1
|
Gouilleux B, Moussallieh FM, Lesot P. Potential and performance of anisotropic 19F NMR for the enantiomeric analysis of fluorinated chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients. Analyst 2024; 149:3204-3213. [PMID: 38655746 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the enantiomeric purity of chiral drugs is of paramount importance in pharmaceutical chemistry. Isotropic 1H NMR spectroscopy involving chiral agents is a widely used method for discriminating enantiomers and quantifying their relative proportions. However, the relatively weak spectral separation of enantiomers (1H Δδiso(R, S)) in frequency units at low and moderate magnetic fields, as well as the lack of versatility of a majority of those agents with respect to different chemical functions, may limit the general use of this approach. In this article, we investigate the analytical potential of 19F NMR in anisotropic chiral media for the enantiomeric analysis of fluorinated active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) via two residual anisotropic NMR interactions: the chemical shift anisotropy (19F-RCSA) and dipolar coupling ((19F-19F)-RDC). Lyotropic chiral liquid crystals (CLC) based on poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG) show an interesting versatility and adaptability to enantiodiscrimination as illustrated for two chiral drugs, Flurbiprofen® (FLU) and Efavirenz® (EFA), which have very different chemical functions. The approach has been tested on a routine 300 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a standard probe (5 mm BBFO probe) in a high-throughput context (i.e., ≈10 s of NMR experiments) while the performance for enantiomeric excess (ee) measurement is evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. The limits of detection (LOD) determined were 0.17 and 0.16 μmol ml-1 for FLU and EFA, respectively, allow working in dilute conditions even with such a short experimental duration. The enantiodiscrimination capabilities are also discussed with respect to experimental features such as CLC composition and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gouilleux
- Université Paris-Saclay, UFR d'Orsay, RMN en Milieu Orienté, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Bât. HM1, 17-19, Avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - François-Marie Moussallieh
- Université Paris-Saclay, UFR d'Orsay, RMN en Milieu Orienté, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Bât. HM1, 17-19, Avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Lesot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UFR d'Orsay, RMN en Milieu Orienté, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Bât. HM1, 17-19, Avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 3, Rue Michel Ange, F-75016 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang B, Xu L, Zhao Z, Wang N, Zhao Y, Huang S. Simultaneous analysis of amino acids based on discriminative 19F NMR spectroscopy. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105818. [PMID: 35489271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous analysis of amino acids (AAs) is crucial for human health, diagnosis and treatment of disease, and nutritional quality evaluation in foodstuffs. Here, we establish an easy and rapid method for the simultaneous analysis of AAs using a single reagent 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (oTFMBA) based on spectral-separation-enabled 19F NMR spectroscopy. oTFMBA, a highly sensitive chemosensor, is capable of analyzing 19 proteinogenic AAs or non-amino acid amines (non-AAs) in a complex mixture by adjusting the pH in a toilless way. The 19F signals of oTFMBA-labeled AAs are distributed over a wide range of ∼ 0.7 ppm, demonstrating oTFMBA with higher resolution for simultaneous analysis of AAs compared to the o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) method (<0.6 ppm). Additionally, 12 AAs were unambiguously identified in human urine, including Asp, Ser, Gly, Thr, Glu, Arg, Ala, Val, Ile, Tyr, His, and Phe. Furthermore, our method's detection limit for AAs is 5.83 μM, illustrating sensitivity with an ∼100-fold improvement over the OPA method. This work represents an approach to the analysis of AAs or non-AAs in a complicated mixture (even biofluid) using a 19F NMR probe with high sensitivity, which is of great significance for the simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biling Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Colorimetric detection of fluoxetine using citrate-capped silver nanoparticles. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
4
|
Synthesis of Optimized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Isolation and Detection of Antidepressants via HPLC. Biomimetics (Basel) 2019; 4:biomimetics4010018. [PMID: 31105203 PMCID: PMC6477609 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics4010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants such as amitryptiline and fluoxetine are on the list of modern essential medicines of the World Health Organization. However, there are growing concerns regarding the ecological impact of these pharmaceuticals, leading to a great need to improve current wastewater treatment procedures. In this contribution, we will report on the use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the extraction of antidepressants in water samples. MIPs were developed for fluoxetine and duloxetine, antidepressants belonging to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The binding capacity of these microparticles was evaluated using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure coupled to UV detection was developed, which enabled the study of mixtures of fluoxetine and duloxetine with other nitrogen-containing compounds. These results indicate that it is possible to selectively extract SSRIs from complex samples. Therefore, these versatile polymers are a promising analytical tool for the clean-up of water samples, which will benefit aquatic life and reduce the ecological impact of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ezzeldin E, Abo-Talib NF, Tammam MH. UPLC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Fluoxetine, Risperidone, and Its Active Metabolite 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Plasma: Application to Pharmacokinetics Study in Rats. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:5187084. [PMID: 28656122 PMCID: PMC5471578 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5187084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Risperidone (RIS) is used as an antipsychotic drug alone or with other drugs, like fluoxetine (FLX). A simple method was developed and validated for the determination of both RIS and its metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS), FLX, and olanzapine (OLA) as an internal standard in rat's plasma using UPLC-MS/MS. FLX, RIS, 9-OH-RIS, and OLA were purified using acetonitrile as a protein precipitating agent. Separation was performed on an ACQUITY™ "UPLC BEH™" C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm; Waters Corp., USA). The ranges of the calibration curves were 1.0-1000.0 ng/mL for FLX and 0.2-1000.0 ng/mL for RIS and 9-OH-RIS. Linearity, recovery, precision, and stability were within the acceptable range. This method is rapid, fast, and precise for the determination of RIS and FLX in plasma and is applicable in pharmacokinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Ezzeldin
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department and Drug Bioavailability Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Drug Bioavailability Center, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, P.O. Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nisreen F. Abo-Talib
- Drug Bioavailability Center, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, P.O. Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa H. Tammam
- Drug Bioavailability Center, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, P.O. Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barati A, Kazemi E, Dadfarnia S, Haji Shabani AM. Synthesis/characterization of molecular imprinted polymer based on magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide for selective separation/preconcentration of fluoxetine from environmental and biological samples. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Poláček R, Májek P, Sádecká J. Determination of enantiomeric composition of fluoxetine by synchronous fluorescence spectrometry coupled with multivariate calibration in biological samples. ACTA CHIMICA SLOVACA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/acs-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents rapid and low cost analytical method for the determination of the fluoxetine enantiomeric composition in biological samples (urine). The combination of synchronous fluorescence spectrometry and inverse multivariate calibration methods was used. The chiral recognition of the fluoxetine was based on the creating of the diastereomeric complexes with β-cyclodextrin. A net analytical signal of diastereomeric complexes was obtained by the addition of aliquot part of urine into calibration and validation sets. This step ensures the elimination of the urine matrix effect. The synchronous fluorescence spectra at the constant wavelength differences (Δλ) of 30 and 50 nm, based on RMS %RE values, were chosen for chemometric analysis. Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square method (PLS) were compared to determine the enantiomeric composition. The most suitable results were provided by the PLS model constructed from the synchronous data at Δλ = 50 nm. The calculated figure of merit was used for validation of proposed method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Poláček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Májek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Sádecká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Derayea S, Omar M, Mohammed B, Ali R. Sensitive Spectrofluorimetric Protocol for the Determination of Fluoxetine and Paroxetine Through Binary Complex Formation with Eosin Y. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2016.1239549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Salgado A, Chankvetadze B. Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the understanding of enantiomer separation mechanisms in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:95-144. [PMID: 27604161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to understand the mechanisms of chiral separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is accepted that changes observed in the separation process, including the reversal of enantiomer migration order (EMO), can be caused by subtle modifications in the molecular recognition mechanisms between enantiomer and chiral selector. These modifications may imply minor structural differences in those selector-selectand complexes that arise from the above mentioned interactions. Therefore, it is mandatory to understand the fine intermolecular interactions between analytes and chiral selectors. In other words, it is necessary to know in detail the structures of the complexes formed by the enantiomer (selectand) and the selector. Any differences in the structures of these complexes arising from either enantiomer should be detected, so that enantiomeric bias in the separation process could be explained. As to the nature of these interactions, those have been extensively reviewed, and it is not intended to be discussed here. These interactions contemplate ionic, ion-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, π-π stacking, steric and hydrophobic interactions. The main subject of this review is to describe how NMR spectroscopy helps to gain insight into the non-covalent intermolecular interactions between selector and selectand that lead to enantiomer separation by CE. Examples in which diastereomeric species are created by covalent (irreversible) derivatization will not be considered here. This review is structured upon the different structural classes of chiral selectors employed in CE, in which NMR spectroscopy has made substantial contributions to rationalize the observed enantioseparations. Cases in which other techniques complement NMR spectroscopic data are also mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salgado
- Centro de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, University Campus, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lotfi A, Manzoori JL. Determination of fluoxetine in pharmaceutical and biological samples based on the silver nanoparticle enhanced fluorescence of fluoxetine-terbium complex. LUMINESCENCE 2016; 31:1349-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Lotfi
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tabriz Iran
| | - Jamshid L. Manzoori
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tabriz Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Poláček R, Májek P, Hroboňová K, Sádecká J. Application of Fluorescence Spectrometry With Multivariate Calibration to the Enantiomeric Recognition of Fluoxetine in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Chirality 2016; 28:319-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Poláček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institution Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Pavel Májek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institution Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Katarína Hroboňová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institution Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Jana Sádecká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institution Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nageswara Rao R, Santhakumar K. Cyclodextrin assisted enantiomeric recognition of emtricitabine by 19F NMR spectroscopy. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00356g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 19F NMR spectroscopic method using cyclodextrins as chiral recognition agents was developed for the quantitative determination of emtricitabine enantiomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramisetti Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Discovery Laboratory
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500 607
- India
| | - Kondapalli Santhakumar
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Discovery Laboratory
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500 607
- India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Development of a novel mixed hemimicelles dispersive micro solid phase extraction using 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide coated magnetic graphene for the separation and preconcentration of fluoxetine in different matrices before its determination by fiber optic linear array spectrophotometry and mode-mismatched thermal lens spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 905:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
14
|
El-Habeeb AA, Refat MS. Charge transfer complexes beneficial method for determination of fluoxetine HCl pure drug: Spectroscopic and thermal analyses discussions. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214090291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Garnero C, Aloisio C, Longhi M. Ibuprofen-Maltodextrin Interaction: Study of Enantiomeric Recognition and Complex Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.41003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
16
|
Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Fornet-Herrero E, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Determination of fluoxetine enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations by electrokinetic chromatography-counter current technique. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:377-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Asensi-Bernardi
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | - Yolanda Martín-Biosca
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | - Eder Fornet-Herrero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | | | - María José Medina-Hernández
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Murakami JN, Thurbide KB, Lambertus G, Jensen E. Characterization of the subcritical water extraction of Fluoxetine-Hydrochloride. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:80-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
18
|
NMR spectroscopy as a tool to close the gap on metabolite characterization under MIST. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:1263-76. [PMID: 21083239 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Withdrawals from the market due to unforeseen adverse events have triggered changes in the way therapeutics are discovered and developed. This has resulted in an emphasis on truly understanding the efficacy and toxicity profile of new chemical entities (NCE) and the contributions of their metabolites to on-target pharmacology and off-target receptor-mediated toxicology. Members of the pharmaceutical industry, scientific community and regulatory agencies have held dialogues with respect to metabolites in safety testing (MIST); and both the US FDA and International Conference on Harmonisation have issued guidances with respect to when and how to characterize metabolites for human safety testing. This review provides a brief overview of NMR spectroscopy as applied to the structure elucidation and quantification of drug metabolites within the drug discovery and development process. It covers advances in this technique, including cryogenic cooling of detection circuitry for enhanced sensitivity, hyphenated LC-NMR techniques, improved dynamic range through new solvent-suppression pulse sequences and quantitation. These applications add to the already diverse NMR toolkit and further anchor NMR as a technique that is directly applicable to meeting the requirements of MIST guidelines.
Collapse
|
19
|
Holzgrabe U. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 57:229-40. [PMID: 20633364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
New spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods for determination of fluoxetine in pharmaceutical formulations. Int J Anal Chem 2009; 2009:257306. [PMID: 20107560 PMCID: PMC2809328 DOI: 10.1155/2009/257306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New simple and sensitive spectrophotometric and fluorimetric
methods have been developed and validated for the determination of
fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX) in its pharmaceutical formulations.
The spectrophotometric method was based on the reaction of FLX
with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate (NQS) in an alkaline medium
(pH 11) to form an orange-colored product that was measured at 490
nm. The fluorimetric method was based on the reaction of FLX with
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) in an alkaline
medium (pH 8) to form a highly fluorescent product that was
measured at 545 nm after excitation at 490 nm. The variables
affecting the reactions of FLX with both NQS and NBD-Cl were
carefully studied and optimized. The kinetics of the reactions
were investigated, and the reaction mechanisms were presented.
Under the optimum reaction conditions, good linear relationships
were found between the readings and the concentrations of FLX in
the ranges of 0.3–6 and 0.035–0.5 μg mL−1 for the
spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods, respectively. The
limits of detection were 0.1 and 0.01 μg mL−1 for the
spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods, respectively. Both
methods were successfully applied to the determination of FLX in
its pharmaceutical formulations.
Collapse
|