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Steils JM, Lang M, Kraus M, Schöne K, Cashman J, Baumgartner C. A Novel Approach for Single-Step Analyte Fractionation of Raw Milk Prior to Antibiotic Residue Trace Analysis as an Alternative to QuEchERS-Based Extraction. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:649-662. [PMID: 38467139 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic residues in milk are a well-known hazard in the dairy food chain. Detection methods for these residues, such as nonspecific microbiological inhibitor tests or group-specific receptor tests, are relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and widely applied to ensure food safety. In contrast, specific detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-although a critical, complimentary method to confirm the results of nonspecific testing-is relatively costly, time-consuming, and laborious. Furthermore, sample processing before LC-MS/MS analysis requires unique preparation procedures for different groups of antibiotic compounds. OBJECTIVE To simplify and speed up specific antibiotic residue detection, a low-cost, passive, and single-step method to fractionate analytes in raw milk was developed. METHODS Untreated raw milk was fractionated into its water and fat/protein phases using a Fractionation of Milk for Trace Analysis of Contaminants and Residues for Antibiotics (FraMiTrACR® AB) fractionation unit. The water fraction was then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The analyte fractionation method was evaluated against a Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS)-based method for sample preparation. RESULTS Our method allows qualitative and quantitative detection of substances from the penicillin, cephalosporin, macrolide, lincosamide, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics. Detection limits are below the legally prescribed maximum residue levels, allowing reliable, specific, and rapid validation of a positive result in nonspecific microbiological inhibitor tests. CONCLUSION Analyte fractionation by FraMiTrACR AB is a faster alternative to QuEChERS-based sample preparation for the detection of antibiotic substances in milk. HIGHLIGHT This method describes a low-cost, environmentally friendly, passive, and single-step milk analyte fractionation. As an alternative to QuEChERS-based preparation, this fractionation method simplifies and speeds up the process for specific antibiotic residue detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maren Lang
- Milchprüfring Baden-Württemberg e. V., Marie-Curie-Str. 19, D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck
| | - Melina Kraus
- Milchprüfring Baden-Württemberg e. V., Marie-Curie-Str. 19, D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck
| | - Klaus Schöne
- Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH & Co.KG, Otto-Brenner-Straße 20, D-37079 Göttingen
| | - John Cashman
- Sartorius UK Ltd, Longmead Business Centre, Blenheim Road, Epsom KT19 9QQ
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Kitaw SL, Birhan YS, Tsai HC. Plasmonic surface-enhanced Raman scattering nano-substrates for detection of anionic environmental contaminants: Current progress and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115247. [PMID: 36640935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique of vibrational spectroscopy based on the inelastic scattering of incident photons by molecular species. It has unique properties such as ultra-sensitivity, selectivity, non-destructivity, speed, and fingerprinting properties for analytical and sensing applications. This enables SERS to be widely used in real-world sample analysis and basic plasmonic mechanistic studies. However, the desirable properties of SERS are compromised by the high cost and low reproducibility of the signals. The development of multifunctional, stable and reusable nano-engineered SERS substrates is a viable solution to circumvent these drawbacks. Recently, plasmonic SERS active nano-substrates with various morphologies have attracted the attention of researchers due to promising properties such as the formation of dense hot spots, additional stability, tunable and controlled morphology, and surface functionalization. This comprehensive review focused on the current advances in the field of SERS active nanosubstrates suitable for the detection and quantification of anionic environmental pollutants. The common fabrication methods, including the techniques for morphological adjustments and surface modification, substrate categories, and the design of nanotechnologically fabricated plasmonic SERS substrates for anion detection are systematically presented. Here, the need for the design, synthesis, and functionalization of SERS nano-substrates for anions of great environmental importance is explained in detail. In addition, the broad categories of SERS nano-substrates, namely colloid-based SERS substrates and solid-support SERS substrates are discussed. Moreover, a brief discussion of SERS detection of certain anionic pollutants in the environment is presented. Finally, the prospects in the fabrication and commercialization of pilot-scale handheld SERS sensors and the construction of smart nanosubstrates integrated with novel amplifying materials for the detection of anions of environmental and health concern are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Leshe Kitaw
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan, ROC.
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Keskin B, Üzer A, Apak R. Ionic Liquid-Modified Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensor for Perchlorate Detection via Anion-π Interaction. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28065-28075. [PMID: 35990460 PMCID: PMC9386817 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and convenient nanoparticle(NP)-based colorimetric sensor was developed for determining the propellant oxidant, ammonium perchlorate (AP). The sensing element was manufactured by modifying gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with [(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid, which is an imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL), to produce the IL@AuNP nanosensor stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone. The used IL is an exceptional IL which can attach to AuNPs through the sulfanyl-S atom. The sensing principle was based on observing the red shift in the surface plasmon resonance band of AuNPs leading to NP aggregation as a result of anion-π interaction of perchlorate anion with the zwitterionic form of IL@AuNPs so as to bring opposite charges face-to-face, thereby reducing the overall surface charge of NPs. The surface plasmon resonance band of AuNPs at 540 nm shifted to 700 nm as a result of aggregation. The ratiometric sensing was performed by dividing the absorbance at 700 nm to the absorbance at 540 nm and correlating this ratio to the AP concentration. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the sensor for AP were 1.50 and 4.95 μM, respectively. Possible interferences of other energetic substances and common soil ions in synthetic mixtures were also investigated to achieve acceptable recoveries of analyte. This work may pioneer similar sensing systems where the overall anionic charges of IL-functionalized AuNPs are exceptionally reduced by an analyte anion (perchlorate), thereby forcing NPs to aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Keskin
- Institute
of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
- Turkish
Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Bayraktar Neighborhood, Vedat Dalokay Street No: 112, Çankaya, 06690 Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Liu Y, Sun H, Zhou L, Luo F, Zhang X, Chen Z. Quantitative determination and contamination pattern of perchlorate in tea by ultra performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 274:180-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McCarthy WP, O'Callaghan TF, Danahar M, Gleeson D, O'Connor C, Fenelon MA, Tobin JT. Chlorate and Other Oxychlorine Contaminants Within the Dairy Supply Chain. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1561-1575. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William P. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
- Dublin Inst. of Technology; Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1 Dublin Ireland
| | - Tom F. O'Callaghan
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Martin Danahar
- Food Safety Dept.; Ashtown Food Research Centre; Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15 Dublin Ireland
| | - David Gleeson
- Teagasc; Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy Co. Cork, Cork Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- Dublin Inst. of Technology; Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1 Dublin Ireland
| | - Mark A. Fenelon
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
| | - John T. Tobin
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
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6
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Frenzel W, Markeviciute I. Membrane-based sample preparation for ion chromatography—Techniques, instrumental configurations and applications. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Gilchrist ES, Healy DA, Morris VN, Glennon JD. A review of oxyhalide disinfection by-products determination in water by ion chromatography and ion chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 942:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Breitbach ZS, Berthod A, Huang K, Armstrong DW. Mass spectrometric detection of trace anions: The evolution of paired-ion electrospray ionization (PIESI). MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:201-218. [PMID: 25648413 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The negative-ion mode of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is intrinsically less sensitive than the positive-ion mode. The detection and quantitation of anions can be performed in positive-ion mode by forming specific ion-pairs during the electrospray process. The paired-ion electrospray ionization (PIESI) method uses specially synthesized multifunctional cations to form positively charged adducts with the anions to be analyzed. The adducts are detected in the positive-ion mode and at higher m/z ratios to produce excellent signal-to-noise ratios and limits of detection that often are orders of magnitude better than those obtained with native anions in the negative-ion mode. This review briefly summarizes the different analytical approaches to detect and separate anions. It focuses on the recently introduced PIESI method to present the most effective dicationic, tricationic, and tetracationic reagents for the detection of singly and multiply charged anions and some zwitterions. The mechanism by which specific structural molecular architectures can have profound effects on signal intensities is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Planetarium Place, Arlington, 76019, Texas
| | - Alain Berthod
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, University of Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Planetarium Place, Arlington, 76019, Texas
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Planetarium Place, Arlington, 76019, Texas
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9
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Yang B, Zhang M, Kanyanee T, Stamos BN, Dasgupta PK. An Open Tubular Ion Chromatograph. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11554-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503249t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Tinakorn Kanyanee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Brian N. Stamos
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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10
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Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 806:27-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Isobe T, Ogawa SP, Sugimoto R, Ramu K, Sudaryanto A, Malarvannan G, Devanathan G, Ramaswamy BR, Munuswamy N, Ganesh DS, Sivakumar J, Sethuraman A, Parthasarathy V, Subramanian A, Field J, Tanabe S. Perchlorate contamination of groundwater from fireworks manufacturing area in South India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:5627-5637. [PMID: 23108714 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate contamination was investigated in groundwater and surface water from Sivakasi and Madurai in the Tamil Nadu State of South India. Sensitive determination of perchlorate (LOQ = 0.005 μg/L) was achieved by large-volume (500 μL) injection ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of perchlorate were <0.005-7,690 μg/L in groundwater (n = 60), <0.005-30.2 μg/L in surface water (n = 11), and 0.063-0.393 μg/L in tap water (n = 3). Levels in groundwater were significantly higher in the fireworks factory area than in the other locations, indicating that the fireworks and safety match industries are principal sources of perchlorate pollution. This is the first study that reports the contamination status of perchlorate in this area and reveals firework manufacture to be the pollution source. Since perchlorate levels in 17 out of 57 groundwater samples from Sivakasi, and none from Madurai, exceeded the drinking water guideline level proposed by USEPA (15 μg/L), further investigation on human health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
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13
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Kirk AB, Dyke JV, Ohira SI, Dasgupta PK. Relative source contributions for perchlorate exposures in a lactating human cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:939-943. [PMID: 23253938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an iodine-uptake inhibitor and common contaminant of food and drinking water. Understanding the amount of perchlorate exposure occurring through non-water sources is essential for accurate estimates of human exposure levels, and establishment of drinking water limits for this pervasive contaminant. The study objective was to determine the amount of perchlorate intake derived from diet rather than water. Subjects provided drinking water samples, detailed fluid-intake records, 24h urine collections and four milk samples for nine days. Samples were analyzed for perchlorate by isotope dilution ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Amounts of perchlorate derived from drinking water and dietary sources were calculated for each individual. Water of local origin was found to contribute a minor fraction of perchlorate intake. Estimated fraction intake from drinking water ranged from 0 to 36%. The mean and median dose of perchlorate derived from non-water sources by lactating women was 0.18 μg/kg/day (range: 0.06 to 0.36 μg/kg/day.) Lactating women consumed more fluid (mean 2.424 L/day) than has been assumed in recent risk assessments for perchlorate. The data reported here indicate that lactating women may be exposed to perchlorate through dietary sources at markedly higher levels than estimated previously. Exposures to perchlorate from non-water sources may be higher than recent estimates, including those used to develop drinking water standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kirk
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, USA
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14
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Kubáň P, Kiplagat IK, Boček P. Electrokinetic injection across supported liquid membranes: New sample pretreatment technique for online coupling to capillary electrophoresis. Direct analysis of perchlorate in biological samples. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2695-702. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Analytical methods for selected emerging contaminants in human matrices—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2555-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Shelor CP, Kirk AB, Dasgupta PK, Kroll M, Campbell CA, Choudhary PK. Breastfed infants metabolize perchlorate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5151-5159. [PMID: 22497505 DOI: 10.1021/es2042806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are the dominant intestinal bacteria in breastfed infants. It is known that they can reduce nitrate. Although no direct experiments have been conducted until now, inferred pathways for Bifidobacterium bifidum include perchlorate reduction via perchlorate reductase. We show that when commercially available strains of bifidobacteria are cultured in milk, spiked with perchlorate, perchlorate is consumed. We studied 13 breastfed infant-mother pairs who provided 43 milk samples and 39 infant urine samples, and 5 formula-fed infant-mother pairs who provided 21 formula samples and 21 infant urine samples. Using iodine as a conservative tracer, we determined the average urinary iodine (UI) to milk iodine (MI) concentration ratio to be 2.87 for the breastfed infants. For the same samples, the corresponding perchlorate concentration ratio was 1.37 (difference significant, p < 0.001), indicating that perchlorate is lost. For the formula fed infant group the same ratios were 1.20 and 1.58; the difference was not significant (p = 0.68). However, the small number of subjects in the latter group makes it more difficult to conclude definitively whether perchlorate reduction does or does not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Phillip Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
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Kirk AB, Kroll M, Dyke JV, Ohira SI, Dias RA, Dasgupta PK. Perchlorate, iodine supplements, iodized salt and breast milk iodine content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:73-78. [PMID: 22335882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine if increasing maternal iodine intake through single dose tablets will decrease breast milk concentrations of the iodine-uptake inhibitor, perchlorate, through competitive inhibition. We also sought to determine if the timing of supplementation influences the fraction of iodine excreted in milk versus urine and to compare the effectiveness of iodized salt as a means of providing iodine to breastfed infants. Thirteen women who did not use supplements, seven of whom used iodized salt and six of whom used non-iodized salt, submitted four milk samples and a 24-h urine collection daily for three days. Women repeated the sampling protocol for three more days during which ~150μg of iodine were taken in the evening and again for three days with morning supplementation. Samples were analyzed using isotope-dilution inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for iodine and isotope-dilution ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for perchlorate. No statistically significant differences were observed in milk iodine or perchlorate concentrations during the two treatment periods. Estimated perchlorate intake was above the U.S. National Academy of Sciences suggested reference dose for most infants. Single daily dose iodine supplementation was not effective in decreasing milk perchlorate concentrations. Users of iodized salt had significantly higher iodine levels in milk than non-users. Iodized salt may be a more effective means of iodine supplementation than tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Shelor CP, Campbell CA, Kroll M, Dasgupta PK, Smith TL, Abdalla A, Hamilton M, Muhammad TW. Fenton Digestion of Milk for Iodinalysis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8300-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Phillip Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Catrina A. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Martina Kroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Tammy L. Smith
- Kansas City District Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Lenexa, Kansas 66214-3338, United States
| | - Amir Abdalla
- Kansas City District Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Lenexa, Kansas 66214-3338, United States
| | - Mike Hamilton
- Kansas City District Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Lenexa, Kansas 66214-3338, United States
| | - Terri Wiley Muhammad
- Kansas City District Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Lenexa, Kansas 66214-3338, United States
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Wang Z, Lau BPY, Tague B, Sparling M, Forsyth D. Determination of perchlorate in infant formula by isotope dilution ion chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:799-806. [PMID: 21623505 PMCID: PMC3118528 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.521959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective isotope dilution ion chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID IC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of perchlorate in infant formula. The perchlorate was extracted from infant formula by using 20 ml of methanol and 5 ml of 1% acetic acid. All samples were spiked with (18)O(4) isotope-labelled perchlorate internal standard prior to extraction. After purification on a graphitised carbon solid-phase extraction column, the extracts were injected into an ion chromatography system equipped with an Ionpac AS20 column for separation of perchlorate from other anions. The presence of perchlorate in samples was quantified by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Analysis of both perchlorate and its isotope-labelled internal standard was carried out on a Waters Quattro Ultima triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) negative ionisation mode. The method was validated for linearity and range, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and matrix effects. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.4 µg l(-1) for liquid infant formula and 0.95 µg kg(-1) for powdered infant formula. The recovery ranged from 94% to 110% with an average of 98%. This method was used to analyse 39 infant formula, and perchlorate concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 13.5 µg l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Food Research Division, Banting Research Center 2203D, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Oh SH, Lee JW, Mandy P, Oh JE. Analysis and Exposure Assessment of Perchlorate in Korean Dairy Products with LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:e2011011. [PMID: 22125772 PMCID: PMC3214986 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2011.26.e2011011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perchlorate is an emerging contaminant that is found everywhere, including various foods. Perchlorate is known to disturb the production of thyroid hormones and leads to mental disorders in fetuses and infants, as well as metabolic problems in adults. In this study, we attempted to establish an LC-MS/MS method for measuring perchlorate in dairy products and used this developed method to investigate perchlorate levels in Korean milk and yogurt samples. METHODS The developed method of perchlorate analysis requires a shaker and 1% acetic acid/acetonitrile as the extracting solvent. Briefly, the samples were extracted and then centrifuged (4000 rpm, 1hour), and the supernatant was then passed through a Envi™ Carb SPE cartridge that had been prewashed sequentially with 6 mL of acetonitrile and 6 mL of 1% acetic acid in water. The final volume of the sample extract was adjusted to 40 mL with reagent water and the final sample was filtered through a 0.20-µm pore size PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) syringe filter prior to LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The average levels of perchlorate in milk and yogurt samples were 5.63 ± 3.49 µg/L and 3.65 ± 2.42 µg/L, respectively. The perchlorate levels observed in milk samples in this study were similar to those reported from China, Japan, and the United States. CONCLUSIONS The exposure of Koreans to perchlorate through the consumption of dairy products was calculated based on the results of this study. For all age groups, the calculated exposure to perchlorate was below the reference of dose (0.7 µg/kg-day) proposed by the National Academy of Science, USA, but the perchlorate exposure of children was higher than that of adults. Therefore, further investigation of perchlorate in other food samples is needed to enable a more exact assessment of exposure of children to perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Pawlas Mandy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Michalski R, Jabłonska M, Szopa S, Łyko A. Application of Ion Chromatography with ICP-MS or MS Detection to the Determination of Selected Halides and Metal/Metalloids Species. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.559438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Breitbach ZS, Wanigasekara E, Dodbiba E, Schug KA, Armstrong DW. Mechanisms of ESI-MS Selectivity and Sensitivity Enhancements When Detecting Anions in the Positive Mode Using Cationic Pairing Agents. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9066-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102115w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Eranda Wanigasekara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Edra Dodbiba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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Her N, Kim J, Yoon Y. Perchlorate in dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula in South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:732-737. [PMID: 20692011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate has been detected in dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula samples from many different provinces of South Korea. A total of 37 dairy milk samples from 12 different brands and 26 milk-based powdered infant formula samples from four different brands were tested for the presence of perchlorate. These brands and their products, which are analyzed in this study, cover over 95% of the dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula market share in South Korea, which has a population of approximately 50 million inhabitants. Perchlorate was explicitly detected by ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; the limit of quantification (LOQ) for dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula was 0.12 μg L(-1) and 1.0 μg kg(-1), respectively. The perchlorate concentration in all the samples was above the LOQ. The perchlorate detection data is given as follows: 1.99-6.41 μg L(-1) (n = 37, mean concentration = 4.59 ± 0.17 μg L(-1)) for dairy milk and 1.49-33.3 μg kg(-1) (n = 26, mean concentration = 7.83 ± 0.22 μg kg(-1)) for milk-based infant formula. This study provides increasing evidence that perchlorate commonly occurs in dairy products, presumably as the result of perchlorate intake by dairy cattle from water and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namguk Her
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy at Young-Cheon, Young-Cheon, Gyeongbuk 770-849, South Korea
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24
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Schug KA, Serrano C, Frycák P. Controlled band dispersion for quantitative binding determination and analysis with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:806-829. [PMID: 19890977 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent emerging techniques that have been used to couple flow-injection analysis (FIA) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the quantitation of noncovalent binding interactions. Focus is placed predominantly on two such methods. Diffusion-based measurements, developed by Konermann and co-workers, uses controlled-band dispersion prior to ESI-MS to determine diffusion constants and binding constants based on the temporal variation of ligand signal measured in the mass spectrum (an indirect technique). Dynamic titration, developed by Schug and co-workers, is a direct method, where a temporal compositional gradient of a guest molecule is induced in the presence of host in solution to monitor the concentration dependence of complex formation as a function of observed complex ion abundance after ESI-MS. Further discussion places these techniques in the context of a variety of other direct and indirect ESI-MS-based binding determination methods, and highlights advantages, disadvantages, and practical considerations for their proper use to investigate a broad range of macromolecular and small-molecule interaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA.
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25
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Abstract
In pharmacologic doses, perchlorate inhibits thyroidal iodine uptake and subsequently decreases thyroid hormone production. Although pharmacologic doses may be used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, recent literature has focussed on the detection of low levels of perchlorate in the environment, groundwater and foodstuffs and their potential adverse effects on human thyroid function. This is of particular concern to the developing foetus and infant, whose normal neurodevelopment depends on adequate iodine intake for the production of thyroid hormones. Further research is needed to clarify the potential health effects of low-level chronic environmental perchlorate exposure. The health impact of environmental perchlorate may be dependent upon adequate iodine intake and should be interpreted in combination with other environmental exposures that are also potential thyroidal endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth N. Pearce
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 617 414 1348; Fax: +1 617 638 7221. (E.N. Pearce)
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26
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Lin X, Gerardi AR, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW, Colyer CL. CE-ESI-MS analysis of singly charged inorganic and organic anions using a dicationic reagent as a complexing agent. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3918-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Dyke JV, Dasgupta PK, Kirk AB. Trace iodine quantitation in biological samples by mass spectrometric methods. Talanta 2009; 79:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Warnke MM, Breitbach ZS, Dodbiba E, Wanigasekara E, Zhang X, Sharma P, Armstrong DW. The evaluation and comparison of trigonal and linear tricationic ion-pairing reagents for the detection of anions in positive mode ESI-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:529-538. [PMID: 19110441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A general and sensitive method for detecting divalent anions by ESI-MS and LC/ESI-MS as positive ions has been developed. The anions are paired with tricationic reagents to form positively charged complexes. In this study, four tricationic reagents, 2 trigonal and 2 linear, were used to study a wide variety of anions, such as disulfonates, dicarboxylates, and inorganic anions. The limits of detection for many of the anions studied were often improved by tandem mass spectrometry. Tricationic pairing agents can also be used with chromatography to enhance the detection of anions. The tricationic reagents were also used to detect monovalent anions by monitoring the doubly charged positive complex. The limits of detection for some of the divalent anions by this method are substantially lower than by other current analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Warnke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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29
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Soukup-Hein RJ, Warnke MM, Armstrong DW. Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:145-168. [PMID: 20636057 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of ionic liquids (ILs) in analytical chemistry is increasing substantially every year. A decade ago there were but a handful of papers in this area of research that were considered curiosities at best. Today, those publications are recognized as seminal articles that gave rise to one of the most rapidly expanding areas of research in chemical analysis. In this review, we briefly highlight early work involving ILs and discuss the most recent advances in separations, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical chemistry. Many of the most important advances in these fields depend on the development of new, often unique ILs and multifunctional ILs. A better understanding of the chemical and physical properties of ILs is also essential.
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KAMOSHITA M, KOSAKA K, ASAMI M, MATSUOKA Y. Analytical Method for Perchlorate in Water by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using an Ion Exchange Column. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:453-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro KAMOSHITA
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
| | - Koji KOSAKA
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
| | - Mari ASAMI
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
| | - Yukiko MATSUOKA
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
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Dasgupta PK, Kirk AB, Dyke JV, Ohira SI. Intake of iodine and perchlorate and excretion in human milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8115-8121. [PMID: 19031911 DOI: 10.1021/es801549w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodine excretion in urine and milk of 13 breastfeeding women was investigated and the results were interpreted by a model of parallel/competitive transport of these species bythe sodium iodide symporter. For each species i, we assumed physiological homeostasis, where i(T,in) equals the corresponding total excretion in urine and milk (i(e,u) + i(e,m)). The fraction of the total excretion that appeared in milk f(I,m) was measured and ranged from 0.394-0.781, 0.018-0.144, and 0.086-0.464 for perchlorate,thiocyanate, and iodine, respectively. The corresponding median values were 0.541, 0.053, and 0.177, respectively. The selectivity factors of perchlorate over iodide transport, and thiocyanate over iodide transport, defined as f(PC,m)/ f(I,m), and f(SCN,m)/ f(I,m), respectively, were 3.14 +/- 1.20 and 0.27 +/- 0.26 while PC(T,in), SCN(T,in), and I(T,in) among individuals varied 4.9, 5.0, and 8.4x, respectively. These transport selectivities are an order of magnitude lower than those indicated by in vitro studies, suggesting that the impact of both these anions on inhibiting iodide transport in milk may have been overestimated in the extant literature. On the other hand, our results showed that 12 of 13 infants did not have an adequate intake of iodine as defined by the Institute of Medicine and 9 out of 13 infants were likely ingesting perchlorate at a level exceeding the reference dose suggested bythe National Academy of Science panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnendu K Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA.
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Remsburg JW, Soukup-Hein RJ, Crank JA, Breitbach ZS, Payagala T, Armstrong DW. Evaluation of dicationic reagents for their use in detection of anions using positive ion mode ESI-MS via gas phase ion association. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:261-269. [PMID: 18077180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-three different dications were investigated for their effectiveness in pairing with singly charged anions, thereby allowing the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection of anions as positively charged complexes. Nitrate, iodide, cyanate, monochloroacetate, benzenesulfonate, and perfluoro-octanoate were chosen as representative test anions as they differ in mass, size-to-charge ratio, chaotropic nature, and overall complexity. Detection limits were found using direct injection of the anion into a carrier liquid containing the dication. Detection limits are given for all six anions with each of the 23 dications. Each anion was easily detected at the ppb (microg/L) and often the ppt (ng/L) levels using certain dicationic reagents. The ability of dicationic reagents to pair with anions and produce ESI-MS signals varied tremendously. Indeed, only a few dications can be considered broadly useful and able to produce sensitive results. Liquid chromatography (LC)-ESI-MS also was investigated and used to show how varying the dicationic reagent produced significantly different peak intensities. Also, the use of tandem mass spectrometry can lead to even greater sensitivity when using imidazolium based dications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Remsburg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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Shi Y, Zhang P, Wang Y, Shi J, Cai Y, Mou S, Jiang G. Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:955-62. [PMID: 17604836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As a new emerging environmental contaminant, perchlorate has prompted people to pay more attention. The presence of perchlorate in the human body can result in improper regulation of metabolism for adults. Furthermore, it also causes developmental and behavioral problems for infants and children because it can interfere with iodide uptake into the thyroid tissue. In this paper, perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled drinking water and milk was detected for investigating the perchlorate pollution status in China. The places, where the samples were collected, cover most regions of China. Therefore, the final data on perchlorate levels will give an indication of the perchlorate pollution status in China. The final determination of perchlorate was performed by ion chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with negative mode. The concentration of perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled drinking water and milk was in the range of 0.56-379.9 microg/kg, 0.16-4.88 mug/kg, 0.037-2.013 microg/L and 0.30-9.1 microg/L, respectively. The results show that perchlorate has been widespread in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicity, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Kirk AB, Dyke JV, Martin CF, Dasgupta PK. Temporal patterns in perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide excretion in human milk. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:182-6. [PMID: 17384762 PMCID: PMC1817678 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perchlorate and thiocyanate interfere with iodide uptake at the sodium-iodide symporter and are potential disruptors of thyroid hormone synthesis. Perchlorate is a common contaminant of water, food, and human milk. Although it is known that iodide undergoes significant diurnal variations in serum and urinary excretion, less is known about diurnal variations of milk iodide levels. OBJECTIVES Variability in perchlorate and thiocyanate excretion in human milk has not been examined. Our objective was to determine variability of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide in serially collected samples of human milk. METHODS Ten lactating women were asked to collect six milk samples on each of 3 days. As an alternative, subjects were asked to collect as many milk samples as comfortably possible over 3 days. Samples were analyzed for perchlorate, iodide, and thiocyanate by ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. RESULTS Individual perchlorate, iodide, and thiocyanate levels varied significantly over time; there was also considerable variation among individuals. The iodide range, mean +/- SD, and median for all samples (n = 108) were 3.1-334 microg/L, 87.9 +/- 80.9 microg/L, and 55.2 microg/L, respectively. The range, mean +/- SD, and median of perchlorate in all samples (n = 147) were 0.5-39.5 microg/L, 5.8 +/- 6.2 microg/L, and 4.0 microg/L. The range, mean +/- SD, and median of thiocyanate in all samples (n = 117) were 0.4 -228.3 microg/L, 35.6 +/- 57.9 microg/L, and 5.6 microg/L. The data are not symmetrically distributed; the mean is higher than the median in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Iodine intake may be inadequate in a significant fraction of this study population. Perchlorate and thiocyanate appear to be common in human milk. The role of these chemicals in reducing breast milk iodide is in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clyde F. Martin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Martinelango PK, Gümüş G, Dasgupta PK. Matrix interference free determination of perchlorate in urine by ion association–ion chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:79-86. [PMID: 17723382 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of perchlorate in biological fluids is of importance to assess its toxicity and to study its effects on the thyroid gland. Whenever possible, urine samples are preferred in toxicologic/epidemiologic studies because sample collection is non-invasive. We present here a pretreatment method for the determination of perchlorate in urine samples that lead to a clean matrix. Urine samples, spiked with isotopically labeled perchlorate, are exposed to UV to destroy/decompose organic molecules and then sequentially treated with an H+-form cation exchange resin to remove protolyzable compounds, with ammonia to raise the pH to 10-11 and finally passed through a mini-column of basic alumina to remove the color and other organic matter. After filtration through a 0.45 microm syringe filter, the sample thus prepared can be directly injected into an ion chromatograph (IC). We use ion association-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to detect and quantify perchlorate. The proposed sample preparation method leads to excellent limits of detection (LOD's) for perchlorate since there is essentially no dilution of sample and the matrix effects are eliminated. Results of urine samples from both men and women volunteers are reported for perchlorate, as well as for iodide and thiocyanate, which are generally present at much higher concentrations and for which a "dilute and shoot" approach is adequate. The limit of detection (S/N=3) for iodide, thiocyanate and perchlorate by the present method was 0.40, 0.10 and 0.080 microg l(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalyani Martinelango
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79401-1061, United States
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