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EKİCİ A, ULUTAŞ OK, BERKKAN A. Head Space Single Drop Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection (HS-SDME-GC-FID) Method for the Analysis of Common Fatty Acids. Turk J Pharm Sci 2024; 20:397-404. [PMID: 38257845 PMCID: PMC10803924 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2023.63494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Post-marketing/surveillance studies show that most of the many vegetable oils that are sold with health-promoting claims or statements with high nutritional values and are beneficial against diseases are off-limits of related monographs/criteria. Defining the oil with a fast, cheap, and efficient analytical method is needed to express fatty acids in any herbal product to authenticate, trace, specify, and classify the content.The majority of the after marketing/surveillance studies shows that most of the many vegetable oils that are sold with health-promoting claims or statements with high nutritional values and are beneficial against diseases are off-limits of related monographs/criteria. Defining the oil with fast, cheap and efficient analytical method to express fatty acids in any herbal product, to authenticate, trace, specify and classify the content is needed. Materials and Methods Here, we define a new simple tool with a headspace single drop microextraction (HS-SDME) method coupled with a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for the analysis of common fatty acids (FAs) in oils. Linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and linoleic acid in olive oil, thyme oil, and fish oil were determined. Derivatization was performed with 0.2 mL of 2 mol/L KOH in methanol to transfer the FAs of oils into their methyl esters (FAMEs). Then, FAMEs were extracted using a head space single drop, which is 2.0 μL of sodium dodecyl sulfate:1-butanol (1:3, v/v) mixture. Results The most suitable extraction condition was that 360 μL of the FAMEs, 2.0 mL vial, 0.07 g NaCl as a salting-out effect, 45 °C extraction temperature, and 35 min extraction time. The precision of the method was below 12%, with accuracy validated by the GC-FID reference method.The most suitable extraction condition was that 360 μL of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 2.0 mL vial, 0.07 g NaCl as a salting-out effect, 45 °C extraction temperature, and 35 min extraction time. The precision of the method was below 12% with an accuracy validated by the GC-FID reference method. Conclusion The HS-SDME can be used effectively for extracting FAs from oils for improved analysis of other FAs. The method is of direct importance and relevance for the herbal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries.The HS-SDME can be used for effectively for extracting fatty acids from oils for improved analysis of other fatty acids while the method is direct importance and relevance for herbal, pharmaceutical, cosmetics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan EKİCİ
- Gazi University, Health Sciences Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Onur Kenan ULUTAŞ
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Aysel BERKKAN
- Gazi University, Health Sciences Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye
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2
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Kannouma RE, Hammad MA, Kamal AH, Mansour FR. Miniaturization of Liquid-Liquid extraction; the barriers and the enablers. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Nourani N, Taghvimi A, Bavili-Tabrizi A, Javadzadeh Y, Dastmalchi S. Microextraction Techniques for Sample Preparation of Amphetamines in Urine: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36093632 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Psychological disorders and dramatic social problems are serious concerns regarding the abuse of amphetamine and its stimulant derivatives worldwide. Consumers of such drugs experience great euphoria along with serious health problems. Determination and quantification of amphetamine-type stimulants are indispensable skills for clinical and forensic laboratories. Analysis of low drug doses in bio-matrices necessitates applications of simple and also effective preparation steps. The preparation procedures not only eliminate adverse matrix effects, but also provide reasonable clean-up and pre-concentration benefits. The current review presents different methods used for sample preparation of amphetamines from urine as the most frequently used biological matrix. The advantages and limitations of various sample preparation methods were discussed focusing on the miniaturized methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Nourani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Taghvimi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Bavili-Tabrizi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, North Cyprus, Turkey
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4
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Ahmad SM, Gonçalves OC, Oliveira MN, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2168. [PMID: 33918766 PMCID: PMC8070059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Optimising factors affecting solid phase extraction performances of molecular imprinted polymer as recent sample preparation technique. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05934. [PMID: 33553728 PMCID: PMC7848654 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction is the technique that uses molecular imprinted polymer as the sorbent in solid phase extraction. Molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction is effective and efficient for the extraction process and cleaning as compared with solid phase extraction (SPE) without molecular imprinted polymer. The complexity of variables in molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction arise as problems in the analysis, therefore it is necessary to optimize the extraction conditions of molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction. To achieve the sorption equilibrium and achieve the shortest time, certain parameters such as contact time, ion strength of sample, pH of sample, amount of sorbent, sample flow rate, addition of salt and buffer solution, washing solvent, elution solvent, and loading solvent need to be optimized. The selection of suitable properties and quantities of each factor greatly affect the formation of appropriate interactions between the sorbent and analytes. Percentage recovery is also influenced by formation of the appropriate bonds, sample flow rates, extraction time, salt addition, and sorbent mass. Therefore, in the future, molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction optimization has to consider and adjust various factors reviewed in this paper to form appropriate interactions between the absorbent and target molecules which have an impact on the optimal results.
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Anvari L, Ghoreishi SM, Faridbod F, Ganjali MR. Electrochemical Determination of Methamphetamine in Human Plasma on a Nanoceria Nanoparticle Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1875229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Anvari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sayed Mehdi Ghoreishi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Farnoush Faridbod
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad R. Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology & Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Malaca S, Rosado T, Restolho J, Rodilla JM, Rocha PM, Silva L, Margalho C, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in urine samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Sorribes-Soriano A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Amorós P, Herrero-Martínez JM. Amphetamine-type stimulants analysis in oral fluid based on molecularly imprinting extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Recent advances in microextraction procedures for determination of amphetamines in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:437-460. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine and its related derivatives have stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Illegal use of these drugs is an increasing global problem resulting in significant public health and legal problems. Deaths have been reported after intake of these drugs due to overdose. It is important to determine the type and concentration of illicit drugs in biological samples. These compounds are found in complex matrices at low concentration levels. The microextraction techniques are dominant sample preparation procedure and they are widely accepted as the most labor-intensive part of the bioanalytical process. For this purpose, a survey of recent published advances in microextraction procedures for quantification of amphetamines in biological samples found in the different databases from 2008 to date will be conducted.
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10
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He Y, Concheiro-Guisan M. Microextraction sample preparation techniques in forensic analytical toxicology. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4444. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | - Marta Concheiro-Guisan
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
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11
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Headspace single drop microextraction versus dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using magnetic ionic liquid extraction solvents. Talanta 2017; 167:268-278. [PMID: 28340720 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A headspace single drop microextraction (HS-SDME) method and a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method were developed using two tetrachloromanganate ([MnCl42-])-based magnetic ionic liquids (MIL) as extraction solvents for the determination of twelve aromatic compounds, including four polyaromatic hydrocarbons, by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analytical performance of the developed HS-SDME method was compared to the DLLME approach employing the same MILs. In the HS-SDME approach, the magnetic field generated by the magnet was exploited to suspend the MIL solvent from the tip of a rod magnet. The utilization of MILs in HS-SDME resulted in a highly stable microdroplet under elevated temperatures and long extraction times, overcoming a common challenge encountered in traditional SDME approaches of droplet instability. The low UV absorbance of the [MnCl42-]-based MILs permitted direct analysis of the analyte enriched extraction solvent by HPLC. In HS-SDME, the effects of ionic strength of the sample solution, temperature of the extraction system, extraction time, stir rate, and headspace volume on extraction efficiencies were examined. Coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.994 to 0.999 and limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.04 to 1.0μgL-1 with relative recoveries from lake water ranging from 70.2% to 109.6%. For the DLLME method, parameters including disperser solvent type and volume, ionic strength of the sample solution, mass of extraction solvent, and extraction time were studied and optimized. Coefficients of determination for the DLLME method varied from 0.997 to 0.999 with LODs ranging from 0.05 to 1.0μgL-1. Relative recoveries from lake water samples ranged from 68.7% to 104.5%. Overall, the DLLME approach permitted faster extraction times and higher enrichment factors for analytes with low vapor pressure whereas the HS-SDME approach exhibited better extraction efficiencies for analytes with relatively higher vapor pressure.
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12
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Gałęzowska G, Cieszynska-Semenowicz M, Okrągła E, Szychowska K, Wolska L. Progress in Analytical Techniques for Determination of Urine Components. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1281826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gałęzowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Okrągła
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szychowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Zaruba S, Vishnikin AB, Škrlíková J, Andruch V. Using an Optical Probe as the Microdrop Holder in Headspace Single Drop Microextraction: Determination of Sulfite in Food Samples. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10296-10300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Zaruba
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University, UA-49010, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Andriy B. Vishnikin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University, UA-49010, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Jana Škrlíková
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vasil Andruch
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
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14
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Wang R, Qi X, Zhao L, Liu S, Gao S, Ma X, Deng Y. Ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the forensic determination of methamphetamine in human urine. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2444-50. [PMID: 27135774 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of methamphetamine in forensic laboratories is a major issue due to its health and social harm. In this work, a simple, sensitive, and environmentally friendly method based on ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography was established for the analysis of methamphetamine in human urine. 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with the help of disperser solvent methanol was selected as the microextraction solvent in this process. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of methamphetamine were investigated systemically, including extraction solvent and its volume, disperser solvent and its volume, sample pH, extraction temperature, and centrifugal time. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 10-1000 ng/mL with determination coefficient >0.99. The limit of detection calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 1.7 ng/mL and the relative standard deviations for six replicate experiments at three different concentration levels of 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL were 6.4, 4.5, and 4.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, up to 220-fold enrichment factor of methamphetamine and acceptable extraction recovery (>80.0%) could be achieved. Furthermore, this method has been successfully employed for the sensitive detection of a urine sample from a suspected drug abuser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wang
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Public Security Bureau of Ordos, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Public Security Bureau of Ordos, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Shimin Liu
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Public Security Bureau of Ordos, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyuan Ma
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Youquan Deng
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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15
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Pérez Antón A, Ramos ÁG, Del Nogal Sánchez M, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM, Pozas ÁPC. Headspace-programmed temperature vaporization-mass spectrometry for the rapid determination of possible volatile biomarkers of lung cancer in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5239-46. [PMID: 27178559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new method for the rapid determination of five volatile compounds described in the literature as possible biomarkers of lung cancer in urine samples. The method is based on the coupling of a headspace sampler, a programmed temperature vaporizer in solvent-vent injection mode, and a mass spectrometer (HS-PTV-MS). This configuration is known as an electronic nose based on mass spectrometry. Once the method was developed, it was used for the analysis of urine samples from lung cancer patients and healthy individuals. Multivariate calibration models were employed to quantify the biomarker concentrations in the samples. The detection limits ranged between 0.16 and 21 μg/L. For the assignment of the samples to the patient group or the healthy individuals, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, comparing the concentrations obtained with the median of a reference set of healthy individuals. To date, this is the first time that multivariate calibration and non-parametric methods have been combined to classify biological samples from profile signals obtained with an electronic nose. When significant differences in the concentration of one or more biomarkers were found with respect to the reference set, the sample is considered as a positive one and a new analysis was performed using a chromatographic method (HS-PTV-GC/MS) to confirm the result. The main advantage of the proposed HS-PTV-MS methodology is that no prior chromatographic separation and no sample manipulation are required, which allows an increase of the number of samples analyzed per hour and restricts the use of time-consuming techniques to only when necessary. Graphical abstract Schematic diagram of the developed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pérez Antón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Álvaro García Ramos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Nogal Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Pedro Crisolino Pozas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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16
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Casas Ferreira AM, Moreno Cordero B, Crisolino Pozas ÁP, Pérez Pavón JL. Use of microextraction by packed sorbents and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polyamines and related compounds in urine. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1444:32-41. [PMID: 27036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the determination of ornithine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and gamma-amino butyric acid in urine samples has been developed. The method uses in situ aqueous derivatization followed by automated microextraction by packed sorbent coupled to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system equipped with a programmed temperature vaporizer. This instrumental configuration minimizes sample manipulation due to from the mixing of the reagents, the process is completely automated. The analytes were derivatized using ethyl chloroformate as derivatization reagent. The reaction occurred in aqueous medium and was carried out in 1min in the vial of an autosampler used to perform microextraction by packed sorbent. The parameters affecting derivatization, extraction and separation were optimized in order to obtain maximum sensitivity. Calibration curves were obtained for five calibration levels in three different matrices. All the calibration models displayed good linearity, with R(2) values higher than 0.95. The validity of the models was checked using ANOVA, and it was observed that they did not exhibit any lack of fit. Repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated, with values below 15% in both cases. LOD and LOQ values were found to be in the low μg/L level. Influence of the matrix was confirmed, thus quantification was performed using the standard additions method and normalization to IS. The method developed was applied to the analysis of these compounds in urine samples from healthy individuals and cancer diagnosed patients (Internal Medicine Unit of the Virgen de la Vega Hospital, Salamanca, Spain). Significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test) were observed for putrescine and ornithine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Pedro Crisolino Pozas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Akramipour R, Fattahi N, Pirsaheb M, Gheini S. Combination of counter current salting-out homogenous liquid-liquid extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a novel microextraction of drugs in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:162-8. [PMID: 26828152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The counter current salting-out homogenous liquid-liquid extraction (CCSHLLE) joined with the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) has been developed as a high preconcentration technique for the determination of different drugs in urine samples. Amphetamines were employed as model compounds to assess the extraction procedure and were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). In this method, initially, NaCl as a separation reagent is filled into a small column and a mixture of urine and acetonitrile is passed through the column. By passing the mixture, NaCl is dissolved and the fine droplets of acetonitrile are formed due to salting-out effect. The produced droplets go up through the remained mixture and collect as a separated layer. Then, the collected acetonitrile is removed with a syringe and mixed with 30.0μL 1-undecanol (extraction solvent). In the second step, the 5.00mLK2CO3 solution (2% w/v) is rapidly injected into the above mixture placed in a test tube for further DLLME-SFO. Under the optimum conditions, calibration curves are linear in the range of 1-3000μgL(-1) and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 0.5-2μgL(-1). The extraction recoveries and enrichment factors ranged from 78 to 84% and 157 to 168, respectively. Repeatability (intra-day) and reproducibility (inter-day) of method based on seven replicate measurements of 100μgL(-1) of amphetamines were in the range of 3.5-4.5% and 4-5%, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of amphetamines in the actual urine samples. The relative recoveries of urine samples spiked with amphetamine and methamphetamine are 90-108%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Akramipour
- School of Medical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Meghdad Pirsaheb
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Simin Gheini
- School of Medical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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18
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Variations in headspace microextraction procedures and current applications in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2235-40. [PMID: 26340716 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In sample preparation, analytes are extracted from the sample and concentrated in a solvent compatible with analytical instrumentation. Some drawbacks are usually associated with the procedures traditionally used, namely the amounts of organic solvents that need to be properly discarded and the presence of several interferences which may impair analyte identification and quantitation. Headspace microextraction procedures have appeared as a promising solution to overcome these problems. On the one hand, being microextraction techniques, the amount of solvent and sample is reduced; on the other hand, since it is the headspace above the specimen which is sampled rather than the sample itself, analytical interferences are minimized, prolonging the lifetime of the devices and analytical instrumentation.
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Oghli AH, Alipour E, Asadzadeh M. Development of a novel voltammetric sensor for the determination of methamphetamine in biological samples on the pretreated pencil graphite electrode. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple and reliable sensor for the determination of methamphetamine without expensive and time-consuming pretreatments using PPGE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esmaeel Alipour
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Lab
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
| | - Mojtaba Asadzadeh
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Lab
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
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20
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Ahmadi-Jouibari T, Fattahi N, Shamsipur M. Rapid extraction and determination of amphetamines in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidification of floating organic drop followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 94:145-51. [PMID: 24583909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel, rapid, simple and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was used to determine amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine samples. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of DLLME-SFO such as the kind and volume of the extraction and the disperser solvents, effect of concentration of K2CO3 and extraction time were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent: 30.0μl 1-undecanol; disperser solvent: 300μl acetonitrile; buffer concentration: 2% (w/v) K2CO3 and extraction time: 1min), calibration curves are linear in the range of 10-3000μgl(-1) and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 2-8μgl(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 100μgl(-1) of amphetamine and methamphetamine in diluted urine are in the range of 6.2-7.8% (n=7). The method was successfully applied for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in the actual urine samples. The relative recoveries of urine samples spiked with amphetamine and methamphetamine are 87.8-113.2%. The obtained results show that DLLME-SFO combined with HPLC-UV is a fast and simple method for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toraj Ahmadi-Jouibari
- Iran West Center for Drug Abuse Studies, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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21
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Abstract
AbstractLiquid-based micro-extraction is a novel “green” sample preparation technique using micro-litre levels of organic solvent to extract target analytes from various sample matrices for subsequent instrumental analysis. This technique developed rapidly from its introduction in the mid-1990s. Micro-extraction methods can be conveniently combined with a wide selection of instruments commonly used in a chemical laboratory; they significantly reduce analysis time and costs of solvents’ use and waste disposal. This review focuses on recent advances in several liquid-based micro-extraction methods, including single-drop micro-extraction, hollow fibre-liquid phase micro-extraction, and dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction. Examples of application of these methods to environmental, food, and biomedical analysis are listed.
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22
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Kocúrová L, Balogh IS, Andruch V. A glance at achievements in the coupling of headspace and direct immersion single-drop microextraction with chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3758-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Kocúrová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice; Slovak Republic
| | - Ioseph S. Balogh
- Department of Chemistry; College of Nyíregyháza; Nyíregyháza Hungary
| | - Vasil Andruch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice; Slovak Republic
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23
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Hou F, Deng T, Jiang X. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of phenolic compounds using solidified floating organic droplets, and their determination by HPLC. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Spietelun A, Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1667-85. [PMID: 23273266 DOI: 10.1021/cr300148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Spietelun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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25
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Molecularly imprinted-solid phase extraction combined with simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for selective extraction and preconcentration of methamphetamine and ecstasy from urine samples followed by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Cabaleiro N, de la Calle I, Bendicho C, Lavilla I. Enzymatic single-drop microextraction for the assay of ethanol in alcohol-free cosmetics using microvolume fluorospectrometry detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 733:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
The last two decades have provided analysts with more sensitive technology, enabling scientists from all analytical fields to see what they were not able to see just a few years ago. This increased sensitivity has allowed drug detection at very low concentrations and testing in unconventional samples (e.g., hair, oral fluid and sweat), where despite having low analyte concentrations has also led to a reduction in sample size. Along with this reduction, and as a result of the use of excessive amounts of potentially toxic organic solvents (with the subsequent environmental pollution and costs associated with their proper disposal), there has been a growing tendency to use miniaturized sampling techniques. Those sampling procedures allow reducing organic solvent consumption to a minimum and at the same time provide a rapid, simple and cost-effective approach. In addition, it is possible to get at least some degree of automation when using these techniques, which will enhance sample throughput. Those miniaturized sample preparation techniques may be roughly categorized in solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction, depending on the nature of the analyte. This paper reviews recently published literature on the use of microextraction sampling procedures, with a special focus on the field of forensic toxicology.
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Jain A, Verma KK. Recent advances in applications of single-drop microextraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:37-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) emerged in the mid-to-late 1990s, facing up to the main shortcomings of the classical liquid-liquid extraction. Since its origin, this new technique has been in continuous development driven by its successful and widespread use in the analytical sciences. Its inherent properties, such as low sample volume requirement, high preconcentration factors achieved and excellent sample clean-up, make LPME a very useful technique for bioanalytical sample preparation. This review focuses on the main LPME-related techniques, predominantly single-drop microextraction and supported hollow-fiber LPME, paying particular attention to the bioanalytical applications. A general view of the essential trends, including the description of promising extraction modes and solvents, is also highlighted.
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30
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Abstract
Bioanalysis usually requires a preparation procedure for sample cleanup or preconcentration. Conventional sample preparation techniques are often time consuming and labor intensive. Among recent progress in sample preparation, single drop microextraction (SDME) is one of the most efficient techniques providing both sample cleanup and preconcentration capabilities. In SDME, analytes are extracted from a sample solution into an acceptor drop and the drop is introduced to subsequent analysis. Since the volume of the acceptor drop is 1–10 µl or less, the consumption of solvents can be minimized and the preconcentration effect is enhanced. In this review, the basic principles of two-phase and three-phase SDME are described briefly and then recently developed modes of SDME, coupling with analytical instruments, and methods to enhance the drop stability are discussed. Recent applications of SDME to biological samples, including urine, blood and saliva, for the analysis of drugs, metal ions and biomarkers are reviewed.
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31
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Sharma N, Jain A, Singh VK, Verma KK. Solid-phase extraction combined with headspace single-drop microextraction of chlorophenols as their methyl ethers and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Talanta 2011; 83:994-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Lan L, Hu B, Yu C. pH-resistant titania hybrid organic–inorganic coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of drugs of abuse in urine samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet visible detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7003-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Meng P, Wang Y. Small volume liquid extraction of amphetamines in saliva. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 197:80-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Jeannot MA, Przyjazny A, Kokosa JM. Single drop microextraction--development, applications and future trends. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:2326-36. [PMID: 19932482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single drop microextraction (SDME) has emerged over the last 10-15 years as one of the simplest and most easily implemented forms of micro-scale sample cleanup and preconcentration. In the most common arrangement, an ordinary chromatography syringe is used to suspend microliter quantities of extracting solvent either directly immersed in the sample, or in the headspace above the sample. The same syringe is then used to introduce the solvent and extracted analytes into the chromatography system for identification and/or quantitation. This review article summarizes the historical development and various modes of the technique, some theoretical and practical aspects, recent trends and selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jeannot
- Department of Chemistry, St. Cloud State University, 366 Wick Science Building, 720 4th Ave. S., St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498, USA.
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35
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Leong MI, Huang SD. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop for extraction of organochlorine pesticides in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7645-50. [PMID: 19766234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new simple and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method has been developed for the extraction and analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water samples. The method is based on the solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) and is combined with gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC/ECD). Very little solvent is required in this method. The disperser solvent (200microL acetonitrile) containing 10microL hexadecane (HEX) is rapidly injected by a syringe into the 5.0mL water sample. After centrifugation, the fine HEX droplets (6+/-0.5microL) float at the top of the screw-cap test tube. The test tube is then cooled in an ice bath. After 5min, the HEX solvent solidifies and is then transferred into a conical vial, where it melts quickly at room temperature, and 1microL of it is injected into a gas chromatograph for analysis. Under optimum conditions, the enrichment factors and extraction recoveries are high and range between 37-872 and 82.9-102.5%, respectively. The linear range is wide (0.025-20microgL(-1)), and the limits of detection are between 0.011 and 0.11microgL(-1) for most of the analytes. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 1microgL(-1) of OCPs in water was in the range of 5.8-8.8%. The performance of the method was gauged by analyzing samples of lake and tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kung Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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36
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Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Preparation of ionic liquid based solid-phase microextraction fiber and its application to forensic determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4824-30. [PMID: 19426983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure using an ionic liquid (IL) has been developed. Reusable IL-based SPME fiber was prepared for the first time by fixing IL through cross-linkage of IL impregnated silicone elastomer on the surface of a fused silica fiber. 1-Ethoxyethyl-3-methylimidazloium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonylimide ([EeMim][NTf(2)]) ionic liquid was employed as a demonstration and the prepared fiber was applied to the forensic headspace determination of methamphetamine (MAP) and amphetamine (AP) in human urine samples. Important extraction parameters including the concentration of salt and base in sample matrix, extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated and optimized. Combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) working in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, the new method showed good linearity in the range of 20-1500 microg L(-1), good repeatability (RSD<7.5% for MAP, and <11.5% for AP, n=6), and low detection limits (0.1 microg L(-1) for MAP and 0.5 microg L(-1) for AP). Feasibility of the method was evaluated by analyzing human urine samples. Although IL-based SPME is still at the beginning of its development stage, the results obtained by this work showed that it is a promising simple, fast and sensitive sample preparation method.
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Rapid GC–MS confirmation of amphetamines in urine by extractive acylation. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 183:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Leong MI, Huang SD. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1211:8-12. [PMID: 18945435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method based on solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) technique combined with gas chromatography/electron-capture detection (GC/ECD) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been developed. The proposed method is simple, low in cost, and of high precision. It overcomes the most important problem in DLLME, the high-toxic solvent used. Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in water samples were determined as the model compounds. The parameters optimized for the DLLME-SFO technique were as follows: A mixture of 0.5 mL acetone, containing 10 microL 2-dodecanol (2-DD-OH), was rapidly injected by syringe into the 5 mL water sample. After centrifugation, the fine 2-DD-OH droplets (8+/-0.5 microL) were floated at the top of the screwcap test tube. The test tube was then cooled in an ice bath. After 5 min the 2-DD-OH solvent had solidified and was then transferred into a conical vial; it melted quickly at room temperature and 3 microL (for GC/ECD) or 2 microL (for GC/MS) of it was injected into a gas chromatograph for analysis. The limit of detection (LOD) for this technique was 0.005-0.05microgL(-1) for GC/ECD and was 0.005-0.047 microgL(-1) for GC/MS, respectively. The linear range of the calibration curve of DLLME-SFO was from 0.01 to 500 microgL(-1) with a coefficient of estimation (r2)>0.996 for GC/ECD and was from 0.02 to 500 microgL(-1) with a coefficient of estimation (r2)>0.996 for GC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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40
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Agrawal K, Wu HF. Drop-to-drop solvent microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for rapid determination of trimeprazine in urine and blood of rats: application to pharmacokinetic studies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3352-6. [PMID: 17880040 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method based on drop-to-drop solvent microextraction (DDSME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic studies of trimeprazine in 8 microL of urine and blood samples of rats. Several factors that influenced the extraction efficiency of DDSME, such as selection of organic solvent, extraction time, exposure volume of organic phase, addition of salt and pH, were optimized. Linearity was obtained over the concentration ranges of 0.2-10, 0.25-7.0 and 0.5-6.0 microg/mL with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.996 and 0.993 in deionized water, urine and blood samples of rats, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) of trimeprazine were 0.05, 0.06 and 0.1 microg/mL in deionized water, urine and blood samples. The concentrations of trimeprazine obtained in urine and blood samples of rats were 0.21-1.25 and 2.72-0.22 microg/mL, respectively, after a single intravenous administration of this drug. The enrichment factors and LOD values obtained by DDSME coupled to GC/MS were compared with those of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) combined with GC/MS. We believe that this novel approach can be very useful in clinical application since only one microdrop of biological samples was required to perform the pharmacokinetic studies from rats, so the sample pretreatments for animal experiments can be very easy too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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