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Lemos LS, Angarica LM, Hauser-Davis RA, Quinete N. Cortisol as a Stress Indicator in Fish: Sampling Methods, Analytical Techniques, and Organic Pollutant Exposure Assessments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6237. [PMID: 37444085 PMCID: PMC10341563 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid released during stress responses in most fish and has been employed to investigate different stressors, including organic pollutants. This review discusses shifts in cortisol concentrations and examines different matrix sampling methods (invasive vs. minimally or non-invasive) and the main analytical cortisol determination techniques (immunoassays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). Assessments on organic pollutant exposure in fish and associated adverse effects are also discussed. Studies in this regard may aid in identifying organic pollutant toxicological modes of action, mechanistic response, toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics, as well as pollution sources and associated health risks in fish, ultimately aiding in the development of effective management strategies to mitigate the impacts of organic pollutants on fish populations and their associated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Soledade Lemos
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Leo Moreira Angarica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
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2
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Franco JH, da Silva BF, Zanoni MVB. Assessment of semi-permanent hair dyes in wash water from beauty salons by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring (LC-MS/MS-SRM). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5415-5423. [PMID: 33125009 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an approach for the analytical determination and quantification of semi-permanent hair dyes in wash water samples released during washing of dyed hair employing a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring (LC-MS/MS-SRM) method with electrospray ionization detection. Specifically, Basic Blue 99 (BB 99), Basic Brown 16 (BB 16), Basic Red 76 (BR 76), Basic Yellow 57 (BY 57) and Acid Violet 43 (AV 43) are hair dyes with properties known to be harmful to human health and the environment. The hair dyes are present in commercial formulation and are discharged into the effluents without fully effective treatment. The detection and quantification by the LC-MS/MS technique show a linear relationship for each studied hair dye in the concentration range from 1 to 200 ng mL-1 in aqueous solution. The limits of detection and quantification were found from 0.66 to 20 ng mL-1 and from 2.0 to 63 ng mL-1, respectively, values that are compatible with the level required in wash water analysis. The method was applied in samples collected from 5 successive washings of hair dyed with a commercial formulation using the established procedure. BB 99 and BY 57 dyes have lower fixation on the scalp and hair, showing 866 ng mL-1 and 145 ng mL-1 release on the first day of washing, respectively. The accumulation of dye and slow release after washing can lead to future problems for both the environment and living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Honorio Franco
- Institute of Chemistry, State University "Julio de Mesquita Filho"- UNESP, Avenida Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Nouri MZ, Kroll KJ, Webb M, Denslow ND. Quantification of steroid hormones in low volume plasma and tissue homogenates of fish using LC-MS/MS. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 296:113543. [PMID: 32598883 PMCID: PMC7447131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of steroid hormones in fish is an important step for toxicology and endocrinology studies. Among the hormone analysis techniques, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has widely been used for measuring hormones in various biological samples. Despite all improvements in the technique, detection of several hormones in a low volume of serum or plasma is still challenging. We developed a robust method for simultaneous quantification of 14 steroid hormones including corticosterone, cortisol, 11-ketotestosterone, progesterone, testosterone, 17OH-progesterone, aldosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel and equilin from volumes as low as 10 µL serum or plasma in a short run by LC-MS/MS. The lowest limit of detection in 10 µL serum was 0.012 ng/mL measured for cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, 17OH-progesterone and estrone. Use of high (25 times more) serum volume improved detection limit of hormones by 2-40 times. The method was compared with the radioimmunoassay technique in which testosterone and 17β-estradiol were highly correlated with R2 of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. We validated the method by measuring four selected hormones, in low and high plasma volumes of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In addition, we developed a method to quantify hormones in whole body fish homogenates of small fish and compared the values to plasma concentrations, using fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Calculated concentrations of the hormones in plasma were consistent with those in the homogenate and 11-ketotestosterone and 17β-estradiol were significantly different in males and females. The ability to measure hormones from whole body homogenates was further evaluated in two model small fish species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and juvenile silverside (Menidia beryllina). These results suggest that whole tissue homogenate is a reliable alternative for hormone quantification when sufficient plasma is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Molly Webb
- USFWS, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, Bozeman, MT 59517, United States
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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4
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Rocha DG, Lana MAG, de Assis DCS, Cançado SV, Augusti R, Faria AF. Determination of steroids in bovine hair: Validation of a microwave-assisted chemical derivatization method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and in vivo studies. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1078-1086. [PMID: 32384229 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis has attracted great attention in the regulatory analysis of food-producing animals, particularly due to the wider detection window of veterinary drugs in this matrix and also the possibility of confirming parent drugs with minimum metabolization. This work involved the development and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine 25 steroids and steroid esters in bovine hair. Sensitivity was improved using a fast and effective microwave-assisted chemical derivatization with methoxyamine hydrochloride. The validation was conducted in accordance with the Decision 657/2002/EC guidelines. An animal experimentation procedure was performed on 12 bovine animals in which two commercial formulations containing boldenone undecylenate and testosterone propionate were administrated via intramuscular injections on the neck. The samples were collected for 78 days in which the detection of the administrated analytes was only observed near the application sites. For some of the monitored days, no analyte was detected on the neck area. Since the migration of the analytes was not observed in areas other than the application site, false-negative results should be carefully considered when monitoring animal hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Rocha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvana V Cançado
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Determination of Steroid Esters in Hair of Slaughter Animals by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Vet Res 2019; 63:561-572. [PMID: 31934668 PMCID: PMC6950443 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of growth promoters in animal husbandry to increase weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion into muscle has been banned in the European Union since 1988, and under Directive 96/23/EC, surveillance for anabolic steroid hormones is obligatory. The hormones present in animal tissues may be of endogenous origin or may result from illegal administration. Steps have been taken to determine selected steroids in the form of esters in the alternative matrix of animal hair. Their detection in biological material is direct proof of the illegal use of anabolics. Material and Methods The procedure for the determination of steroid esters in animal hair, based on digestion, extraction, purification, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was validated under the current regulations. In total, 348 samples of animal hair were examined using this method. Results Good recoveries and precision values (RSD) were obtained during validation. Decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) were in the ranges of 2.57-4.18 μg kg-1 and 4.38-7.12 μg kg-1, respectively. The method met the criteria for confirmation techniques with respect to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Conclusion Testing for steroid esters in animal hair was introduced into the National Residue Control Programme in 2017. Steroid esters were not found in any hair samples above the CCα, which indicates that illegal use of anabolics was not confirmed.
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Janssens G, Mangelinckx S, Courtheyn D, De Kimpe N, Matthijs B, Le Bizec B. The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry to demonstrate progesterone treatment in bovines. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1449:129-40. [PMID: 27157423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, no analytical method is available to demonstrate progesterone administration in biological samples collected in rearing animals, and therefore, tracking the abuse of this popular growth promoter is arduous. In this study, a method is presented to reveal progesterone (PG) treatment on the basis of carbon isotope measurement of 5β-pregnane-3α, 20α-diol (BAA-PD), a major PG metabolite excreted in bovine urine, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS). 5-Androstene-3β,17α-diol (AEdiol) is used as endogenous reference compound. Intermediate precisions (n=11) of 0.56‰ and 0.68‰ have been determined for AEdiol and BAA-PD, respectively. The analytical method was used for the very first time to successfully differentiate urine samples collected in treated and untreated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Courtheyn
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Matthijs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307 Nantes, France
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7
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Janssens G, Mangelinckx S, Courtheyn D, De Kimpe N, Matthijs B, Le Bizec B. Simultaneous Detection of Androgen and Estrogen Abuse in Breeding Animals by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) Evaluated against Alternative Methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7574-7581. [PMID: 26271751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The administration of synthetic homologues of naturally occurring steroids can be demonstrated by measuring (13)C/(12)C isotopic ratios of their urinary metabolites. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) was used in this study to appraise in a global approach isotopic deviations of two 17β-testosterone metabolites (17α-testosterone and etiocholanolone) and one 17β-estradiol metabolite (17α-estradiol) together with those of 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol as endogenous reference compound (ERC). Intermediate precisions of 0.35‰, 1.05‰, 0.35‰, and 0.21‰, respectively, were observed (n = 8). To assess the performance of the analytical method, a bull and a heifer were treated with 17β-testosterone propionate and 17β-estradiol-3-benzoate. The sensitivity of the method permitted the demonstration of 17β-estradiol treatment up to 24 days. For 17β-testosterone treatment, the detection windows were 3 days and 24 days for the bull and the heifer, respectively. The capability of GC-MS/C/IRMS to demonstrate natural steroid abuse for urinary steroids was eventually compared to those of mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) when measuring intact steroid esters in blood and hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories , Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Courtheyn
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories , Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Matthijs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories , Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université , F-44307 Nantes, France
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8
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Leporati M, Bergoglio M, Capra P, Bozzetta E, Abete MC, Vincenti M. Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC-MS/MS method for determination of β2 -agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:936-946. [PMID: 25230191 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
β(2) -agonists are often abused in cattle breeding because of their effects on animal growth and meat properties. The use of β(2) -agonists as growth promoters is forbidden in the European Union (Council Directive 96/23/EC classifies them into group A of Annex I), due to their toxicity and carcinogenic properties, as for anabolic steroids, which are often administered in combination with β(2) -agonists, to promote the storage of proteins and increase muscle size. A unique confirmatory liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative detection of 13 β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids plus the qualitative identification of other three analytes in bovine hair was developed and validated, according to Decision 2002/657/CE. Hair samples were washed with dichloromethane, digested within a NaOH solution and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The absence of matrix interferents, together with good repeatability of both retention times and relative abundances of diagnostic transitions, allowed the correct identification of all analytes. The quantitative calibrations obtained from spiked blank hair samples proved linear in the range tested. CCα and CCβ ranged from 0.5 ng/g to 30 ng/g. Intralaboratory reproducibility (CV%) ranged between 5.0 and 17.7 and trueness between 96% ± 7% and 105% ± 8%. The applicability of the method to real positive samples was demonstrated for both β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids. 17α-boldenone was found in most (70%) hair samples obtained from untreated animals, supporting the hypothesis of endogenous production of this steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia 'Alessandro Bertinaria', regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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9
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Quantitative determination of 26 steroids in eggs from various species using liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Berendsen BJ, Bor G, Gerritsen HW, Jansen LJ, Zuidema T. The disposition of oxytetracycline to feathers after poultry treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:2102-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.843026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Receptor-based high-throughput screening and identification of estrogens in dietary supplements using bioaffinity liquid-chromatography ion mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9427-36. [PMID: 24081568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput bioaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (BioMS) approach was developed and applied for the screening and identification of recombinant human estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligands in dietary supplements. For screening, a semi-automated mass spectrometric ligand binding assay was developed applying (13)C2, (15) N-tamoxifen as non-radioactive label and fast ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-triple-quadrupole-MS (UPLC-QqQ-MS), operated in the single reaction monitoring mode, as a readout system. Binding of the label to ERα-coated paramagnetic microbeads was inhibited by competing estrogens in the sample extract yielding decreased levels of the label in UPLC-QqQ-MS. The label showed high ionisation efficiency in positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode, so the developed BioMS approach is able to screen for estrogens in dietary supplements despite their poor ionisation efficiency in both positive and negative ESI modes. The assay was performed in a 96-well plate, and all these wells could be measured within 3 h. Estrogens in suspect extracts were identified by full-scan accurate mass and collision-cross section (CCS) values from a UPLC-ion mobility-Q-time-of-flight-MS (UPLC-IM-Q-ToF-MS) equipped with a novel atmospheric pressure ionisation source. Thanks to the novel ion source, this instrument provided picogram sensitivity for estrogens in the negative ion mode and an additional identification point (experimental CCS values) next to retention time, accurate mass and tandem mass spectrometry data. The developed combination of bioaffinity screening with UPLC-QqQ-MS and identification with UPLC-IM-Q-ToF-MS provides an extremely powerful analytical tool for early warning of ERα bioactive compounds in dietary supplements as demonstrated by analysis of selected dietary supplements in which different estrogens were identified.
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12
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Strano-Rossi S, Castrignanò E, Anzillotti L, Odoardi S, De-Giorgio F, Bermejo A, Pascali VL. Screening for exogenous androgen anabolic steroids in human hair by liquid chromatography/orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 793:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Schipilliti L, Sciarrone D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Solid-phase microextraction with fast GC combined with a high-speed triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for targeted and untargeted food analysis. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2145-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luisa Schipilliti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
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14
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Aqai P, Cevik E, Gerssen A, Haasnoot W, Nielen MWF. High-throughput bioaffinity mass spectrometry for screening and identification of designer anabolic steroids in dietary supplements. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3255-62. [PMID: 23419079 DOI: 10.1021/ac3036052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A generic high-throughput bioaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (BioMS) approach was developed and applied for the screening and identification of known and unknown recombinant human sex hormone-binding globulin (rhSHBG)-binding designer steroids in dietary supplements. For screening, a semi-automated competitive inhibition binding assay was combined with fast ultrahigh-performance-LC-electrospray ionization-triple-quadrupole-MS (UPLC-QqQ-MS). 17β-Testosterone-D3 was used as the stable isotope label of which the binding to rhSHBG-coated paramagnetic microbeads was inhibited by any other binding (designer) steroid. The assay was performed in a 96-well plate and combined with the fast LC-MS, 96 measurements could be performed within 4 h. The concentration-dependent inhibition of the label by steroids in buffer and dietary supplements was demonstrated. Following an adjusted bioaffinity isolation procedure, suspect extracts were injected into a chip-UPLC(NanoTile)-Q-time-of-flight-MS system for full-scan accurate mass identification. Next to known steroids, 1-testosterone was identified in three of the supplements studied and the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone was identified in a spiked supplement. The generic steroid-binding assay can be used for high-throughput screening of androgens, estrogens, and gestagens in dietary supplements to fight doping. When combined with chip-UPLC-MS, it is a powerful tool for early warning of unknown emerging rhSHBG bioactive designer steroids in dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Aqai
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Qin H, Yu S, Hu X, Yang Y. Surfactant-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Determination of Corticosteroids Followed by HPLC-DAD. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.729241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Franchina FA, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Mondello L. Fast gas chromatography combined with a high-speed triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the analysis of unknown and target citrus essential oil volatiles. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:511-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.), Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.), Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
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17
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Wang H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Chen H, Li G, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Song W, Jin H, Ding L. Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction coupled with salting-out liquid-liquid extraction for determination of steroid hormones in fish tissues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10343-10351. [PMID: 23016883 DOI: 10.1021/jf303124c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple and fast sample pretreatment method was proposed for determination of steroid hormones in fish tissues by coupling dynamic microwave-assisted extraction with salting-out liquid-liquid extraction. The steroid hormones were successively extracted with acetonitrile and water under the action of microwave energy. Subsequently, the extract was separated into an acetonitrile phase and an aqueous phase with ammonium acetate. The acetonitrile phase containing the target analytes was concentrated and determined by LC-MS/MS. The limits of detection for the steroid hormones were in the range of 0.03-0.15 ng g(-1). This method was successfully applied to analyze seven kinds of fish tissues, and the recoveries of the steroid hormones for the spiked samples were in the range of 75.3 ± 4.9% to 95.4 ± 6.2%. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method could reduce the consumption of the organic solvent, shorten the sample preparation time, and increase the sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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18
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Parker JA, Webster JP, Kover SC, Kolodziej EP. Analysis of trenbolone acetate metabolites and melengestrol in environmental matrices using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 99:238-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Scarth JP, Kay J, Teale P, Akre C, Le Bizec B, De Brabander HF, Vanhaecke L, Van Ginkel L, Points J. A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4 Suppl 1:40-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Scarth
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - J. Kay
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate; Addlestone; Surrey; UK
| | - P. Teale
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - C. Akre
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Saskatoon; Canada
| | | | | | - L. Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | | | - J. Points
- Veterinary Drugs Group, LGC; Teddington; Middlesex; UK
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20
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Bichon E, Béasse A, Prevost S, Christien S, Courant F, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Improvement of estradiol esters monitoring in bovine hair by dansylation and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis in multiple reaction monitoring and precursor ion scan modes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:819-827. [PMID: 22368062 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The control of forbidden anabolic practices in cattle in the European Union has become challenging since endogenous compounds such as estradiol derivatives can potentially be used as growth promoters. Due to the great difficulty in establishing a reference threshold value for endogenous steroids, the direct detection of steroid esters in hair is an efficient strategy for the detection of 'natural' steroid abuse in cattle. METHODS The present study aimed to develop and validate according to the current European standards a specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analytical strategy to monitor estrogen esters in bovine hair. The analysis was performed by positive ion electrospray ionisation (ESI+) after dansylation. Two acquisition modes were then assessed: single reaction monitoring and precursor ion scanning. RESULTS The results showed that the introduction of a dansylation step strongly improves the sensitivity of the detection of estradiol-17-esters by LC/(ESI+)-MS/MS. The CCα values are in the range 1-10 ng g(-1) after optimisation, except for estradiol decanoate for which the derivatisation is not efficient. In addition, this LC/MS/MS approach makes it possible to carry out a precursor ion scan to screen for the presence of these estradiol 17-esters in hair samples. CONCLUSIONS Based on the specific product ions, i.e. m/z 255 in native conditions or m/z 171 after dansylation, this strategy has the advantage of detecting any (un)known estradiol ester and of giving access to the [M + H](+) ion of the suspected ester through only a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bichon
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307, Nantes, France.
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21
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Multiplexed immunoassay to detect anabolic androgenic steroids in human serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1361-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Anizan S, Bichon E, Duval T, Monteau F, Cesbron N, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-based metabolomic to screen for anabolic practices in cattle: identification of 5α-androst-2-en-17-one as new biomarker of 4-androstenedione misuse. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:131-140. [PMID: 22282099 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of anabolic steroids as growth promoters for meat-producing animals is banned within the European Union. However, screening for the illegal use of natural steroid hormones still represents a difficult challenge because of the high interindividual and physiological variability of the endogenous concentration levels in animals. In this context, the development of untargeted profiling approaches for identifying new relevant biomarkers of exposure and/or effect has been emerging for a couple of years. The present study deals with an untargeted metabolomics approach on the basis of GC-MS aiming to reveal potential biomarkers signing a fraudulent administration of 4-androstenedione (AED), an anabolic androgenic steroid chosen as template. After a sample preparation based on microextraction by packed sorbent, urinary profiles of the free and deglucurono-conjugates urinary metabolites were acquired by GC-MS in the full-scan acquisition mode. Data processing and chemometric procedures highlighted 125 ions, allowing discrimination between samples collected before and after an administration of 4-AED. After a first evaluation of the signal robustness using additional and independent non-compliant samples, 17 steroid-like metabolites were pointed out as relevant candidate biomarkers. All these metabolites were then monitored using a targeted GC-MS/MS method for an additional assessment of their capacity to be used as biomarkers. Finally, two steroids, namely 5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol and 5α-androst-2-en-17-one, were concluded to be compatible with such a definition and which could be finally usable for screening purpose of AED abuse in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Anizan
- ONIRIS, USC 1329 LABERCA, La Chantrerie, BP 50707, Nantes, F-44307, France.
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23
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Anizan S, Bichon E, Di Nardo D, Monteau F, Cesbron N, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. Screening of 4-androstenedione misuse in cattle by LC–MS/MS profiling of glucuronide and sulfate steroids in urine. Talanta 2011; 86:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Vanhaecke L, Bussche JV, Wille K, Bekaert K, De Brabander HF. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in high-throughput confirmation and quantification of 34 anabolic steroids in bovine muscle. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Targeted phase II metabolites profiling as new screening strategy to investigate natural steroid abuse in animal breeding. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Andrási N, Helenkár A, Záray G, Vasanits A, Molnár-Perl I. Derivatization and fragmentation pattern analysis of natural and synthetic steroids, as their trimethylsilyl (oxime) ether derivatives by gas chromatography mass spectrometry: Analysis of dissolved steroids in wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1878-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Kaklamanos G, Theodoridis G, Dabalis T. Determination of anabolic steroids in muscle tissue by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8072-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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The validation of methods for regulatory purposes in the control of residues. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8051-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Stolker AAM, Groot MJ, Lasaroms JJP, Nijrolder AWJM, Blokland MH, Riedmaier I, Becker C, Meyer HHD, Nielen MWF. Detectability of testosterone esters and estradiol benzoate in bovine hair and plasma following pour-on treatment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1075-87. [PMID: 19705109 PMCID: PMC2758186 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of synthetic esters of natural steroids such as testosterone and estradiol in cattle fattening and sports is hard to detect via routine urine testing. The esters are rapidly hydrolysed in vivo into substances which are also endogenously present in urine. An interesting alternative can be provided by the analysis of the administered synthetic steroids themselves, i.e., the analysis of intact steroid esters in hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). However, retrospective estimation of the application date following a non-compliant finding is hindered by the complexity of the kinetics of the incorporation of steroid esters in hair. In this study, the incorporation of intact steroid esters in hair following pour-on treatment has been studied and critically compared with results from intramuscular treatment. To this end animals were pour-on treated with a hormone cocktail containing testosterone cypionate, testosterone decanoate and estradiol benzoate in different carriers. The animals were either treated using injection and pour-on application once or three times having 1 week between treatments using injection and pour-on application. Animals were slaughtered from 10-12 weeks after the last treatment. Both hair and blood plasma samples were collected and analysed by LC/MS/MS. From the results, it is concluded that after single treatment the levels of steroid esters in hair drop to CCbeta levels (5-20 microg/kg) after 5-7 weeks. When treatment is repeated two times, the CCbeta levels are reached after 9-11 weeks. Furthermore, in plasma, no steroid esters were detected; not even at the low microgramme per litre level but--in contrast with the pour-on application--after i.m. injection, significant increase of 17beta-testosterone and 17beta-estradiol were observed. These observations suggest that transport of steroid esters after pour-on application is not only performed by blood but also by alternative fluids in the animal so probably the steroid esters are already hydrolysed and epimerized before entering the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A M Stolker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Shen M, Yan H, Xiang P, Shen B. Simultaneous Determination of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Their Esters in Hair by LC–MS–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Kaklamanos G, Theodoridis G, Dabalis T. Determination of anabolic steroids in bovine urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Bowden JA, Colosi DM, Stutts WL, Mora-Montero DC, Garrett TJ, Yost RA. Enhanced Analysis of Steroids by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry using Microwave-Accelerated Derivatization. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6725-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900663c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Bowden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Florida, Department of Medicine, PO Box 100322, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Dominic M. Colosi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Florida, Department of Medicine, PO Box 100322, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Whitney L. Stutts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Florida, Department of Medicine, PO Box 100322, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Diana C. Mora-Montero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Florida, Department of Medicine, PO Box 100322, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Florida, Department of Medicine, PO Box 100322, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Richard A. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Florida, Department of Medicine, PO Box 100322, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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33
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Effect of sample pre-treatment on the determination of steroid esters in hair of bovine calves. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8233-9. [PMID: 19423114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of three sample pre-treatment steps, washing, cutting and grinding on the determination of steroid esters in hair is studied. The study is performed by using hair samples obtained after pour-on application of steroid esters to bovine calves. After sample pre-treatment the hair is treated with a mild reducing agent [tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride] to extract the steroid esters. After a solid-phase extraction clean-up step the extracts are analysed by using liquid chromatography combined with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometric detection. For the washing step the use of non-organic washing solvents like (warm) water and a solution of 0.1% sodium dodecyl phosphate and organic solutions containing different percentages of methanol are tested. By using the non-organic solvents and the organic solvents with a percentage of methanol <20% the recovery results are as good as the results obtained without washing the hair. Cutting the hair samples increases the analyte recoveries of incurred steroid esters by 20% compared to the non-cut hair. The analyte recoveries of cut hair samples are about 60-80% that of ground hair samples. The obtained surface expansion of hair samples by grinding proves to be necessary in order to achieve the highest possible analyte yields. Finally the use of pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) for the extraction of steroid esters from plain (no washing, cutting or grinding) hair is investigated. The first results show lower (up to 40%) extraction recoveries in comparison with the classical solvent extraction procedures. If the limit of detection requirement is met, PLE may be an alternative for extracting large numbers of hair samples due to the short sample treatment procedure involved.
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