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Baneshi M, Tonney-Gagne J, Halilu F, Pilavangan K, Sabu Abraham B, Prosser A, Kanchanadevi Marimuthu N, Kaliaperumal R, Britten AJ, Mkandawire M. Unpacking Phthalates from Obscurity in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 29:106. [PMID: 38202689 PMCID: PMC10780137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are a group of synthetic esters of phthalic acid compounds mostly used as plasticizers in plastic materials but are widely applied in most industries and products. As plasticizers in plastic materials, they are not chemically bound to the polymeric matrix and easily leach out. Logically, PAEs should be prevalent in the environment, but their prevalence, transport, fate, and effects have been largely unknown until recently. This has been attributed, inter alia, to a lack of standardized analytical procedures for identifying them in complex matrices. Nevertheless, current advancements in analytical techniques facilitate the understanding of PAEs in the environment. It is now known that they can potentially impact ecological and human health adversely, leading to their categorization as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, carcinogenic, and liver- and kidney-failure-causing agents, which has landed them among contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Thus, this review article reports and discusses the developments and advancements in PAEs' standard analytical methods, facilitating their emergence from obscurity. It further explores the opportunities, challenges, and limits of their advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Baneshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Jamey Tonney-Gagne
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Fatima Halilu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Kavya Pilavangan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Ben Sabu Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
- Engineering Co-op Intern, Dalhousie University, 1334 Barrington Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ava Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Nikaran Kanchanadevi Marimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
- MITACS Globalink Intern, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 14, Tamil Nadu 641 014, India
| | - Rajendran Kaliaperumal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Allen J. Britten
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Martin Mkandawire
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
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Bhogal S, Grover A, Mohiuddin I. A Review of the Analysis of Phthalates by Gas Chromatography in Aqueous and Food Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37647342 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2250876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As a commonly well-known industrial chemical, phthalates are produced in high volumes to be used in various consumer products (e.g., plasticizers, medical devices, construction materials, and toys) to enhance softness, durability, transparency, and flexibility. Phthalates are generally not chemically bonded to the polymer chain of the plastic in which they are mixed. Thus, they may leach, migrate, or evaporate into indoor/outdoor air, and foodstuffs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of several sample preparation methods coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of phthalates in various kinds of complex matrices, with a focus on the last 20 years' worth of papers. The review begins by highlighting the environmental significance of phthalate pollution along with the various routes to their exposure to general population. Then, the discussion is extended to cover the pretreatment and extraction techniques for phthalates for their quantitation based on gas chromatographic approach. Finally, the present and future challenges for the detection of phthalates in aqueous and food matrices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Bhogal
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Aman Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Net S, Delmont A, Sempéré R, Paluselli A, Ouddane B. Reliable quantification of phthalates in environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment and soil): a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 515-516:162-180. [PMID: 25723871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of their widespread application, phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Their presence has attracted considerable attention due to their potential impacts on ecosystem functioning and on public health, so their quantification has become a necessity. Various extraction procedures as well as gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection techniques are found as suitable for reliable detection of such compounds. However, PAEs are ubiquitous in the laboratory environment including ambient air, reagents, sampling equipment, and various analytical devices, that induces difficult analysis of real samples with a low PAE background. Therefore, accurate PAE analysis in environmental matrices is a challenging task. This paper reviews the extensive literature data on the techniques for PAE quantification in natural media. Sampling, sample extraction/pretreatment and detection for quantifying PAEs in different environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment and soil) have been reviewed and compared. The concept of "green analytical chemistry" for PAE determination is also discussed. Moreover useful information about the material preparation and the procedures of quality control and quality assurance are presented to overcome the problem of sample contamination and these encountered due to matrix effects in order to avoid overestimating PAE concentrations in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopheak Net
- Université Lille 1, Laboratoire LASIR-UMR 8516 CNRS, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Anne Delmont
- Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France
| | - Andrea Paluselli
- Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France
| | - Baghdad Ouddane
- Université Lille 1, Laboratoire LASIR-UMR 8516 CNRS, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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