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Richard YA, Lincy SA, Piraman S, Dharuman V. Label-free electrochemical detection of cancer biomarkers DNA and anti-p53 at tin oxide quantum dot-gold-DNA nanoparticle modified electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108371. [PMID: 36640456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer and accounts for 8.1% of all cancer related deaths. To prevent a growing death rate, it is crucial to identify lung cancer at an early stage by single polynucleotide morphism detection. In this paper, we present a novel label-free electrochemical biosensor based on composites of tin oxide quantum dots and gold nanoparticles (SnO2-QD-Au) for the sensitive and precise detection of lung cancer DNA. The SnO2-QD and SnO2-QD-Au nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes (SEM and TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Gold thiol covalent bonding was used for immobilising probe DNA on the surface of SnO2-QD-Au nanoparticles followed by target DNA hybridization and detected electrochemically in presence of 1 mM [Fe(CN6)]3-/4-as a redox couple probe. Under ideal circumstances, the sensor showed the lowest detection limit of 3.2 × 10-20 M with a linear range of 1 × 10-6 - 1 × 10-20 M. Additionally, the sensing method was applied to find a cancer biomarker, Anti-P53 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesurajan Allwin Richard
- Molecular Electronics Laboratory, Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Sebastinbaskar Aniu Lincy
- Molecular Electronics Laboratory, Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Shakkthivel Piraman
- Sustainable Energy and Smart Materials Research Lab, Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Venkataraman Dharuman
- Molecular Electronics Laboratory, Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
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Kim JH, Park SJ, Han JW, Ahn JH. Surface Potential-Controlled Oscillation in FET-Based Biosensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21061939. [PMID: 33801968 PMCID: PMC8061884 DOI: 10.3390/s21061939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have garnered significant attention for their label-free electrical detection of charged biomolecules. Whereas conventional output parameters such as threshold voltage and channel current have been widely used for the detection and quantitation of analytes of interest, they require bulky instruments and specialized readout circuits, which often limit point-of-care testing applications. In this study, we demonstrate a simple conversion method that transforms the surface potential into an oscillating signal as an output of the FET-based biosensor. The oscillation frequency is proposed as a parameter for FET-based biosensors owing to its intrinsic advantages of simple and compact implementation of readout circuits as well as high compatibility with neuromorphic applications. An extended-gate biosensor comprising an Al2O3-deposited sensing electrode and a readout transistor is connected to a ring oscillator that generates surface potential-controlled oscillation for pH sensing. Electrical measurement of the oscillation frequency as a function of pH reveals that the oscillation frequency can be used as a sensitive and reliable output parameter in FET-based biosensors for the detection of chemical and biological species. We confirmed that the oscillation frequency is directly correlated with the threshold voltage. For signal amplification, the effects of circuit parameters on pH sensitivity are investigated using different methods, including electrical measurements, analytical calculations, and circuit simulations. An Arduino board to measure the oscillation frequency is integrated with the proposed sensor to enable portable and real-time pH measurement for point-of-care testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.H.K.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Seong Jun Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.H.K.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Jin-Woo Han
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA;
| | - Jae-Hyuk Ahn
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence:
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3
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Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Toward Cancer Diagnostics of the Tumor Suppressor p53 by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20247153. [PMID: 33327383 PMCID: PMC7764831 DOI: 10.3390/s20247153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 protein plays a crucial role in many biological processes. The presence of abnormal concentrations of wild-type p53, or some of its mutants, can be indicative of a pathological cancer state. p53 represents therefore a valuable biomarker for tumor screening approaches and development of suitable biosensors for its detection deserves a high interest in early diagnostics. Here, we revisit our experimental approaches, combining Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and nanotechnological materials, for ultrasensitive detection of wild-type and mutated p53, in the perspective to develop biosensors to be used in clinical diagnostics. The Raman marker is provided by a small molecule (4-ATP) acting as a bridge between gold nanoparticles (NPs) and a protein biomolecule. The Azurin copper protein and specific antibodies of p53 were used as a capture element for p53 (wild-type and its mutants). The developed approaches allowed us to reach a detection level of p53 down to 10-17 M in both buffer and serum. The implementation of the method in a biosensor device, together with some possible developments are discussed.
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A Reliable BioFET Immunosensor for Detection of p53 Tumour Suppressor in Physiological-Like Environment. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216364. [PMID: 33171594 PMCID: PMC7664624 DOI: 10.3390/s20216364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of wild-type tumour suppressor p53wt in cells and blood has a clinical significance for early diagnosis of some types of cancer. We developed a disposable, label-free, field-effect transistor-based immunosensor (BioFET), able to detect p53wt in physiological buffer solutions, over a wide concentration range. Microfabricated, high-purity gold electrodes were used as single-use extended gates (EG), which avoid direct interaction between the transistor gate and the biological solution. Debye screening, which normally hampers target charge effect on the FET gate potential and, consequently, on the registered FET drain-source current, at physiological ionic strength, was overcome by incorporating a biomolecule-permeable polymer layer on the EG electrode surface. Determination of an unknown p53wt concentration was obtained by calibrating the variation of the FET threshold voltage versus the target molecule concentration in buffer solution, with a sensitivity of 1.5 ± 0.2 mV/decade. The BioFET specificity was assessed by control experiments with proteins that may unspecifically bind at the EG surface, while 100pM p53wt concentration was established as limit of detection. This work paves the way for fast and highly sensitive tools for p53wt detection in physiological fluids, which deserve much interest in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Deepa, Pundir S, Pundir C. Detection of tumor suppressor protein p53 with special emphasis on biosensors: A review. Anal Biochem 2020; 588:113473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Crossley L, Attoye B, Vezza V, Blair E, Corrigan DK, Hannah S. Establishing a Field-Effect Transistor Sensor for the Detection of Mutations in the Tumour Protein 53 Gene (TP53)-An Electrochemical Optimisation Approach. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9040141. [PMID: 31817717 PMCID: PMC6956290 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a low-cost, sensitive and specific DNA field-effect transistor sensor for the rapid detection of a common mutation to the tumour protein 53 gene (TP53). The sensor consists of a commercially available, low-cost, field-effect transistor attached in series to a gold electrode sensing pad for DNA hybridisation. The sensor has been predominantly optimised electrochemically, particularly with respect to open-circuit potentiometry as a route towards understanding potential (voltage) changes upon DNA hybridisation using a transistor. The developed sensor responds sensitively to TP53 mutant DNA as low as 100 nM concentration. The sensor responds linearly as a function of DNA target concentration and is able to differentiate between complementary and noncomplementary DNA target sequences.
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CdS nanocrystals/graphene oxide-AuNPs based electrochemiluminescence immunosensor in sensitive quantification of a cancer biomarker: p53. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Bizzarri AR, Moscetti I, Cannistraro S. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy based immunosensor for ultrasensitive and selective detection of wild type p53 and mutant p53R175H. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1029:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Novel Competitive Chemiluminescence DNA Assay Based on Fe3O4@SiO2@Au-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Sensitive Detection of p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:152-162. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Giannetto M, Bianchi MV, Mattarozzi M, Careri M. Competitive amperometric immunosensor for determination of p53 protein in urine with carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles screen-printed electrodes: A potential rapid and noninvasive screening tool for early diagnosis of urinary tract carcinoma. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:133-141. [PMID: 29031295 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Since p53 protein has become recognized biomarker for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in oncological diseases with particular relevance for bladder cancer, it is highly desirable to search for a novel sensing tool for detecting the patient's p53 level at the early stage. Here we report the first study on the development and validation of a novel disposable competitive amperometric immunosensor for determination of p53 protein at subnanomolar levels, based on p53 immobilization on gold nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. The assay protocol requires the use of single anti-p53 mouse monoclonal antibody (DO-7 clone), able to recognize both wild-type and mutant p53. The developed immunosensor as well as the protocol of the electrochemical immunoassay were optimized by means of an experimental design procedure to assess the suitability of the device to be validated and applied for the determination of p53 in untreated and undiluted urine samples. It was found that the developed competitive immunodevice was able to achieve wide linear range detection of wild-type p53 from 20 pM to 10 nM with a low detection limit of 14 pM in synthetic urine samples, suggesting the sensor's capability of working in a complex sample matrix. The excellent performance results also in terms of selectivity, trueness and precision, coupled with the advantages of an easy preparation and low-cost assay in contrast to other methods which require very complex, time-consuming and costly nanostructured architectures, makes the developed competitive immunosensor an analytically robust diagnostic tool, valuable for implementation of screening and follow-up programs in patients with urologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giannetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Maria Vittoria Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Mattarozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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11
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Afsharan H, Navaeipour F, Khalilzadeh B, Tajalli H, Mollabashi M, Ahar MJ, Rashidi MR. Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection of p53 protein using functionalized Ru–silica nanoporous@gold nanocomposite. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Zhu YC, Zhang N, Ruan YF, Zhao WW, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Alkaline Phosphatase Tagged Antibodies on Gold Nanoparticles/TiO2 Nanotubes Electrode: A Plasmonic Strategy for Label-Free and Amplified Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5626-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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13
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Metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)-based direct monitoring of p53 in spiked serum. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Lu N, Gao A, Zhou H, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang Y, Li T. Progress in Silicon Nanowire-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of DNA. CHINESE J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201500857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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A sandwich type immunosensor for ultrasensitive electrochemical quantification of p53 protein based on gold nanoparticles/graphene oxide. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Soares JC, Soares AC, Pereira PAR, Rodrigues VDC, Shimizu FM, Melendez ME, Scapulatempo Neto C, Carvalho AL, Leite FL, Machado SAS, Oliveira ON. Adsorption according to the Langmuir–Freundlich model is the detection mechanism of the antigen p53 for early diagnosis of cancer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8412-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Langmuir–Freundlich model is used to explain the adsorption of the p53 biomarker onto an immunosensor for early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio A. S. Machado
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry
- University of São Paulo
- 13560-970 São Carlos-SP
- Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- 13560-970 São Carlos-SP
- Brazil
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17
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Surface plasmon resonance: a versatile technique for biosensor applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:10481-510. [PMID: 25951336 PMCID: PMC4481982 DOI: 10.3390/s150510481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free detection method which has emerged during the last two decades as a suitable and reliable platform in clinical analysis for biomolecular interactions. The technique makes it possible to measure interactions in real-time with high sensitivity and without the need of labels. This review article discusses a wide range of applications in optical-based sensors using either surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI). Here we summarize the principles, provide examples, and illustrate the utility of SPR and SPRI through example applications from the biomedical, proteomics, genomics and bioengineering fields. In addition, SPR signal amplification strategies and surface functionalization are covered in the review.
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18
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Matsumoto A, Miyahara Y. Current and emerging challenges of field effect transistor based bio-sensing. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10702-10718. [PMID: 24064964 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect-transistor (FET) based electrical signal transduction is an increasingly prevalent strategy for bio-sensing. This technique, often termed "Bio-FETs", provides an essentially label-free and real-time based bio-sensing platform effective for a variety of targets. This review highlights recent progress and challenges in the field. A special focus is on the comprehension of emerging nanotechnology-based approaches to facilitate signal-transduction and amplification. Some new targets of Bio-FETs and the future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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19
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Label-free impedimetric immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of cancer marker Murine double minute 2 in brain tissue. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 39:220-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wu L, Wang Z, Zong S, Chen H, Wang C, Xu S, Cui Y. Simultaneous evaluation of p53 and p21 expression level for early cancer diagnosis using SERS technique. Analyst 2013; 138:3450-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Lee KH, Lee JO, Choi S, Yoon JB, Cho GH. A CMOS label-free DNA sensor using electrostatic induction of molecular charges. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Sensitive detection of p53 tumor suppressor gene using an enzyme-based solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensing platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3608-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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