases the proliferation of cancer cells. The major areas of experimental biomedical research have focused on the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular signalling systems involved in diabetes-associated chronic hyperglycaemia. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress generated by hyperglycaemia modify many intracellular signalling pathways that result in insulin resistance and β-cell function degradation. The dysregulation of post translational modification in β cells is clinically associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and its associated diseases. This review will discuss the effect of hyperglycaemic stress on protein modification and the cellular signalling involved in it. The focus will be on the significant molecular changes associated with severe metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India.
| | - Afreen Khanam
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India
| | - Adnan Ahmad Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India
| | - Arbab Husain
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India
| | - Safia Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morimoto T, Kobayashi T, Hirata H, Sugita K, Paholpak P, Tsukamoto M, Umeki S, Yoshihara T, Toda Y. Thick Skin on the Dorsal Spine in Osteoproliferative Disease: Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis. Cureus 2024; 16:e62235. [PMID: 38868545 PMCID: PMC11168243 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although the correlation between reduced skin thickness and reduced bone density has been investigated, no study has evaluated skin thickness and osteoproliferative diseases, including ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Methodology This retrospective cohort study consisted of 99 consecutive patients aged ≥60 years treated for spinal surgery at our hospital between January 2022 and March 2023. Skin thickness was measured at the dorsal side of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae on the sagittal cross-section image of whole-spine CT. Based on the median value, skin thickness was categorized into two groups based on a median thickness of 4 mm. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed. The sum of the vertebral body and intervertebral bridging osteophytes of the anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal ligament were defined as the OALL index and OPLL index. Serum levels of bone metabolism-related markers, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b, procollagen I N-propeptide, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and periostin, were measured. To assess the association between skin thickness and imaging findings, we calculated the adjusted odds ratios, adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) and using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results No significant differences were found in skin thickness in the three dorsal regions of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine (median = 3.3 mm versus 3.5 mm versus 3.4 mm, p = 0.357) and bone metabolism-related markers. Adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar skin thicknesses were related to DISH, the OPLL index, and the OPLL and OPLL index, respectively. Conclusions Skin thickness did not correlate with BMD but with the amount of spinal ossification. A correlation was found between skin thickness and vertebral and intervertebral ossification; vertebral osteophytes, OPLL, and DISH may be more common in thicker skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadatsugu Morimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| | - Takaomi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
- Department of Orthopedics, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| | - Hirohito Hirata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| | - Kazunari Sugita
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| | - Permsak Paholpak
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, THA
| | - Masatsugu Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| | - Shun Umeki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| | - Tomohito Yoshihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| | - Yu Toda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JPN
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cagan M, Donmez HG, Fadiloglu E, Beksac MS. Skin disorders in women with poor obstetric history: MTHFR polymorphisms and importance of preconceptional counseling. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:905-909. [PMID: 38557333 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2024.2337668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focused on the link between skin disorders and Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms. METHODS Study cases were taken from a pre-conceptional care program where patients with poor obstetric history were evaluated in terms of systemic disorders including skin diseases. This retrospective cohort (n = 472) consisted of 110 (23.3%) and 362 (76.7%) women with or without skin disorders, respectively. For ease of analysis, the history of skin diseases was classified into seven categories: (1) acne/rosacea/other acneiform disorders; (2) fungal disease; (3) pruritis/xerosis; (4) psoriasis vulgaris; (5) acrochordons and other benign skin growths; (6) urticaria/dermatitis; and (7) viral diseases. RESULTS In this retrospective cohort of 472 women, we explored the impact of MTHFR A1298C and C677T polymorphisms on skin disorders. Despite similar allelic frequencies, our findings revealed a statistically significant association between the presence of MTHFR polymorphisms and skin disorders (p = .027). Subgroup analysis indicated significantly higher rates of MTHFR polymorphisms in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (p = .033) and acrochordons (p = .030), highlighting their potential relevance in specific skin disorder subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The increased prevalence of psoriasis and acrochordons among women with MTHFR deficiency underscores the complex relationship between genetic factors and dermatological health. Our findings emphasized the critical role of MTHFR polymorphisms not only in poor obstetric history but also as significant contributors to skin disorders. This dual association highlights the importance of comprehensive preconception counseling, especially customized for women affected by skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cagan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Hanife Guler Donmez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Erdem Fadiloglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Sinan Beksac
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istinye University, Liv Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Criado PR, Ianhez M, Criado RFJ, Nakano J, Lorenzini D, Miot HA. Prurigo: review of its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. An Bras Dermatol 2024:S0365-0596(24)00028-X. [PMID: 38493053 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Prurigo is a reactive, hyperplastic skin condition characterized by pruritic papules, plaques, and/or nodules. The temporal classification includes acute/subacute and chronic disease (≥ 6 weeks), with different clinical variants, synonymies, and underlying etiological factors. The immunology of chronic prurigo shows similarities with atopic dermatitis due to the involvement of IL-4 and IL-13, IL-22, and IL-31. Treatment includes antihistamines, topical steroids, dupilumab, and JAK inhibitors. Several conditions manifest clinically as prurigo-like lesions, and the correct clinical diagnosis must precede correct treatment. Furthermore, chronic prurigos represent a recalcitrant and distressing dermatosis, and at least 50% of these patients have atopic diathesis, the treatment of which may induce adverse effects, especially in the elderly. The quality of life is significantly compromised, and topical treatments are often unable to control symptoms and skin lesions. Systemic immunosuppressants, immunobiologicals, and JAK inhibitors, despite the cost and potential adverse effects, may be necessary to achieve clinical improvement and quality of life. This manuscript reviews the main types of prurigo, associated diseases, their immunological bases, diagnosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ricardo Criado
- Centro Universitário ABC Faculty of Medicine, Santo André, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Santos (Fundação Lusíada), Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mayra Ianhez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de Doenças Tropicais de Goiás (HDT-GO), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fachini Jardim Criado
- Centro Universitário ABC Faculty of Medicine, Santo André, SP, Brazil; Alergoskin Alergia e Dermatologia, UCARE Center and ADCARE, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nakano
- Dermatology Outpatient Clinic, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Lorenzini
- Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hélio Amante Miot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morimoto T, Hirata H, Sugita K, Paholpak P, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Kato K, Tsukamoto M, Umeki S, Toda Y, Mawatari M. A view on the skin-bone axis: unraveling similarities and potential of crosstalk. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1360483. [PMID: 38500951 PMCID: PMC10944977 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1360483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The phrase "skin as a mirror of internal medicine," which means that the skin reflects many of the diseases of the internal organs, is a well-known notion. Despite the phenotypic differences between the soft skin and hard bone, the skin and bone are highly associated. Skin and bone consist of fibroblasts and osteoblasts, respectively, which secrete collagen and are involved in synthesis, while Langerhans cells and osteoclasts control turnover. Moreover, the quality and quantity of collagen in the skin and bone may be modified by aging, inflammation, estrogen, diabetes, and glucocorticoids. Skin and bone collagen are pathologically modified by aging, drugs, and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. The structural similarities between the skin and bone and the crosstalk controlling their mutual pathological effects have led to the advocacy of the skin-bone axis. Thus, the skin may mirror the health of the bones and conversely, the condition of the skin may be reflected in the bones. From the perspective of the skin-bone axis, the similarities between skin and bone anatomy, function, and pathology, as well as the crosstalk between the two, are discussed in this review. A thorough elucidation of the pathways governing the skin-bone axis crosstalk would enhance our understanding of disease pathophysiology, facilitating the development of new diagnostics and therapies for skin collagen-induced bone disease and of new osteoporosis diagnostics and therapies that enhance skin collagen to increase bone quality and density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadatsugu Morimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hirohito Hirata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sugita
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Permsak Paholpak
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Takaomi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kinshi Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shun Umeki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yu Toda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mawatari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Yang Y, Fan S. Research progress on the dermatomyositis specific autoantibodies and malignancy associated dermatomyositis. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:1890-1898. [PMID: 38448383 PMCID: PMC10930743 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease often complicated with malignant tumors. More than 50% of DM patients have myositis specific autoantibodies in their bodies. DM specific autoantibodies [including anti-migration inhibitory factor (Mi)-2 antibody, anti-nuclear matrix protein (NXP)-2 antibody, anti-transcription intermediary factor (TIF) 1-γ antibody, and anti-small ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme (SAE) antibody] play important roles in the pathogenesis of malignancy associated DM. Revealing the role of DM specific autoantibodies in the development of malignant tumors in DM patients can provide important evidence for accurately assessing the risk of developing malignant tumors in DM patients, and also provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis of DM and precise treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dolcini J, Ponzio E, Campanati A, D'Errico MM, Barbadoro P. Gender, Socioeconomic, and Health Characteristics Associated to Dermatological Visits in Italy: Secondary Analysis of a National Cross-Sectional Survey. Dermatology 2023; 239:1013-1018. [PMID: 37769634 DOI: 10.1159/000534223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few studies have investigated possible role of sociodemographic factors in terms of differences in access to dermatologic visits, and almost all of them have been conducted in health system realities where insurance companies play an important role in terms of access to healthcare providers. To our knowledge in Italy, there is lack of studies carried out with the aim to investigate possible role of sociodemographic factors regarding differences in outpatient dermatologic use for a variety of dermatologic conditions. Indeed, some investigations have been focused on specific dermatologic conditions without analyzing the big and extremely wide picture of skin diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze possible variables associated with tendency to access dermatological visits. METHODS We analyzed data from the multipurpose Italian cross-sectional Health Interview Survey routinely carried out by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). Mixed effect logistic regression models have been built to evaluate factors independently associated with dermatological visit. RESULTS Of the 119,073 subjects, only 2.3% underwent a dermatological visit. People older than 44 years old are less likely of undergoing a dermatological visit as well as people married/cohabiting, separated/divorced, and widowed, with low economic resources and living in southern and islands areas. Upper education levels are associated to increased probability of having a dermatological visit as well as lowering class of self-perceived health status and living in northern and central areas. CONCLUSION This study shows an association between the odds of having dermatological visits and some sociodemographic factors. This could generate possible health disparities in dermatological disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Dolcini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Ponzio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Campanati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Dermatological Clinic, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello Mario D'Errico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pamela Barbadoro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marcinkevics Z, Rubins U, Aglinska A, Logina I, Glazunovs D, Grabovskis A. Contactless photoplethysmography for assessment of small fiber neuropathy. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1180288. [PMID: 37727661 PMCID: PMC10505793 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1180288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a prevalent condition affecting approximately one-fifth of the global population, with significant impacts on quality of life and work productivity. Small fiber neuropathies are a common cause of chronic pain, and current diagnostic methods rely on subjective self-assessment or invasive skin biopsies, highlighting the need for objective noninvasive assessment methods. The study aims to develop a modular prototype of a contactless photoplethysmography system with three spectral bands (420, 540, and 800 nm) and evaluate its potential for assessing peripheral neuropathy patients via a skin topical heating test and spectral analyses of cutaneous flowmotions. The foot topical skin heating test was conducted on thirty volunteers, including fifteen healthy subjects and fifteen neuropathic patients. Four cutaneous nerve fiber characterizing parameters were evaluated at different wavelengths, including vasomotor response trend, flare area, flare intensity index, and the spectral power of cutaneous flowmotions. The results show that neuropathic patients had significantly lower vasomotor response (50%), flare area (63%), flare intensity index (19%), and neurogenic component (54%) of cutaneous flowmotions compared to the control group, independent of photoplethysmography spectral band. An absolute value of perfusion was 20%-30% higher in the 420 nm band. Imaging photoplethysmography shows potential as a cost-effective alternative for objective and non-invasive assessment of neuropathic patients, but further research is needed to enhance photoplethysmography signal quality and establish diagnostic criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zbignevs Marcinkevics
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Uldis Rubins
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alise Aglinska
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inara Logina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dmitrijs Glazunovs
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andris Grabovskis
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yilmaz EG, Ece E, Erdem Ö, Eş I, Inci F. A Sustainable Solution to Skin Diseases: Ecofriendly Transdermal Patches. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:579. [PMID: 36839902 PMCID: PMC9960884 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest epithelial surface of the human body, with a surface area of 2 m2 for the average adult human. Being an external organ, it is susceptible to more than 3000 potential skin diseases, including injury, inflammation, microbial and viral infections, and skin cancer. Due to its nature, it offers a large accessible site for administrating several medications against these diseases. The dermal and transdermal delivery of such medications are often ensured by utilizing dermal/transdermal patches or microneedles made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. These tools provide controlled delivery of drugs to the site of action in a rapid and therapeutically effective manner with enhanced diffusivity and minimal side effects. Regrettably, they are usually fabricated using synthetic materials with possible harmful environmental effects. Manufacturing such tools using green synthesis routes and raw materials is hence essential for both ecological and economic sustainability. In this review, natural materials including chitosan/chitin, alginate, keratin, gelatin, cellulose, hyaluronic acid, pectin, and collagen utilized in designing ecofriendly patches will be explored. Their implementation in wound healing, skin cancer, inflammations, and infections will be discussed, and the significance of these studies will be evaluated with future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eylul Gulsen Yilmaz
- UNAM—National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Emre Ece
- UNAM—National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Özgecan Erdem
- UNAM—National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ismail Eş
- UNAM—National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM—National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Skin manifestations of systemic disorders give a clue to the organ involved and help identify the possible disease-causing injury. Skin changes of liver cirrhosis are not specific, as they may be seen in disorders not involving the liver. Thus, a constellation of skin changes along with systemic features may help us to identify the disease-causing liver cirrhosis. Pruritus is one of the most common and distressful symptoms of liver cirrhosis, severely affecting the quality of life, which further necessitates understanding cutaneous manifestations of cirrhosis. Other nonspecific cutaneous manifestations include spider telangiectasia, palmar erythema, paper money skin, xanthomas, pigmentation changes, nutritional deficiencies, hair changes, and nail changes. This review discusses the nonspecific skin manifestations associated with liver cirrhosis followed by specific cutaneous findings seen in common diseases causing liver cirrhosis, such as viral infections, biliary tract disorders, chronic alcoholism, and metabolic disorders. Early recognition of cutaneous features can help prevent or delay the development of complications and end-stage disease, decreasing morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Key Words
- HBV, Hepatitis B Virus
- HCV, Hepatitis C Virus
- LPA, Lysophosphatidic acid
- PAN, polyarteritis nodosa
- PBC, Primary biliary cirrhosis
- PCT, Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
- PSC, Primary Sclerosing cholangitis
- UROD, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cirrhosis
- cutaneous manifestations
- skin changes
Collapse
|