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Łabańska M, Ciosek-Skibińska P, Wróblewski W. Critical Evaluation of Laboratory Potentiometric Electronic Tongues for Pharmaceutical Analysis-An Overview. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19245376. [PMID: 31817537 PMCID: PMC6960610 DOI: 10.3390/s19245376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic tongue systems equipped with cross-sensitive potentiometric sensors have been applied to pharmaceutical analysis, due to the possibility of various applications and developing new formulations. Many studies already proved the complementarity between the electronic tongue and classical analysis such as dissolution tests indicated by Pharmacopeias. However, as a new approach to study pharmaceuticals, electronic tongues lack strict testing protocols and specification limits; therefore, their results can be improperly interpreted and inconsistent with the reference studies. Therefore, all aspects of the development, measurement conditions, data analysis, and interpretation of electronic tongue results were discussed in this overview. The critical evaluation of the effectiveness and reliability of constructed devices may be helpful for a better understanding of electronic tongue systems development and for providing strict testing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Łabańska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Bonin Research Centre, Bonin 3, 76-009 Bonin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (P.C.-S.); (W.W.)
| | - Wojciech Wróblewski
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (P.C.-S.); (W.W.)
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2
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Sobrino-Gregorio L, Bataller R, Soto J, Escriche I. Monitoring honey adulteration with sugar syrups using an automatic pulse voltammetric electronic tongue. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Pérez-Ràfols C, Gómez A, Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz JM, Ariño C, Esteban M. A Voltammetric Electronic Tongue Based on Commercial Screen-printed Electrodes for the Analysis of Aminothiols by Differential Pulse Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pérez-Ràfols
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Barcelona.; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain)
| | - Ana Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Barcelona.; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain)
| | - Núria Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Barcelona.; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain)
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Barcelona.; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain)
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Barcelona.; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain)
| | - Miquel Esteban
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Barcelona.; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain)
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4
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Pedroza RHP, Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz JM, Ariño C, Esteban M. Integration of Commercial Screen-printed Electrodes into a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Analysis of Aminothiols. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H. P. Pedroza
- Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics; Institute of Chemistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte; 59072-970 Natal-RN Brazil
| | - Núria Serrano
- Departament de Química Analítica; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Departament de Química Analítica; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Departament de Química Analítica; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Esteban
- Departament de Química Analítica; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
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5
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Abstract
A dynamic development of methodologies of analytical flow injection measurements during four decades since their invention has reinforced the solid position of flow analysis in the arsenal of techniques and instrumentation of contemporary chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Kamila Kołacińska
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
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6
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Wilson D, del Valle M, Alegret S, Valderrama C, Florido A. Simultaneous and automated monitoring of the multimetal biosorption processes by potentiometric sensor array and artificial neural network. Talanta 2013; 114:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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8
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Potentiometric electronic tongue-flow injection analysis system for the monitoring of heavy metal biosorption processes. Talanta 2012; 93:285-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Ninwong B, Chuanuwatanakul S, Chailapakul O, Dungchai W, Motomizu S. On-line preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium by sequential injection/anodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta 2012; 96:75-81. [PMID: 22817931 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The highly sensitive determination of lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)) ions, with a limit of detection of 0.01μgL(-1) for Pb(II) and Cd(II), by on-line preconcentration and anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) controlled by a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system is reported here. The SIA system consisted of a syringe pump, an 8-port selection valve and a 6-port switching valve and was incorporated with a bismuth coated screen-printed carbon nanotube electrode (Bi-SPCNTE). The preconcentration of metal ions was performed by solid phase extraction using an Analig TE-05 chelating resin mini-column on a switching valve. The metal ions collected were then eluted from the resin with 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl), deposited on the electrode surface at -1.3V vs. Ag/AgCl and then measured with ASV. The pH of the sample, eluent volume, flow rate, concentration of the bismuth plating solution and the square-wave voltammetric parameters were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, an enrichment factor of 11.9-fold and 6.6-fold for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively, was attained. Detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) had two different linear ranges (0.5-15μgL(-1) and 15-70μgL(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Ninwong
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Abstract
This paper describes recent work performed with electronic tongue systems utilizing electrochemical sensors. The electronic tongues concept is a new trend in sensors that uses arrays of sensors together with chemometric tools to unravel the complex information generated. Initial contributions and also the most used variant employ conventional ion selective electrodes, in which it is named potentiometric electronic tongue. The second important variant is the one that employs voltammetry for its operation. As chemometric processing tool, the use of artificial neural networks as the preferred data processing variant will be described. The use of the sensor arrays inserted in flow injection or sequential injection systems will exemplify attempts made to automate the operation of electronic tongues. Significant use of biosensors, mainly enzyme-based, to form what is already named bioelectronic tongue will be also presented. Application examples will be illustrated with selected study cases from the Sensors and Biosensors Group at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.
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11
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Potentiometric electronic tongues for foodstuff and biosample recognition--an overview. SENSORS 2011; 11:4688-701. [PMID: 22163870 PMCID: PMC3231407 DOI: 10.3390/s110504688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Potentiometric sensors are attractive tools for the fabrication of various electronic tongues that can be used in wide area of applications, ranging from foodstuff recognition to environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. Their main advantages are the ability to modify their selectivity (including cross-sensitivity effects) and the possibility of miniaturization using appropriate construction methods for the transducer part (e.g., with the use of solid-state technology). In this overview various examples of the design, performance, and applications of potentiometric electronic tongues are presented. The results summarize recent research in the field conducted in the Department of Microbioanalytics, Warsaw University of Technology (WUT).
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12
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Witkowska E, Buczkowska A, Zamojska A, Szewczyk KW, Ciosek P. Monitoring of periodic anaerobic digestion with flow-through array of miniaturized ion-selective electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 80:87-93. [PMID: 20851060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years Electronic tongues (ETs) based on various sensor arrays were applied to the monitoring of various fermentation processes, as devices capable of fast, inexpensive, automated and on-line control. In this work a novel application of ET is proposed--flow-through array of miniaturized ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) was used for the analysis of samples obtained during anaerobic digestion (methane fermentation) performed in periodic conditions. The samples were classified according to their Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) content. Moreover, for this application a novel design of ISEs was developed, which is fully compatible with flow-through modules for sensor measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Witkowska
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Bratov A, Abramova N, Ipatov A. Recent trends in potentiometric sensor arrays--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:149-59. [PMID: 20888446 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays there exists a large variety of ion sensors based on polymeric or solid-state membranes that can be used in a sensor array format in many analytical applications. This review aims at providing a critical overview of the distinct approaches that were developed to build and use potentiometric sensor arrays based on different transduction principles, such as classical ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with polymer or solid-state membranes, solid-contact electrodes (SCE) including coated wire electrodes (CWE), ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) and light addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS). Analysing latest publications on potentiometric sensor arrays development and applications certain problems are outlined and trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bratov
- Instituto de Microelectronica de Barcelona, Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus U.A.B., 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Vlasov YG, Ermolenko YE, Legin AV, Rudnitskaya AM, Kolodnikov VV. Chemical sensors and their systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810090029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Abstract
This minireview describes the main developments of electronic tongues (e-tongues) and taste sensors in recent years, with a summary of the principles of detection and materials used in the sensing units. E-tongues are sensor arrays capable of distinguishing very similar liquids employing the concept of global selectivity, where the difference in the electrical response of different materials serves as a fingerprint for the analysed sample. They have been widely used for the analysis of wines, fruit juices, coffee, milk and beverages, in addition to the detection of trace amounts of impurities or pollutants in waters. Among the various principles of detection, electrochemical measurements and impedance spectroscopy are the most prominent. With regard to the materials for the sensing units, in most cases use is made of ultrathin films produced in a layer-by-layer fashion to yield higher sensitivity with the advantage of control of the film molecular architecture. The concept of e-tongues has been extended to biosensing by using sensing units capable of molecular recognition, as in films with immobilized antigens or enzymes with specific recognition for clinical diagnosis. Because the identification of samples is basically a classification task, there has been a trend to use artificial intelligence and information visualization methods to enhance the performance of e-tongues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riul
- UFScar, campus Sorocaba, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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16
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17
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Escuder-Gilabert L, Peris M. Review: highlights in recent applications of electronic tongues in food analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 665:15-25. [PMID: 20381685 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the main features of modern electronic tongues (e-tongues) and their most important applications in food analysis in this new century. The components of an e-tongue (automatic sampler, array of chemical sensors, and data processing system) are described. Applications commented include process monitoring, freshness evaluation and shelf-life investigation, authenticity assessment, foodstuff recognition, quantitative analysis, and other quality control studies. Finally, some interesting remarks concerning the strengths and weaknesses of e-tongues in food analysis are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escuder-Gilabert
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, C/Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Apetrei C, Apetrei IM, Villanueva S, de Saja JA, Gutierrez-Rosales F, Rodriguez-Mendez ML. Combination of an e-nose, an e-tongue and an e-eye for the characterisation of olive oils with different degree of bitterness. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 663:91-7. [PMID: 20172102 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An electronic panel has been used to characterise the organoleptic characteristics of twenty-five extra virgin olive oils from varieties Hojiblanca, Picual and Arbequina, with different degree of bitterness. The method consists in the combination of three systems: electronic nose, electronic tongue and electronic eye. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA), where PC1, PC2 and PC3 explained 59% of the total variance between the samples, has demonstrated that the capability of discrimination of the combined system is superior to that obtained with the three instruments separately. This improvement is due to the increased information extracted from each sample. Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) has allowed separation of the groups in function of olive variety with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) lower than 0.099. Using PLS1 and PLS2 regression models, good correlations have been found between the signals obtained from the electronic tongue and the polyphenolic content (measured by chromatographic methods) or the bitterness index (scored by a panel of experts) with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9 in calibration and validation. These preliminary results indicate that the combination of an e-nose, an e-tongue and an e-eye can be a useful tool for the analysis of olive oil bitterness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Apetrei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, European Excellence Research Centre for Environmental Problems, Dunărea de Jos University of Galati, Romania. [corrected]
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Rochat SÃ, Gao J, Qian X, Zaubitzer F, Severin K. Cross-Reactive Sensor Arrays for the Detection of Peptides in Aqueous Solution by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2010; 16:104-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Zeravik J, Hlavacek A, Lacina K, Skládal P. State of the Art in the Field of Electronic and Bioelectronic Tongues â Towards the Analysis of Wines. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Turek M, Heiden W, Riesen A, Chhabda T, Schubert J, Zander W, Krüger P, Keusgen M, Schöning M. Artificial intelligence/fuzzy logic method for analysis of combined signals from heavy metal chemical sensors. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Ciosek P, Chudy M, Górski Ł, Grabowska I, Grygołowicz-Pawlak E, Malinowska E, Wróblewski W. Potentiometric Studies and Various Applications of Solid State Electrodes Based on Silicon and Epoxy Glass Structures - an Overview. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Chudy M, Grabowska I, Ciosek P, Filipowicz-Szymanska A, Stadnik D, Wyzkiewicz I, Jedrych E, Juchniewicz M, Skolimowski M, Ziolkowska K, Kwapiszewski R. Miniaturized tools and devices for bioanalytical applications: an overview. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:647-68. [PMID: 19649753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of various miniaturized devices and technologies developed by our group. Innovative, fast and cheap procedures for the fabrication of laboratory microsystems based on commercially available materials are reported and compared with well-established microfabrication techniques. The modules fabricated and tested in our laboratory can be used independently or they can be set up in different configurations to form functional measurement systems. We also report further applications of the presented modules e.g. disposable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microcuvettes, fibre optic detectors, potentiometric sensors platforms, microreactors and capillary electrophoresis (CE) microchips as well as integrated microsystems e.g. double detection microanalytical systems, devices for studying enzymatic reactions and a microsystem for cell culture and lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chudy
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 St, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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A review on sequential injection methods for water analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 648:7-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wilson AD, Baietto M. Applications and advances in electronic-nose technologies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:5099-148. [PMID: 22346690 PMCID: PMC3274163 DOI: 10.3390/s90705099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Electronic-nose devices have received considerable attention in the field of sensor technology during the past twenty years, largely due to the discovery of numerous applications derived from research in diverse fields of applied sciences. Recent applications of electronic nose technologies have come through advances in sensor design, material improvements, software innovations and progress in microcircuitry design and systems integration. The invention of many new e-nose sensor types and arrays, based on different detection principles and mechanisms, is closely correlated with the expansion of new applications. Electronic noses have provided a plethora of benefits to a variety of commercial industries, including the agricultural, biomedical, cosmetics, environmental, food, manufacturing, military, pharmaceutical, regulatory, and various scientific research fields. Advances have improved product attributes, uniformity, and consistency as a result of increases in quality control capabilities afforded by electronic-nose monitoring of all phases of industrial manufacturing processes. This paper is a review of the major electronic-nose technologies, developed since this specialized field was born and became prominent in the mid 1980s, and a summarization of some of the more important and useful applications that have been of greatest benefit to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus D. Wilson
- Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 227, Stoneville, Mississippi, 38776, USA
| | - Manuela Baietto
- Department of Crop Science, University of Milan,Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy; E-Mail:
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Gismera M, Arias S, Sevilla M, Procopio J. Simultaneous Quantification of Heavy Metals Using a Solid State Potentiometric Sensor Array. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Marini F. Artificial neural networks in foodstuff analyses: Trends and perspectives A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Vlasov YG, Legin AV, Rudnitskaya AM. Electronic tongue: Chemical sensor systems for analysis of aquatic media. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363208120335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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