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Ho HSM, Farrington AF, Bond AJ, Ho ENM, Wong WT. Doping control of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in horses. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38926502 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione (dienedione) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) available on the market as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding. It is prohibited in both human and equine sports due to its potential performance-enhancing effect. With the rare presence of the 4,9-diene configuration in endogenous steroids, dienedione has been considered as a synthetic AAS. Nevertheless, the reoccurring detection of dienedione in entire male horse urine samples led to the investigation of its possible endogenous nature in horses, and its endogenous nature in entire male horses has been recently confirmed and reported by the authors' laboratory. While dienedione is not detected in castrated horses (geldings), it is essential to study its elimination and identify its metabolites for its effective control. To study the elimination and biotransformation of dienedione, administration experiments were performed by giving three castrated horses (geldings) each single oral dose of 1500 mg of dienedione powder for seven consecutive days. The postulated in vivo metabolites included 17-hydroxyestra-4,9-dien-3-one (M1a and M1b), hydroxylated dienedione (M2a, M2b, M3a, M3b, M4, M5) and hydroxylated M1 (M6a, M6b, M7a, M7b, M8a and M8b), formed from hydroxylation and reduction of dienedione. To control the misuse of dienedione in geldings, M3a and M3b are the potential targets that gave the longest detection time, which could be detected for up to 2-5 days in urine and 0.4-4 days in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S M Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adrian F Farrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Amanda J Bond
- Department of Equestrian Affairs, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Harding C, Viljanto M, Habershon-Butcher J, Taylor P, Scarth J. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2022; 15:388-407. [PMID: 36519889 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
YK-11 is a steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator, a compound class prohibited in both equine racing and human sports because of their potentially performance enhancing properties. YK-11 is easily accessible via internet-based supplement vendors making this compound a possible candidate for doping; however, its phases I and II metabolism has not yet been reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo metabolites of YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration with three daily doses of 50 mg to two Thoroughbred horses. In vitro incubations with equine liver microsomes/S9 were also performed for use as metabolite reference materials; however, this resulted in the formation of 79 metabolites with little overlap with the in vivo metabolism. In plasma, parent YK-11 and seven phase I metabolites were detected, with five of them also observed in vitro. They were present nonconjugated in plasma, with one metabolite also indicating some glucuronide conjugation. In urine, 11 phase I metabolites were observed, with four of them also observed in vitro and six of them also detected in plasma. Nine metabolites were excreted non-conjugated in urine, with two of them also indicating some sulfate conjugation. Two minor metabolites were detected solely as sulfate conjugates. The most abundant analytes in urine were a mono-O-demethylated breakdown product and di-O-demethylated YK-11. The most abundant analytes in plasma were two isomers of the breakdown product with an additional hydroxylation reaction, which also provided the longest detection time in both matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Harding
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Polly Taylor
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - James Scarth
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
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3
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Siddiqui M, Atia-tul-Wahab, Jabeen A, Wang Y, Wang W, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI. Whole-cell fungal-mediated structural transformation of anabolic drug metenolone acetate into potent anti-inflammatory metabolites. J Adv Res 2020; 24:69-78. [PMID: 32195009 PMCID: PMC7076145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven new derivatives, 6α-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (2), 6α,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (3), 7β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (4), 15β,20-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (5), 15β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (6), 12β,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien (11), and 7β,15β,17β-trihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (14), along with six known metabolites, 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien (7), 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (8), 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5β-androst-1-en (9), 1-methyl-5β-androst-1-en-3,17-dione (10), 1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (12), and 17β-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3-one (13) of metenolone acetate (1), were synthesized through whole-cell biocatalysis with Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus alliaceous, Fusarium lini, and Cunninghamella elegans. Atamestane (12), an aromatase inhibitor, was synthesized for the first time via F. lini-mediated transformation of 1 as the major product. Hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and reduction were occurred during biocatalysis. Study indicated that F. lini was able to catalyze dehydrogenation reactions selectively. Structures of compounds 1-14 were determined through NMR, HRFAB-MS, and IR spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-14 were identified as non-cytotoxic against BJ human fibroblast cell line (ATCC CRL-2522). Metabolite 5 (81.0 ± 2.5%) showed a potent activity against TNF-α production, as compared to the substrate 1 (62.5 ± 4.4%). Metabolites 2 (73.4 ± 0.6%), 8 (69.7 ± 1.4%), 10 (73.2 ± 0.3%), 11 (60.1 ± 3.3%), and 12 (71.0 ± 7.2%), also showed a good inhibition of TNF-α production. Compounds 3 (IC50 = 4.4 ± 0.01 µg/mL), and 5 (IC50 = 10.2 ± 0.01 µg/mL) showed a significant activity against T-cell proliferation. Identification of selective inhibitors of TNF-α production, and T-cell proliferation is a step forward towards the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Siddiqui
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yan Wang
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People’s Republic of China
| | - Atta-ur-Rahman
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Choi TL, Wong JK, Kwok WH, Curl P, Mechie S, Wan TS. Metabolic study of methylstenbolone in horses using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1546:106-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Hussain Z, Dastagir N, Hussain S, Jabeen A, Zafar S, Malik R, Bano S, Wajid A, Choudhary MI. Aspergillus niger-mediated biotransformation of methenolone enanthate, and immunomodulatory activity of its transformed products. Steroids 2016; 112:68-73. [PMID: 27133901 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two fungal cultures Aspergillus niger and Cunninghamella blakesleeana were used for the biotransformation of methenolone enanthate (1). Biotransformation with A. niger led to the synthesis of three new (2-4), and three known (5-7) metabolites, while fermentation with C. blakesleeana yielded metabolite 6. Substrate 1 and the resulting metabolites were evaluated for their immunomodulatory activities. Substrate 1 was found to be inactive, while metabolites 2 and 3 showed a potent inhibition of ROS generation by whole blood (IC50=8.60 and 7.05μg/mL), as well as from isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) (IC50=14.0 and 4.70μg/mL), respectively. Moreover, compound 3 (34.21%) moderately inhibited the production of TNF-α, whereas 2 (88.63%) showed a potent inhibition of TNF-α produced by the THP-1 cells. These activities indicated immunomodulatory potential of compounds 2 and 3. All products were found to be non-toxic to 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nida Dastagir
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Hussain
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Salman Zafar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Rizwana Malik
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saira Bano
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Universisty, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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He G, Yang S, Lu J, Xu Y. New long term metabolite in human urine for metenolone misuse by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Steroids 2016; 105:1-11. [PMID: 26519767 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, metenolone metabolic profiles were investigated. Metenolone was administered to one healthy male volunteer. Liquid-liquid extraction and direct-injection were applied to processing urine samples. Urinary extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS) using full scan and product ion scan with accurate mass measurement for the first time. Due to the lack of useful fragment ion for structural elucidation, GC-MS instrumentation was employed to obtain structural details of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after hydrolysis, and the EI mass spectrum was always informative in steroidal structure studies owing to more useful fragment ions than the ESI mass spectrum. 16 metabolites including 6 glucuronide and 9 unreported sulfate conjugates were characterized and tentatively identified. All the metabolites were evaluated in terms of how long they could be detected. The sulfate conjugate S6 (1-methylen-5α-androst-3,17-dione-2ξ-sulfate) was considered to be a new long term metabolite for metenolone misuse that could be detected 40 days by liquid-liquid extraction and up to 30 days by direct-injection analysis after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genye He
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China; Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Youxuan Xu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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7
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Metabolic studies of oxyguno in horses. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:190-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Kwok WH, Ho ENM, Leung GNW, Tang FPW, Wan TSM, Wong HNC, Yeung JHK. Metabolic studies of 1-testosterone in horses. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:81-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Gary N. W. Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Francis P. W. Tang
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Henry N. C. Wong
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - John H. K. Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
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9
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Metabolism of anabolic steroids and their relevance to drug detection in horseracing. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:1085-107. [PMID: 21083210 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against doping in sport using analytical chemistry is a mature area with a history of approximately 100 years in horseracing. In common with human sport, anabolic/androgenic steroids (AASs) are an important group of potential doping agents. Particular issues with their detection are extensive metabolism including both phase I and phase II. A number of the common AASs are also endogenous to the equine. A further issue is the large number of synthetic steroids produced as pharmaceutical products or as 'designer' drugs intended to avoid detection or for the human supplement market. An understanding of the metabolism of AASs is vital to the development of effective detection methods for equine sport. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge of the metabolism of appropriate steroids, the current approaches to their detection in equine sport and future trends that may affect equine dope testing.
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10
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Wong JKY, Tang FPW, Wan TSM. In vitro metabolic studies using homogenized horse liver in place of horse liver microsomes. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:393-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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The use of in vitro technologies and high-resolution/accurate-mass LC-MS to screen for metabolites of ‘designer’ steroids in the equine. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:74-87. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Leung DK, Tang FP, Wan TS, Wong JK. Identification of cryptorchidism in horses by analysing urine samples with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Vet J 2011; 187:60-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Scarth JP, Teale P, Kuuranne T. Drug metabolism in the horse: a review. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:19-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Scarth JP, Spencer HA, Hudson SC, Teale P, Gray BP, Hillyer LL. The application of in vitro technologies to study the metabolism of the androgenic/anabolic steroid stanozolol in the equine. Steroids 2010; 75:57-69. [PMID: 19854209 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the use of equine liver/lung microsomes and S9 tissue fractions were used to study the metabolism of the androgenic/anabolic steroid stanozolol as an example of the potential of in vitro technologies in sports drug surveillance. In vitro incubates were analysed qualitatively alongside urine samples originating from in vivo stanozolol administrations using LC-MS on a high-resolution accurate mass Thermo Orbitrap Discovery instrument, by LC-MS/MS on an Applied Biosystems Sciex 5500 Q Trap and by GC-MS/MS on an Agilent 7000A. Using high-resolution accurate mass full scan analysis on the Orbitrap, equine liver microsome and S9 in vitro fractions were found to generate all the major phase-1 metabolites observed following in vivo administrations. Additionally, analysis of the liver microsomal incubates using a shallower HPLC gradient combined with various MS/MS functions on the 5500 Q trap allowed the identification of a number of phase 1 metabolites previously unreported in the equine or any other species. Comparison between liver and lung S9 metabolism showed that the liver was the major site of metabolic activity in the equine. Furthermore, using chemical enzyme inhibitors that are known to be selective for particular isoforms in other species suggested that an enzyme related to CYP2C8 may be responsible the production of 16-hydroxy-stanozolol metabolites in the equine. In summary, the in vitro and in vivo phase 1 metabolism results reported herein compare well and demonstrate the potential of in vitro studies to compliment the existing in vivo paradigm and to benefit animal welfare through a reduction and refinement of animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Scarth
- HFL Sport Science, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK.
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15
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Scarth JP, Spencer HA, Timbers SE, Hudson SC, Hillyer LL. The use ofin vitrotechnologies coupled with high resolution accurate mass LC-MS for studying drug metabolism in equine drug surveillance. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Abstract
This chapter reviews drug and medication control in equestrian sports and addresses the rules of racing, the technological advances that have been made in drug detection and the importance of metabolism studies in the development of effective drug surveillance programmes. Typical approaches to screening and confirmatory analysis are discussed, as are the quality processes that underpin these procedures. The chapter also addresses four specific topics relevant to equestrian sports: substances controlled by threshold values, the approach adopted recently by European racing authorities to control some therapeutic substances, anabolic steroids in the horse and LC-MS analysis in drug testing in animal sports and metabolism studies. The purpose of discussing these specific topics is to emphasise the importance of research and development and collaboration to further global harmonisation and the development and support of international rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Houghton
- HFL Sport Science, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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17
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Leung GNW, Tang FPW, Wan TSM, Wong CHF, Lam KKH, Stewart BD. In vitro and in vivo studies of androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione in horses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:744-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Modern techniques for the determination of anabolic–androgenic steroid doping in the horse. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:785-803. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of the use of performance-affecting substances in the horse is critical to the integrity of a wide range of equine sports, with major implications for both animal welfare and revenue streams. One class of medications enjoying particular public notoriety is the anabolic–androgenic steroid group, as highlighted by the recent ‘Big Brown’ affair and Congressional inquiries into the use of steroids in professional sports, including horse racing, in the USA. This review examines the latest developments pertaining to the analytical detection of these substances in equine biological samples and the supporting regulatory environment. Consideration is given to the full variety of sample matrices available, together with modern sample preparative approaches and instrumental techniques. Issues concerning the regulation of endogenous steroids, including thresholds where applicable, are also discussed.
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19
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Leung DKK, Wan TSM, Wong ASY. Metabolic studies of turinabol in horses. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:208-16. [PMID: 17386713 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Turinabol (4-chloro-17alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxy-1,4-androstadien-3-one) is a synthetic oral anabolic androgenic steroid. As in the case of other anabolic steroids, it is a prohibited substance in equine sports. The metabolism of turinabol in human has been reported previously; however, little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. This paper describes the studies of both the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of turinabol in racehorses with an objective to identify the most appropriate target metabolites for detecting turinabol administration. For the in vitro studies, turinabol was incubated with fresh horse liver microsomes. Metabolites in the incubation mixture were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after trimethylsilylation. The results showed that the major biotransformation of turinabol was hydroxylation at the C6, C16 and C20 sites to give metabolites 6beta-hydroxyturinabol (M1), 20-hydroxyturinabol (M2), two stereoisomers of 6beta,16-dihydroxyturinabol (M3a, M3b) and 6beta,20-dihydroxyturinabol (M4). The metabolite 6beta-hydroxyturinabol was confirmed using an authentic reference standard. The structures of all other turinabol metabolites were tentatively identified by mass spectral interpretation. For the in vivo studies, two horses were administered orally with turinabol. Pre- and post-administration urine samples were collected for analysis. Free and conjugated metabolites were isolated using solid-phase extraction and analysed by GC-MS as described for the in vitro studies. The results revealed that turinabol was extensively metabolised and the parent drug was not detected in urine. Two metabolites detected in the in vitro studies, namely 20-hydroxyturinabol and 6beta,20-dihydroxyturinabol, these were also detected in post-administration urine samples. In addition, 17-epi-turinabol (M5) and six other metabolites (M6a-M6c and M7a-M7c), derived from D-ring hydroxylation and A-ring reduction, were also detected. Except for 17-epi-turinabol, none of these metabolites has ever been reported in any species. All in vivo metabolites were detected within 48 h after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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McKinney AR, Suann CJ, Stenhouse AM. A stereochemical examination of the equine metabolism of 17α-methyltestosterone. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 581:377-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Van Hoof N, Courtheyn D, Gillis W, Van Hende J, Van Peteghem C, Van de Wiele M, Poelmans S, Noppe H, Van Poucke C, Cobbaert E, Vanthemse P, De Brabander HF. Metabolism of Methenolone Acetate in a Veal Calf. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:259-72. [PMID: 17216314 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of anabolic steroids has been banned in the European Union since 1981. In this study, the metabolism of the anabolic steroid methenolone acetate, was investigated in a male veal calf. After daily oral administration of methenolone acetate, three main metabolites were detected in both urine and faeces samples. Among these metabolites, alpha-methenolone was apparently the main one, but 1-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3,17-diol and 3alpha-hydroxy-1-methyl-5alpha-androstan-17-one were also observed. The parent compound was still detectable in faeces. As a consequence, abuse of methenolone acetate as growth promoter can be monitored by analysing urine and faeces samples. A few days after the last treatment, however, no metabolites were observed. Alpha-methenolone was detectable in urine until 5 days after the last treatment, but in faeces no metabolites were detectable after 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Hoof
- Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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