1
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Hajba L, Guttman A. Ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis analysis of proteins and carbohydrates. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464642. [PMID: 38237290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), as non-molecular type solvents, possess excellent physical-chemical properties, which make them useful in important separation applications in gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Among a plethora of potential uses of ionic liquids in separation science, capillary electrophoresis can utilize its resolution-enhancing effect in the analysis of proteins and carbohydrates, via the formation of intermolecular interactions, e.g., hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, or electrostatic. ILs and polymeric ionic liquids (PIL) also represent an excellent choice as background electrolyte (BGE) additives for capillary coatings in CE, which is especially important in protein analysis. Another interesting utilization of ILs is the fabrication of monoliths for capillary electrochromatography in which instance the mechanism of retention is based on ion exclusion interactions. Carbohydrates can also be readily analyzed by CE with the help of ionic liquids without the need for an extra derivatization step. One of the future perspectives on the use of ILs is their utilization in the recently emerging biopharmaceutical industry exploiting the increased resolution of proteins and carbohydrates, two of the important components of glycoprotein therapeutics. In this paper, we address the so-far not-reviewed ionic liquid-mediated analysis of proteins and carbohydrates by capillary electrophoresis-based techniques also addressing their impact on the separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Hajba
- Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - András Guttman
- Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary; Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory for Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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2
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Bessonova EA, Kartsova LA, Moskvichev DO. Ionic Liquids in Electrophoretic Separation and Preconcentration Processes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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An X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Kong DM, He XW, Chen L, Zhang Y. The Preparation of CuInS 2-ZnS-Glutathione Quantum Dots and Their Application on the Sensitive Determination of Cytochrome c and Imaging of HeLa Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17501-17509. [PMID: 34278136 PMCID: PMC8280654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cyt c), one of the most significant proteins acting as an electron transporter, plays an important role during the transferring process of the energy in cells. Apoptosis, one of the major forms of cell death, has been associated with various physiological regularity and pathological mechanisms. It was found that Cyt c can be released from mitochondria to cytosol under different pathological conditions, triggering subsequent cell apoptosis. Herein, we developed a fluorescence nanoprobe based on negatively charged CuInS2-ZnS-GSH quantum dots (QDs) for the sensitive determination of Cyt c. CuInS2-ZnS-GSH QDs with high photochemical stability and favorable hydrophilicity were prepared by a simple hot reflux method and emit a bright orange-red light. The electron-deficient heme group in Cyt c is affiliated with the electron-rich CuInS2-ZnS-GSH QDs through the photo-induced electron transfer process, resulting in a large decrease in fluorescence intensity of QDs. A good linearity for concentration of Cyt c in the range of 0.01-7 μmol L-1 is obtained, and the detection limit of Cyt c is as low as 1.1 nM. The performance on the detection of Cyt c in spiked human serum and fetal bovine serum samples showed good recoveries from 85.5% to 95.0%. Furthermore, CuInS2-ZnS-GSH QDs were applied for the intracellular imaging in HeLa cells showing an extremely lower toxicity and excellent biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang An
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - De-ming Kong
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xi-wen He
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Langxing Chen
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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4
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Wu D, Ma C, Fan GC, Pan F, Tao Y, Kong Y. Recent advances of the ionic chiral selectors for chiral resolution by chromatography, spectroscopy and electrochemistry. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:325-337. [PMID: 34117714 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic chiral selectors have been received much attention in the field of asymmetric catalysis, chiral recognition, and preparative separation. It has been shown that the addition of ionic chiral selectors can enhance the recognition efficiency dramatically due to the presence of multiple intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bond, π-π interaction, van der Waals force, electrostatic ion-pairing interaction, and ionic-hydrogen bond. In the initial research stage of the ionic chiral selectors, most of work center on the application in chromatographic separation (capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography). Differently, more and more attention has been paid on the spectroscopy (nuclear magnetic resonance, fluorescence, ultraviolet and visible absorption spectrum, and circular dichroism spectrum) and electrochemistry in recent years. In this tutorial review as regards the ionic chiral selectors, we discuss in detail the structural features, properties, and their application in chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Chao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
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5
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Ionic liquids in electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461801. [PMID: 33385743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is an interest in the application of ionic liquids as additives into the separation media to improve achiral and chiral separations in electrokinetic chromatography (EKC). This review will critically discuss the developments on the use of ionic liquids in the different modes of EKC during the last five years (2015-mid 2020). A healthy number of 48 research articles searched through Scopus were categorised into two: ionic liquids as sole pseudophase (micelles, microemulsions, ligand exchange pseudophase or molecular pseudophase) and ionic liquids with pseudophase (achiral or chiral). More than half of the papers dealt with chiral separations that were mostly facilitated by another additive or pseudophase. The role of ionic liquids for improvement of separations were analysed, and we provided some recommendations for further investigations. Finally, the use of ionic liquids in different on-line sample concentration or stacking methods (i.e., field enhancement and sweeping) was briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Yu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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6
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Zhao L, Luo F, Wang A, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhao L, Wang Z, Pu Q. Quick stabilization of capillary for rapid determination of potassium ions in the blood of epilepsy patients by capillary electrophoresis without sample pretreatment. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1273-1279. [PMID: 32358896 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the potassium channel genes may be linked to the development of epilepsy and affect the blood potassium levels. Therefore, accurate determination of potassium in the blood will be critical to diagnose the cause of epilepsy. CE is a competent technique for the fast detection of multiple ions, but complicated matrices of a blood sample may cause significant variation of migration times and the peak shape. In this work, a procedure for rapid stabilization of the capillary inner surface through preflushing of a blood sample was employed. The process takes only 40 min for a capillary and then it can be used for more than 2 weeks. No pretreatment of the blood sample or other surface modification of the capillary is needed for the analysis. The RSDs of the migration time and peak area were reduced to 1.5 and 5.1% from 12.6 and 14.5%, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the potassium contents in the blood sample of patients with epilepsy at different stages. The recoveries of potassium ions in these blood samples are in a range from 86.5 to 104.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fanghong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Anting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liangtao Zhao
- TSing Biomedical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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7
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Gao T, Li X, Jia Z, Hendrickx F, Falmagne JB, Chen HX. Rapid Capillary Zone Electrophoresis of Recombinant Erythropoietin by the Use of Dynamic Double Layer Coating. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1750023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Li
- National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng Jia
- Beijing BioCEart Technology Institute, Beijing, China
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9
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Kartsova LA, Kravchenko AV, Kolobova EA. Covalent Coatings of Quartz Capillaries for the Electrophoretic Determination of Biologically Active Analytes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Nawała J, Dawidziuk B, Dziedzic D, Gordon D, Popiel S. Applications of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry with a particular emphasis on their use in solid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Hajba L, Guttman A. Recent advances in column coatings for capillary electrophoresis of proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Kowalski P, Olędzka I, Plenis A, Bączek T. Dynamic double coating, electrophoretic method with indirect detection for the simultaneous quantification of mono- and divalent cations in various water samples. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:477-485. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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13
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Shaplov AS, Ponkratov DO, Vygodskii YS. Poly(ionic liquid)s: Synthesis, properties, and application. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009041602007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Evaluation of synergistic enantioseparation systems with chiral spirocyclic ionic liquids as additives by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2543-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Recently, a great interest was drawn toward ionic liquids (ILs) in analytical separation techniques. ILs possess many properties making them excellent additives in capillary electrophoresis (CE) background electrolytes (BGE). The most important property is the charge of the dissolved ions in BGE enabling the cations to interact with deprotonated silanol groups on the capillary surface and thereby modifying the electroosmotic flow (EOF). Ionic and/or proton donor-acceptor interactions between analyte and IL are possible interactions facilitating new kinds of separation mechanisms in CE. Further advantages of ILs are the high conductivity, the environmentally friendliness, and the good solubility for organic and inorganic compounds. The most commonly used ILs in capillary electrophoresis are dialkylimidazolium-based ILs, whereas for enantioseparation a lot of innovative chiral cations and anions were investigated.ILs are reported to be additives to a normal CE background electrolyte or the sole electrolyte in CE, nonaqueous CE (NACE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and in enantioseparation. An overview of applications and separation mechanisms reported in the literature is given here, in addition to the enantioseparation of pseudoephedrine using tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as IL additive to an ammonium formate buffer containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
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16
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Duša F, Witos J, Karjalainen E, Viitala T, Tenhu H, Wiedmer SK. Novel cationic polyelectrolyte coatings for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:363-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Duša
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Joanna Witos
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Erno Karjalainen
- Laboratory of Polymer chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Laboratory of Polymer chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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17
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Kartsova LA, Bessonova EA. Biomedical applications of capillary electrophoresis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Simultaneous separation of acidic and basic proteins using gemini pyrrolidinium surfactants and hexafluoroisopropanol as dynamic coating additives in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1412:151-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Chen CH, Lin MS. Amperometric determination of electroosmotic flow in microchip electrophoresis with a self-generated marker. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Zhang Q, Du Y, Du S, Zhang J, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Li X. Tetramethylammonium-lactobionate: A novel ionic liquid chiral selector based on saccharides in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1216-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Shuaijing Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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21
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Zuo L, Zhao Y, Ji F, Zhao M, Jiang Z, Sun T, Guo X. Determination of the enantiomeric and diastereomeric impurities ofRS-glycopyrrolate by capillary electrophoresis using sulfated-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3339-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zuo
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Ji
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Tiemin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang Liaoning Province P. R. China
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Creamer JS, Oborny NJ, Lunte SM. Recent advances in the analysis of therapeutic proteins by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 6:5427-5449. [PMID: 25126117 PMCID: PMC4128283 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay00447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic proteins and peptides is an expensive and time-intensive process. Biologics, which have become a multi-billion dollar industry, are chemically complex products that require constant observation during each stage of development and production. Post-translational modifications along with chemical and physical degradation from oxidation, deamidation, and aggregation, lead to high levels of heterogeneity that affect drug quality and efficacy. The various separation modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE) are commonly utilized to perform quality control and assess protein heterogeneity. This review attempts to highlight the most recent developments and applications of CE separation techniques for the characterization of protein and peptide therapeutics by focusing on papers accepted for publication in the in the two-year period between January 2012 and December 2013. The separation principles and technological advances of CE, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary electrochromatography and CE-mass spectrometry are discussed, along with exciting new applications of these techniques to relevant pharmaceutical issues. Also included is a small selection of papers on microchip electrophoresis to show the direction this field is moving with regards to the development of inexpensive and portable analysis systems for on-site, high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Creamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nathan J. Oborny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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23
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Sun B, Qi L, Wang M. Determination of preservatives in soft drinks by capillary electrophoresis with ionic liquids as the electrolyte additives. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2248-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
- College of Food Sciences and Engineering; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an P.R. China
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Minglin Wang
- College of Food Sciences and Engineering; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an P.R. China
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24
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Tang S, Liu S, Guo Y, Liu X, Jiang S. Recent advances of ionic liquids and polymeric ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1357:147-57. [PMID: 24786657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) and polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) with unique and fascinating properties have drawn considerable interest for their use in separation science, especially in chromatographic techniques. In this article, significant contributions of ILs and PILs in the improvement of capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography are described, and a specific overview of the most relevant examples of their applications in the last five years is also given. Accordingly, some general conclusions and future perspectives in these areas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Bianchi F, Bisceglie F, Dugheri S, Arcangeli G, Cupelli V, del Borrello E, Sidisky L, Careri M. Ionic liquid-based solid phase microextraction necklaces for the environmental monitoring of ketamine. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1331:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Huang Y, Yao S, Song H. Application of ionic liquids in liquid chromatography and electrodriven separation. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 51:739-52. [PMID: 23833208 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts in the liquid state at ambient temperature, which are nonvolatile, nonflammable with high thermal stability and dissolve easily for a wide range of inorganic and organic materials. As a kind of potential green solvent, they show high efficiency and selectivity in the field of separation research, especially in instrumental analysis. Thus far, ILs have been successfully applied by many related researchers in high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis as chromatographic stationary phases, mobile phase additives or electroosmotic flow modifiers. This paper provides a detailed review of these applications in the study of natural products, foods, drugs and other fine chemicals. Furthermore, the prospects of ILs in liquid chromatographic and electrodriven techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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27
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Guo XF, Chen HY, Zhou XH, Wang H, Zhang HS. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methyl sulfonate acidic ionic liquid as a new dynamic coating for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3287-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University; Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hua-Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
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28
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Yujiao W, Guoyan W, Wenyan Z, Hongfen Z, Huanwang J, Anjia C. Chiral separation of phenylalanine and tryptophan by capillary electrophoresis using a mixture ofβ-CD and chiral ionic liquid ([TBA] [l-ASP]) as selectors. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:610-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yujiao
- College of Pharmacy; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Wang Guoyan
- College of Pharmacy; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Zhao Wenyan
- College of Pharmacy; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Zhang Hongfen
- College of Pharmacy; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Jing Huanwang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Chen Anjia
- College of Pharmacy; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 China
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29
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England D, Yan F, Texter J. Porating anion-responsive copolymeric gels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12013-12024. [PMID: 23968242 DOI: 10.1021/la402331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A polymerizable ionic liquid surfactant, 1-(11-acryloyloxyundecyl)-3-methylimidiazolium bromide (ILBr), was copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in aqueous microemulsions at 30% (ILBr w/w) and various water to MMA ratios. The ternary phase diagram of the ILBr/MMA/water system was constructed at 25 and 60 °C. Homopolymers and copolymers of ILBr and MMA were produced by thermally initiated chain radical microemulsion polymerization at various compositions in bicontinuous and reverse microemulsion subdomains. Microemulsion polymerization reaction products varied from being gel-like to solid, and these materials were analyzed by thermal and scanning electron microscopy methods. Microemulsion polymerized materials were insoluble in all solvents tested, consistent with light cross-linking. Ion exchange between Br(-) and PF6(-) in these copolymeric materials resulted in the formation of open-cell porous structures in some of these materials, as was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Several compositions illustrate the capture of prepolymerization nanoscale structure by thermally initiated polymerization, expanding the domain of compositions exhibiting this feat and yet to be demonstrated in any other system. Regular cylindrical pores in interpenetrating ILBr-co-MMA and PMMA networks are produced by anion exchange in the absence of templates. A percolating cluster/bicontinuous transition is "captured" by SEM after using anion exchange to visualize the mixed cluster/pore morphology. Some design principles for achieving this capture and for obtaining stimuli responsive solvogels are articulated, and the importance of producing solvogels in capturing the nanoscale is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin England
- School of Engineering Technology and Coatings Research Institute, Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
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30
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Cao F, Tan L, Xiang L, Liu S, Wang Y. Application of the copolymers containing sulfobetaine methacrylate in protein separation by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2013; 24:2058-70. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2013.823072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhu Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Lina Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Songtao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
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31
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Zhang Q, Du Y. Evaluation of the enantioselectivity of glycogen-based synergistic system with amino acid chiral ionic liquids as additives in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1306:97-103. [PMID: 23910600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, two novel amino acid chiral ILs, tetramethylammonium-l-arginine (TMA-l-Arg) and tetramethylammonium-l-aspartic acid (TMA-l-Asp), were applied for the first time in CE enantioseparation to evaluate their potential synergistic effect with glycogen as chiral selector. As observed, significantly improved separation of tested enantiomers were obtained in the chiral ILs/glycogen synergistic systems compared to the single glycogen separation system. Several primary parameters affecting the enantioseparation, such as amino acid ILs (AAILs) concentration, glycogen concentration and buffer pH, were systematically investigated. An achiral tetramethylammonium hydroxide ionic liquid (TMA-OH) modified separation system was also evaluated to validate the superiority of the novel chiral ILs/glycogen synergistic systems. To further optimize the overall synergistic systems, the effect of three other parameters, including buffer concentration, applied voltage and capillary temperature were simultaneously analyzed by a central composite design (CCD), and excellent enantioseparations were achieved with the optimized parameters. The results indicate that the application of chiral ILs/glycogen synergistic systems is a promising way in chiral separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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32
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33
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Ren H, Wang L, Wang X, Liu X, Jiang S. Measurement of acid dissociation constants and ionic mobilities of 3-nitro-tyrosine and 3-chloro-tyrosine by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 77:83-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Zhang H, Qi L, Mu X, Zhou X, Li D, Mao L. Influence of ionic liquids as electrolyte additives on chiral separation of dansylated amino acids by using Zn(II) complex mediated chiral ligand exchange CE. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:886-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; P. R. China
| | | | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Shantou University; Guangdong; P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemistry; Shantou University; Guangdong; P. R. China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; P. R. China
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35
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36
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Han H, Wang Q, Liu X, Jiang S. Polymeric ionic liquid modified organic-silica hybrid monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1246:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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37
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Du Z, Zhang S, Zhou C, Liu M, Li G. Dynamic layer-by-layer self-assembly of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on quartz wool for on-line separation of lysozyme in egg white. Talanta 2012; 94:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Feng Q, Wanigasekara E, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW. Separation of multiply charged anions by capillary electrophoresis using alkyl phosphonium pairing agents. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1153-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington; TX; USA
| | - Eranda Wanigasekara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington; TX; USA
| | - Zachary S. Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington; TX; USA
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington; TX; USA
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39
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Schulze M, Belder D. Poly(ethylene glycol)‐coated microfluidic devices for chip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:370-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schulze
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Geiger
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Amy L. Hogerton
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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41
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42
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Corradini D, De Rossi A, Nicoletti I. Interactions of Proteins with the Acidic Components of the Electrolyte Solution and Their Role in the Performance of Separations by CZE. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Li J, Han H, Wang Q, Liu X, Jiang S. Polymeric ionic liquid-coated capillary for capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1555-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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