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Gormez E, Golge O, González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results. Molecules 2023; 28:5611. [PMID: 37513481 PMCID: PMC10385200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand of plant production product use has increased because of the current system of citrus production, which prioritizes high agricultural yields. Therefore, the monitoring of pesticide residues in citrus fruits and other agricultural products and their impacts on human health and food security are of great concern. This study aims to determine multi-class pesticides including highly polar residues in satsuma mandarins. A total of 226 mandarin samples were collected over three consecutive harvesting years from 2019 to 2021 in the Izmir region of Turkey. Targeted compounds included pesticides and metabolites with European Union (EU) regulatory levels, plus other non-approved residues and highly polar compounds. The residues excluding highly polar substances were analyzed by applying the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination for 434 analytes and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination for 71 analytes. For six highly polar pesticides, sample preparation was based on Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) extraction. The polar residues were determined by LC-MS/MS using internal standards. Forty different residues, including two highly polar substances, were recorded in mandarin samples through three harvesting years. In 8.4% of the samples, no quantifiable residues were detected, whereas 207 samples contained at least one residue. The maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances were recorded for 22.1% of the samples. The two most frequently found pesticides were phosphonic acid and spirotetramat, with an incidence rate of 48.7% and 46.5%, respectively. The concentration of phosphonic acid and spirotetramat in mandarin samples varied from 0.026 to 39.386 mg kg-1 and from 0.010 to 1.485 mg kg-1, respectively. The results will enable researchers and regulatory authorities to assess the extent of pesticide presence, identify potential risks, and take necessary measures to ensure the safety of satsuma mandarins for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Gormez
- Pia Frucht Food Control Laboratory, Alaşehir 45600, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Golge
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Tourism, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya 07425, Turkey
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 n° 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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Deveci B, Golge O, Kabak B. Quantification of 363 Pesticides in Leafy Vegetables (Dill, Rocket and Parsley) in the Turkey Market by Using QuEChERS with LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051034. [PMID: 36900550 PMCID: PMC10000932 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of agricultural products with pesticide residues is a growing concern due to their adverse health effects and increasing worldwide usage of pesticides. In 2021 a total of 200 samples of green leafy vegetables, including 80 dill, 80 rocket and 40 parsley, purchased from greengrocer shops, markets and bazaars in Corum Province, Turkey, were monitored for pesticide residues. In green leafy vegetables, 363 pesticides were analyzed using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for 311 residues and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for 52 residues. The method was in-house validated at two fortification levels, and satisfactory recoveries and precisions were achieved for all residues. No quantifiable residues were found in 35% of the samples, whereas 43 residues belonging to 24 different chemical classes were detected in 130 green leafy vegetables. Among the green leafy vegetables, the highest occurrence frequency was recorded in the rocket, followed by dill and parsley. In 46% of the green leafy vegetables, the residue levels exceeded European Union Maximum Residue Levels (EU MRLs). The most frequently detected pesticides were pendimethalin (22.5%), diuron (38.7%) and pymetrozine (52.5%) in dill, rocket and parsley, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Deveci
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Golge
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Tourism, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya 07425, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Correspondence:
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Rezania S, Talaiekhozani A, Oryani B, Cho J, Barghi M, Rupani PF, Kamali M. Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of South Korea: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119586. [PMID: 35680069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies found the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil. POPs have been discovered in various industrial and agricultural products with severe environmental and human health consequences. According to the data, South Korea is a hotspot for POP pollution in the southern part of Asia; hence, South Korea has implemented the Stockholm Convention's National Implementation Plan (NIP) to address this worldwide issue. The purpose of this review is to assess the distribution pattern of POPs pollution in South Korea's atmosphere. According to findings, PAHs, PCBs, BFRs, and PBDEs significantly polluted the atmosphere of South Korea; however, assessing their exposure nationwide is difficult due to a shortage of data. The POPs temporal trend and meta-analysis disclosed no proof of a decrease in PAHs and BFRs residues in the atmosphere. However, POP pollution in South Korea tends to decrease compared to contamination levels in neighboring countries like Japan and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Amirreza Talaiekhozani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, Isfahan, 84919-63395, Iran
| | - Bahareh Oryani
- Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | | | - Parveen Fatemeh Rupani
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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4
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Patil R, Chatterjee NS, Kamble N, Nerpagar A, Langade N, Kandaswamy C, Presley SID, Banerjee K. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in poultry meat and chicken eggs by GC-MS/MS: method development and validation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:263-283. [PMID: 35452352 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2047390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study uses gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to develop a reliable analytical approach for detecting multiclass pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in poultry meat and chicken eggs. The meat (2 g) and egg (4 g) samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile (10 mL) as part of the optimized sample preparation technique. The cleanup consisted of freezing an aliquot of the extract (5 mL) at -20 °C, followed by dispersive solid phase extraction using 50 mg PSA + 100 mg C18+150 mg MgSO4. The matrix co-extractives were effectively removed and the method performance met the European Commission's analytical quality control criteria (SANTE/12682/2019). The method was validated at two spiking levels (10 and 20 ng/g of 225 pesticides, 9 PAHs and 8 PCBs), and good recoveries (70-120%) and precision-RSDs (≤20%) were achieved for 90% of the targeted pesticide residues. For 80% of the compounds, the LOQs were ≤10 ng/g. The results of the intra-laboratory (involving six analysts) and inter-laboratory validation studies (involving eight ISO 17025 accredited laboratories) established satisfactory ruggedness and reproducibility. It created potential applications in commercial residue testing laboratories for regulatory compliance check purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Patil
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
| | | | - Narayan Kamble
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
| | - Apurva Nerpagar
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
| | - Nagnath Langade
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
| | | | - S I Davis Presley
- Chemistry, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
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Souza MRR, Jesus RA, Costa JAS, Barreto AS, Navickiene S, Mesquita ME. Applicability of metal–organic framework materials in the evaluation of pesticide residues in egg samples of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). J Verbrauch Lebensm 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-020-01304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Multi-residue determination of 325 pesticides in chicken eggs with EMR-Lipid clean-up by UHPLC–MS/MS and GC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Weng R, Lou S, Pang X, Song Y, Su X, Xiao Z, Qiu J. Multi-residue analysis of 126 pesticides in chicken muscle by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 309:125503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Nardelli V, D'Amico V, Casamassima F, Gesualdo G, Li D, Marchesiello WMV, Nardiello D, Quinto M. Development of a screening analytical method for the determination of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in chicken eggs by gaschromatography and electron capture detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1393-1403. [PMID: 31204889 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible screening analytical method is here proposed for the determination of six non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs, congener 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) in chicken eggs based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) procedure for the fat extraction and determination, a solid phase extraction (SPE) sample clean-up process, and a gas chromatography - electron capture detection (GC-ECD) analysis. The optimized chromatographic separation, in less than 25 min, returned good responses for the six NDL-PCBs in the range of 2.5-60.0 µg L-1, with correlation coefficients always higher than 0.9995. Instrumental limits of detection were between 0.08-0.35 µg L-1, corresponding to 0.05 and 0.23 ng g-1 fat in the matrix, while method detection limits, calculated on spiked egg samples, ranged from 1.6 to 3.5 ng g-1 fat. The method has been extensively validated in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, recovery, precision, ruggedness and measurement uncertainty, following the European Directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Nardelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Valeria D'Amico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Francesco Casamassima
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gesualdo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbian University , Yanji , China
| | - Wadir M V Marchesiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Donatella Nardiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbian University , Yanji , China.,Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia , Foggia , Italy
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9
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Wang Y, Gao W, Wu J, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Development of matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the extraction of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in human placenta. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 62:154-162. [PMID: 29289287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are widely used worldwide, and they can be released into the environment during their production, transport, usage and disposal, which pose potential risks for human health. In this work, an efficient, reliable and rapid pretreatment method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) was developed for the analysis of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) in human placenta by gas chromatograph-electron capture negative ion low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-LRMS) and gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-HRMS). The MSPD-relevant parameters including dispersing sorbent, sample-to-sorbent mass ratio, and elution solvent were optimized using the orthogonal test. Silica gel was found to be the optimal dispersing sorbent among the selected matrices. Under the optimal conditions, 44% acidic silica gel can be used as the co-sorbent to remove lipid and eluted by the mixture of hexane and dichloromethane (7:3, V/V). The spiked recoveries of the optimized method were 77.4% and 91.4% for analyzing SCCPs in human placenta by GC-ECNI-LRMS and GC-QTOF-HRMS, and the corresponding relative standard deviations were 10.2% and 5.6%, respectively. The method detection limit for the total SCCPs was 36.8ng/g (dry weight, dw) and 19.2ng/g (dw) as measured by GC-ECNI-LRMS and GC-QTOF-HRMS, respectively. The concentrations of SCCPs in four human placentas were in the range of <method detection limit (MDL) to 782ng/g (dw), which is also the first description of SCCPs detected in placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Yingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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10
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Rapid monitoring and sensitive determination of DDT and its metabolites in water sample using solid-phase extraction followed by ion mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Dai Q, Min X, Weng M. A review of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution in indoor air environment. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:941-950. [PMID: 27191511 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1184193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial production due to the unique physical and chemical properties. As a kind of persistent organic pollutants, the PCBs would lead to environment pollution and cause serious problems for human health. Thus, they have been banned since the 1980s due to the environment pollution in the past years. Indoor air is the most direct and important environment medium to human beings; thus, the PCBs pollution research in indoor air is important for the protection of human health. This paper introduces the industrial application and potential harm of PCBs, summarizes the sampling, extracting, and analytical methods of environment monitoring, and compares the indoor air levels of urban areas with those of industrial areas in different countries according to various reports. This paper can provide a basic summary for PCBs pollution control in the indoor air environment. IMPLICATIONS The review of PCBs pollution in indoor air in China is still limited. In this paper, we introduce the industrial application and potential harm of PCBs, summarize the sampling, extracting, and analytical methods of environment monitoring, and compare the indoor air levels of urban areas with industrial areas in different countries according to various reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhou Dai
- a College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Min
- a College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Mili Weng
- b School of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Hangzhou Lin'an , People's Republic of China
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12
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Golge O, Kabak B. Evaluation of QuEChERS sample preparation and liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry method for the determination of 109 pesticide residues in tomatoes. Food Chem 2014; 176:319-32. [PMID: 25624240 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method based on modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) sample preparation, followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of 109 selected multiclass pesticides in tomatoes. The recovery yields ranged from 77.1% to 113.2%, with repeatabilities of 4.4-19.2% and within-laboratory reproducibilities of 7.1-18.4%. The limit of detections (LODs) for target analytes in tomato extract were between 0.5 and 10.8μgkg(-1), and the limit of quantifications (LOQs) were between 1.3 and 30.4μgkg(-1). The expanded measurement uncertainty was not higher than 30% for all target analytes. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of 345 tomato samples obtained from local markets and tomato traders. Residues of acetamiprid, azoxystrobin and triadimefon were identified and measured in 9.6% of tomato samples, ranging from 0.015 to 0.37mgkg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Golge
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Food and Control, Food Control Laboratory, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, TR-19030 Corum, Turkey.
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13
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A simplified procedure for the determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls in edible vegetable oils. Food Chem 2014; 151:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Hong Y, Chen L. Extraction of quercetin from Herba Lysimachiae by molecularly imprinted-matrix solid phase dispersion. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 941:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Validation of a matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) technique for determination of pesticides in lyophilized eggs of the chicken Gallus gallus domesticus. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Zhou Q, Wu W, Xie G. Solid phase extraction with silicon dioxide microsphere adsorbents in combination with gas chromatography-electron capture detection for the determination of DDT and its metabolites in water samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:191-197. [PMID: 23356340 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.730289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of silicon dioxide (SiO(2)) microspheres without special modification to enrich dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its main metabolites, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-2,2-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDD) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in combination with gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. The experimental results indicated that an excellent linear relationship between the recoveries and the concentrations of DDT and its main metabolites was obtained in the range of 0.2-30 ng mL(-1) and the correlation coefficients were in the range of 99.96-99.99%. The detection limits based on the ratio of signal to the baseline noise (S/N = 3) were 2.2, 2.9, 3.8 and 4.1 ng L(-1) for p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE, respectively. The precisions of the proposed method were all below 10% (n = 6). Four real water samples were utilized for validation of the proposed method, and satisfactory spiked recoveries in the range of 72.4-112.9% were achieved. These results demonstrated that the developed method was a simple, sensitive, and robust analytical method for the monitoring of pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Normal University , Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Xinxiang , P.R. China.
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17
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Christopoulou OD, Sakkas VA, Albanis TA. Evaluation of matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household dust with the aid of experimental design and response surface methodology. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3554-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ourania D. Christopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Vasilios A. Sakkas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Triantafyllos A. Albanis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
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18
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Toledo Netto P, Teixeira Júnior OJ, de Camargo JLV, Lúcia Ribeiro M, de Marchi MRR. A rapid, environmentally friendly, and reliable method for pesticide analysis in high-fat samples. Talanta 2012; 101:322-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Andrade AS, Sacheto D, Hoff RB, Pizzolato TM. Evaluation of lipid removal from animal fats for the determination of organochlorine, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyl indicators by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2233-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S. Andrade
- Laboratory of Pesticides and Veterinary Residues - Ministry of Agriculture; Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil; Brazil
| | - Doriane Sacheto
- Laboratory of Pesticides and Veterinary Residues - Ministry of Agriculture; Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil; Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B. Hoff
- Laboratory of Pesticides and Veterinary Residues - Ministry of Agriculture; Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil; Brazil
| | - Tania M. Pizzolato
- Institute of Chemistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre/RS Brazil
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20
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Determination of imidacloprid in rice by molecularly imprinted-matrix solid-phase dispersion with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 897:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Rallis GN, Sakkas VA, Boumba VA, Vougiouklakis T, Albanis TA. Determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in post-mortem human lung by matrix solid-phase dispersion with the aid of response surface methodology and desirability function. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1227:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Improved Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction Combined with GC–ECD for the Determination of Organochlorinated Pesticides in Water. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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SHI JW, ZHAO YG, FU ZJ, LI JG, WANG YF, YANG TC. Development of a Screening Method for the Determination of PCBs in Water Using QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:167-73. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei SHI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yong-Gang ZHAO
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Ji-Ge LI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yu-Fei WANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Tian-Chi YANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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24
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Qiao F, Yan H. Simultaneous analysis of fluoroquinolones and xanthine derivatives in serum by molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3551-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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New method based on combining ultrasonic assisted miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion and homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction for the determination of some organochlorinated pesticides in fish. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:274-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Chung SW, Chen BL. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in fatty foods: A critical review on the analytical methods and their testing capabilities. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5555-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Wang T, Tong J, Sun M, Chen L. Fast and selective extraction of chloramphenicol from soil by matrix solid-phase dispersion using molecularly imprinted polymer as dispersant. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1886-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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29
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Dassanayake RMAPS, Wei H, Chen RC, Li A. Optimization of the matrix solid phase dispersion extraction procedure for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human placenta. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9795-801. [PMID: 19863067 PMCID: PMC2794305 DOI: 10.1021/ac901805d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of prenatal exposure to hazardous chemicals most often relies upon the analysis of cord blood. However, human placenta is an appropriate tissue alternative with noteworthy advantages. Owing to analytical challenges, reports on placental levels of toxic chemicals are limited. The purpose of this study was to establish a reliable, cost-effective, and relatively fast and simple method to extract polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from human placenta for analysis using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) method was optimized for the extraction and analysis of 43 PBDEs (including BDE209) from human placenta samples. Different sorbents, sample conditions, grinding methods, elution solvents, and single and repeated extractions were compared for their effects on the extraction efficiency. The performance of the optimized method was validated by analyzing spiked placenta samples and a standard reference material of fish tissue. Congener specific PBDE recovery ranged from 91% to 114% for the spiked samples and 89% to 115% for a standard reference material (SRM) of fish tissue. The optimized MSPD procedure was compared with two conventional extraction methods. The extraction efficiency of MSPD was found to be comparable with that of the traditional Soxhlet method and superior to that using a liquid extraction method. Twenty two PBDEs were detected in all of the five samples collected in Chicago in 2008. This is the first description of PBDEs detected in human placentas in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Wei
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rachel C. Chen
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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30
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Ding Y, You J, Lydy MJ. Analysis of pyrethroid insecticides in Chironomus dilutus using matrix solid phase dispersion extraction. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 83:388-392. [PMID: 19458879 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A matrix solid phase dispersion method was developed to detect eight pyrethroid insecticides in the aquatic invertebrate, Chironomus dilutus. A mixture of silica gel, diatomaceous earth and primary/secondary amino solid absorbents were selected as the dispersion matrix, while 7% ethyl ether in hexane was used as the elution solvent. Method detection limits for the target pyrethroids ranged from 0.46 to 4.4 microg kg(-1), and recoveries were 63.5%-124.0%, 43.7%-116.0% and 53.1%-93.1% at spiked levels of 5, 20 and 50 microg kg(-1), respectively. The developed method was used to assess pyrethroid residues in laboratory-exposed and field-collected C. dilutus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Ding
- Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center & Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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31
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Trace determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its main metabolites in environmental water samples with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction in combination with high performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detector. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6680-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Fang G, Min G, He J, Zhang C, Qian K, Wang S. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction absorbents to determine 31 pesticides in agriculture samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3040-3045. [PMID: 19326860 DOI: 10.1021/jf803913q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction (MSPDE) method was developed to extract 31 pesticides from agriculture samples using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as adsorbent prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination. The comparisons of MWCNTs with C(18) and diatomite were studied in the MSPD procedure. The results showed that the extracts obtained by using MWCNTs were cleaner than those obtained by using C(18) and diatomite. Using the developed method, recoveries ranged from 74.2 to 104.2% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 3.1 to 8.8% for the apple matrix, and 71.5-113.3% with RSD ranging from 3.2 to 9.7% for the potato matrix. The limits of detection (LODs), calculated as 3 times the background noise, ranged from 0.1 to 3.1 microg kg(-1) for the apple matrix and 0.1 to 4.0 mug kg(-1) for the potato matrix. The proposed MSPDE method was used to analyze real samples obtained in a local market, the results were approximation to those obtained using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method, and prometryn, isocarbophos and methidathion were detected at levels below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed by the Chinese Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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33
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Development and characterization of new polyclonal antibodies specific for three polychlorinated biphenyls. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Poli D, Caglieri A, Goldoni M, Castoldi AF, Coccini T, Roda E, Vitalone A, Ceccatelli S, Mutti A. Single step determination of PCB 126 and 153 in rat tissues by using solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Comparison with solid phase extraction and liquid/liquid extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:773-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Koning S, Janssen HG, Brinkman UAT. Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Beyer A, Biziuk M. Methods for determining pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in food samples--problems and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 48:888-904. [PMID: 18949592 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701761878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of residual amounts of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food samples requires the use of specific techniques regarding sample preparation as well as instrumental analysis which should be characterized by a very low detection limit. A problem associated with the use of pesticides and PCBs is the need for controlling their residues in the environment, particularly in food, as these chemicals show a propensity to accumulate. The analysis of food samples for the presence of pesticides and PCBs brings on many difficulties because of the specificity of sample preparation consisting of multistep purification procedures of samples that contain trace amounts of an analyte. Concentration determinations of pollutants that easily dissolve in complex matrices, particularly in the presence of a large apportionment of interfering substances, pose a big challenge. Therefore, the basic step in food analysis for the presence of pesticides and PCBs is sample preparation which mainly consists of analyte enrichment and the removal of interfering substances. But all steps of the analytical procedure that include sample collection and preparation, extraction of analytes from matrix, extract purification, and final determination, are very significant; their precision and correct application have a decisive effect on the final result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Beyer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk.
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37
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Sun H, Qiao F, Liu G, Liang S. Simultaneous isolation of six fluoroquinolones in serum samples by selective molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 625:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Beyer A, Biziuk M. Applications of sample preparation techniques in the analysis of pesticides and PCBs in food. Food Chem 2008; 108:669-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Bolaños PP, Frenich AG, Vidal JLM. Application of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the quantification-confirmation of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in eggs at trace levels. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1167:9-17. [PMID: 17764679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new multiresidue method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of 57 compounds, including organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues (OCPs and OPPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in eggs at trace levels by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS). Egg samples were extracted by a simple and fast matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) procedure using C18 as sorbent, and ethyl acetate and acetonitrile saturated in n-hexane (85:15, v/v) as elution solvent with a simultaneous clean up with Florisil in-line. The QqQ analyzer acquired data in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, permitting both quantification and confirmation in a single injection with a running time reduced up to 17.70 min. Recovery was in the range of 70-110% and 70-106% at 15 and 50 microg/kg, respectively. Precision values expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) were lower than 20%. Linearity in the range of 10-150 microg/kg provided determination coefficients (R(2)) higher than 0.98 for all compounds. Limits of detection (LODs) for pesticides were < or =2.25 microg/kg and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.02 to 7.78 microg/kg. LODs for PCBs were < or =0.41 microg/kg and LOQ were < or =0.71 microg/kg. The method was applied to real samples. Endosulfan sulphate and p,p'-DDE were found in two samples at concentrations below the first calibration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Plaza Bolaños
- Research group Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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40
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Ramos JJ, Dietz C, González MJ, Ramos L. Miniaturised selective pressurised liquid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:254-61. [PMID: 17174963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of miniaturised pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) with in-cell purification and subsequent gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detection (GC-micro-ECD) for the determination of prioritary and toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a variety of foodstuffs (fat contents in the range 22-49%, w/w, on a freeze-dried basis) has been investigated. After optimisation of the several experimental parameters affecting the efficiency of the selective PLE process, the developed method provided quantitative recoveries of the endogenous PCBs studied and complete fat elimination in a single step using n-hexane as extraction solvent. A total solvent volume of 3.5 mL was used for the two consecutive 7 min static PLEs of 100-mg samples. Detection limits using GC-micro-ECD were below 0.2 ng/g freeze dried sample for all 22 PCBs investigated in real-life foodstuffs, and the repeatability of the complete PLE plus GC-micro-ECD method as calculated for the analysis of the endogenous PCBs in general was better than 14%. Comparison of the miniaturised PLE method developed with either conventional Soxhlet extraction or matrix solid phase dispersion with subsequent (off-line) clean-up for the analysis of non-spiked samples showed that the efficiency of PLE was similar to or better (recoveries in the range 83-133%, as calculated for the endogenous analytes) than for the other two extraction methods assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ramos
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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41
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Frenich AG, Bolaños PP, Vidal JLM. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in animal liver by gas chromatography using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:194-202. [PMID: 17289056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two methods for extracting organochlorine (OCs) and organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides from animal liver have been developed. The determination was carried out by gas chromatography with electron impact ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC-(EI-)MS/MS) using a triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer. First, a liquid-solid extraction performed with a high-speed homogenizer (Polytron) using ethyl acetate as solvent, and a subsequent clean-up by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was applied, determining 34 pesticides. Secondly, a matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction with octadecylsilyl (C(18)) sorbent combined with a Florisil clean-up and ethyl acetate elution was performed, analyzing 25 compounds. These methodologies have been tested and compared in the sample pre-treatment due to the fatty nature of the matrix. The GPC method was finally selected and validated, yielding recoveries in the range 70-115%, with precision values expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) lower or equal to 20%, at the spiking levels of 25 and 50 microg kg(-1), and limits of quantification (LOQs) lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union in animal products, except for isofenphos. Linearity was also studied ranging between 5 and 300 microg kg(-1) for most of pesticides. This method was applied to the analysis of real liver samples of chicken, pork and lamb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants Research Group (ISO 9001 Certificate), Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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42
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Ridgway K, Lalljie SPD, Smith RM. Sample preparation techniques for the determination of trace residues and contaminants in foods. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:36-53. [PMID: 17313955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of trace residues and contaminants in complex matrices, such as food, often requires extensive sample extraction and preparation prior to instrumental analysis. Sample preparation is often the bottleneck in analysis and there is a need to minimise the number of steps to reduce both time and sources of error. There is also a move towards more environmentally friendly techniques, which use less solvent and smaller sample sizes. Smaller sample size becomes important when dealing with real life problems, such as consumer complaints and alleged chemical contamination. Optimal sample preparation can reduce analysis time, sources of error, enhance sensitivity and enable unequivocal identification, confirmation and quantification. This review considers all aspects of sample preparation, covering general extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet and pressurised liquid extraction, microextraction techniques such as liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and more selective techniques, such as solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The applicability of each technique in food analysis, particularly for the determination of trace organic contaminants in foods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Ridgway
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
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