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Naranda J, Bračič M, Vogrin M, Maver U, Trojner T. Practical Use of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040159. [PMID: 36278628 PMCID: PMC9590066 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a real-time, nanogram-accurate technique for analyzing various processes on biomaterial surfaces. QCM has proven to be an excellent tool in tissue engineering as it can monitor key parameters in developing cellular scaffolds. This review focuses on the use of QCM in the tissue engineering of cartilage. It begins with a brief discussion of biomaterials and the current state of the art in scaffold development for cartilage tissue engineering, followed by a summary of the potential uses of QCM in cartilage tissue engineering. This includes monitoring interactions with extracellular matrix components, adsorption of proteins onto biomaterials, and biomaterial–cell interactions. In the last part of the review, the material selection problem in tissue engineering is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of surface nanotopography, the role of nanofilms, and utilization of QCM as a “screening” tool to improve the material selection process. A step-by-step process for scaffold design is proposed, as well as the fabrication of thin nanofilms in a layer-by-layer manner using QCM. Finally, future trends of QCM application as a “screening” method for 3D printing of cellular scaffolds are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Naranda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matej Bračič
- Laboratory for Characterisation and Processing of Polymers (LCPP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matjaž Vogrin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Teodor Trojner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Fathi F, Rashidi MR, Pakchin PS, Ahmadi-Kandjani S, Nikniazi A. Photonic crystal based biosensors: Emerging inverse opals for biomarker detection. Talanta 2020; 221:121615. [PMID: 33076145 PMCID: PMC7466948 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PC)-based inverse opal (IO) arrays are one of the substrates for label-free sensing mechanism. IO-based materials with their advanced and ordered three-dimensional microporous structures have recently found attractive optical sensor and biological applications in the detection of biomolecules like proteins, DNA, viruses, etc. The unique optical and structural properties of IO materials can simplify the improvements in non-destructive optical study capabilities for point of care testing (POCT) used within a wide variety of biosensor research. In this review, which is an interdisciplinary investigation among nanotechnology, biology, chemistry and medical sciences, the recent fabrication methodologies and the main challenges regarding the application of (inverse opals) IOs in terms of their bio-sensing capability are summarized. The recent main challenges regarding the application of inverse opals (IOs) in the detection of biomolecules are reviewed. Sensing mechanisms of biomolecules including glucose, proteins, DNA, viruses were summarized. IO materials with their ordered 3D microporous structures have found attractive optical biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Fathi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | | | - Parvin Samadi Pakchin
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Ahmadi-Kandjani
- Photonics Group, Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Nikniazi
- Photonics Group, Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Reddy KK, Bandal H, Satyanarayana M, Goud KY, Gobi KV, Jayaramudu T, Amalraj J, Kim H. Recent Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Vital Biomedical Markers Using Hybrid Nanostructured Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902980. [PMID: 32670744 PMCID: PMC7341105 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a succinct insight into the recent developments in electrochemical quantification of vital biomedical markers using hybrid metallic composite nanostructures. After a brief introduction to the biomarkers, five types of crucial biomarkers, which require timely and periodical monitoring, are shortlisted, namely, cancer, cardiac, inflammatory, diabetic and renal biomarkers. This review emphasizes the usage and advantages of hybrid nanostructured materials as the recognition matrices toward the detection of vital biomarkers. Different transduction methods (fluorescence, electrophoresis, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) reported for the biomarkers are discussed comprehensively to present an overview of the current research works. Recent advancements in the electrochemical (amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric) sensor systems constructed with metal nanoparticle-derived hybrid composite nanostructures toward the selective detection of chosen vital biomarkers are specifically analyzed. It describes the challenges involved and the strategies reported for the development of selective, sensitive, and disposable electrochemical biosensors with the details of fabrication, functionalization, and applications of hybrid metallic composite nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Koteshwara Reddy
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - Harshad Bandal
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
| | - Moru Satyanarayana
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology WarangalWarangalTelangana506004India
| | - Kotagiri Yugender Goud
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology WarangalWarangalTelangana506004India
| | | | - Tippabattini Jayaramudu
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - John Amalraj
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - Hern Kim
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
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Jandas PJ, Luo J, Quan A, Li C, Fu C, Fu YQ. Graphene oxide-Au nano particle coated quartz crystal microbalance biosensor for the real time analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4118-4128. [PMID: 35492675 PMCID: PMC9049092 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09963h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A label-free quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor was developed for the selective and real-time estimation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) through the present study. Graphene oxide-Au nanoparticles (GO-AuNPs) was in situ synthesised on the surface of the QCM electrode and the antibody of CEA (monoclonal anti-CEA from mouse) was covalently immobilized on this layer as the bioreceptor for CEA. Mercaptoacetic acid–EDC–NHS reaction mechanism was used for anti-CEA immobilization. The effect of oxygen plasma treatment of the QCM electrode surface before bioreceptor preparation on the performance of the biosensor was tested and was found promising. CEA solutions with various concentrations were analysed using the bioreceptors to estimate the sensitivity and detection limit of the biosensor. The biosensors selectively recognized and captured CEA biomolecules with a detection limit of 0.06 and 0.09 ng mL−1 of CEA for oxygen plasma-treated (E2) and untreated (E1) bioreceptors, respectively. The sensitivity was estimated at 102 and 79 Hz, respectively, for E2 and E1. Clinical serum samples were analysed and the results were found in good agreement with the ELISA analysis. Long term stability was also found to be excellent. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was also conducted using the experimental results. A label-free quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor was developed for the selective and real-time estimation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) through the present study.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Jandas
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications
- College of Physics and Energy
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- PR China
| | - Jingting Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications
- College of Physics and Energy
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- PR China
| | - Aojie Quan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications
- College of Physics and Energy
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- PR China
| | - Chong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications
- College of Physics and Energy
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- PR China
| | - Chen Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications
- College of Physics and Energy
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- PR China
| | - Y. Q. Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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Zhang B, Ding H, Chen Q, Wang T, Zhang K. Prussian blue nanoparticle-labeled aptasensing platform on graphene oxide for voltammetric detection of α-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma with target recycling. Analyst 2019; 144:4858-4864. [PMID: 31294738 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-free electrochemical aptasensing platform based on a graphene oxide nanosheet-modified gold-disk electrode was developed for the voltammetric detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatocellular carcinoma by using a Prussian blue nanoparticle (PBNP)-labeled aptamer. The electroactive PBNP, a typical signal-generation tag, was utilized for the labeling of the aminated AFP aptamer by using covalent conjugation. The electrochemical sensing platform was prepared in a simple manner on the basis of a π-π stacking reaction between the immobilized graphene oxide and the PBNP-labeled AFP aptamer. Upon target AFP introduction, the analyte reacted with the aptamer, thus resulting in the dissociation of the PBNP from the nanosheets. In the presence of DNase I, the newly formed AFP/aptamer-PBNP complex was cleaved to release target AFP, which could react again with the aptamer on the nanosheets, thereby causing target recycling. During this process, the cleaved PBNP-aptamer was far away from the electrode to decrease the voltammetric signal. Under optimum conditions, the voltammetric peak current of the modified electrode decreased with the increment of the target AFP concentration within the linear range of 0.01-300 ng mL-1 at a low detection limit of 6.3 pg mL-1. The precision and reproducibility of the aptasensing protocol were acceptable (CV: <15% for intra-assay and inter-assay). Other possible nontarget biomarkers did not interfere significantly with the voltammetric signal of this system. Human serum samples containing target AFP were assayed with electrochemical aptasensing and a commercial human AFP ELISA kit, and gave well-matched results from these two methods. Importantly, our strategy provides a new horizon for the determination of disease-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Jiangxi People's Hospital, 330006 Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, China
| | - Kunhe Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, China.
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Design of a Dual-Technology Fusion Sensor Chip with a Ring Electrode for Biosensing Application. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020153. [PMID: 30813463 PMCID: PMC6412637 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is still a new high-precision surface detection technique. However, the adsorption quality detected by the QCM currently contains a solvent-coupling quality and cannot separate the actual biomolecular mass. Local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) can detect the mass of biomolecules, but requires a certain contrast between the solvent of the surrounding medium and the refractive index of the adsorbed layer. The sensor chip, combining two compatible technologies, can realize the simultaneous detection of biomolecules and improve the refractive index sensitivity. The structure of our chip is to prepare the ring-shaped gold electrode on the upper surface of the quartz crystal, the circular gold electrode on the bottom surface, and the spherical gold nanoparticles arrays in the center region of the ring electrode to form a QCM/LSPR dual-technology chip. Through simulation, we finally get the size of the best energy trap by the two electrodes on the upper surface and the lower surface: the ring-top electrode with a thickness of 100 nm, an inner diameter of 4 mm, and an outer diameter of 8 mm; and the bottom electrode with a thickness of 100 nm and a radius of 6 mm. By comparing the refractive index sensitivity, we chose a spherical gold nanoparticle with a radius of 30 nm and a refractive sensitivity of 61.34 nm/RIU to design the LSPR sensor chip.
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The Characterisation and Quantification of Immobilised Concanavalin A on Quartz Surfaces Based on The Competitive Binding to Glucose and Fluorescent Labelled Dextran. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The competition between various carbohydrates in the binding to Concanavalin A (Con A) can be exploited in gravimetric microsensors that detect changes in mass or viscoelasticity as a function of glucose concentration. Such sensors are based on the immobilisation of Con A as the ligand specific element, and a successful application requires that the binding property of Con A is retained. This paper presents a simplified immobilisation procedure of Con A on a quartz surface, a common material for gravimetric microsensors. Structural assessment with atomic force microscopy confirmed that the surface was covered with a layer of macromolecules. This layer shows the presence of entities of various sizes, presumably monomers, dimers and tetramers among which dimers of the Con A are the most dominant structure. Functional assessment using fluorescent labelled dextran (FITC and Alexa 488) suggests a surface coverage ranging from 1.8 × 1011 to 2.1 × 1012 immobilised fluorescent molecules per cm2. The assay was responsive to glucose over a concentration range from 0–40 mM, but became gradually saturated above 20 mM. Hence, the immobilised Con A is able to bind dextran, which is displaced by glucose in a concentration dependent manner, thus triggering a mass change proportional to the MW of dextran.
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Zheng M, Cao YJ, Cai WH, Shi X, Wang MF, Deng YJ. Phytic acid-based copper(ii) ion-selective electrode on graphene oxide for potentiometric immunoassay of breast cancer antigen 15-3. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01834d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric immunoassay based on a copper(ii) ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE) was designed for the quantitative determination of carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3; a tumor marker associated with breast cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350005
- P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jin Cao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fujian 350005
- P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Cai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fujian 350005
- P. R. China
| | - Xi Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350005
- P. R. China
| | - Mou-Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350005
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350005
- P. R. China
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Tang Y, Tang D, Zhang J, Tang D. Novel quartz crystal microbalance immunodetection of aflatoxin B 1 coupling cargo-encapsulated liposome with indicator-triggered displacement assay. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1031:161-168. [PMID: 30119735 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensing platform was designed for the high-efficient detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuff. Initially, phenoxy-derived dextran molecule was immobilized on the surface of QCM gold substrate by using thiolated β-cyclodextrin based on the supramolecular host-guest chemistry between phenoxy group and cyclodextrin. Then, AFB1-bovine serum albumin (AFB1-BSA)-conjugated concanavalin A (Con A) was assembled onto the QCM probe through the dextran-Con A interaction. Glucose-loaded nanoliposome, labeled with monocolonal anti-AFB1 antibody, was used for the amplification of QCM signal. Upon target AFB1 introduction, the analyte competed with the immobilized AFB1-BSA on the probe for the labeled anti-AFB1 antibody on the nanoliposome. Based on specific antigen-antibody reaction, the amount of the conjugated nanoliposomes on the QCM probe gradually decreased with the increment of target AFB1 in the sample. Upon injection of Triton X-100 in the detection cell, the carried nanoliposome was lysed to release the encapsulated glucose molecules. Thanks to the stronger affinity of Con A toward glucose than that of dextran, AFB1-BSA-labeled Con A was displaced from the QCM probe, resulting in the change of the local frequency. Under the optimum conditions, the shift of the functionalized QCM immunosensing interface in the frequency shift was proportional to the concentration of target AFB1 within a dynamic range from 1.0 ng kg-1 to 10 μg kg-1 at a low detection limit of 0.83 ng kg-1. In addition, the acceptable assayed results on precision, reproducibility, specificity and method accuracy for the analysis of real samples were also acquired. Importantly, our strategy can provide a signal-on competitive immunoassay for the detection of small molecules, e.g., mycotoxins and biotoxins, thereby representing a versatile sensing schemes by controlling the corresponding antibody or hapten in the analysis of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators As Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China
| | - Dianyong Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators As Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators As Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators As Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China.
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A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Immunosensor for Stem Cell Selection and Extraction. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122747. [PMID: 29182568 PMCID: PMC5751627 DOI: 10.3390/s17122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective immunosensor for the detection and isolation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been developed. The recognition mechanism relies on anti-CD34 antibodies, DPSC-specific monoclonal antibodies that are anchored on the surface of the quartz crystals. Due to its high specificity, real time detection, and low cost, the proposed technology has a promising potential in the field of cell biology, for the simultaneous detection and sorting of stem cells from heterogeneous cell samples. The QCM surface was properly tailored through a biotinylated self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The biotin–avidin interaction was used to immobilize the biotinylated anti-CD34 antibody on the gold-coated quartz crystal. After antibody immobilization, a cellular pellet, with a mixed cell population, was analyzed; the results indicated that the developed QCM immunosensor is highly specific, being able to detect and sort only CD34+ cells. Our study suggests that the proposed technology can detect and efficiently sort any kind of cell from samples with high complexity, being simple, selective, and providing for more convenient and time-saving operations.
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Nehra A, Pandey K, Singh KP, Ahalawat S, Joshi RP. Determination of E. coli by a Graphene Oxide-Modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1253708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Nehra
- Nanobiosensor Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, CBSH, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Khyati Pandey
- Nanobiosensor Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, CBSH, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Pal Singh
- Nanobiosensor Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, CBSH, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saurabh Ahalawat
- Material Evaluation Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad Joshi
- Nanobiosensor Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, CBSH, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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Kabay G, Kaleli Can G, Mutlu M. Amyloid-like protein nanofibrous membranes as a sensing layer infrastructure for the design of mass-sensitive biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 97:285-291. [PMID: 28618364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) have been used in the literature for mass sensitive biosensor applications. However, their performance, reliability and stability have been limited by the chemical treatment steps required for the functionalization and activation of the QCM surface, prior to antibody immobilization. Specifically, these steps cause increased film thickness, which diminishes performance by mass overload, and create a harsh environment, which reduces biological activity. In this work, we eliminated this chemical step by introducing a sensing layer modification using electrospun amyloid like-bovine serum albumin (AL-BSA) nanofibers on QCM surfaces. Owing to the self-functionality of AL-BSA nanofibers, these modified QCM surfaces were directly activated by glutaraldehyde (GA). To assess the performance of these modified electrodes, a model protein, lysozyme (Lys), was selected as the biological agent to be immobilized. Frequency measurements were performed in batch (dip-and-dry) and continuous (flow-cell) processes, and binding performances were compared. AL-BSA modified surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), contact angle (CA) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Protein detection was measured based on the frequency shift before and after the covalent bonding of Lys. Under optimized conditions, the proposed immobilization platforms could bind 335ng/mL and 250ng/mL of Lys for batch and continuous processes, respectively. Our results demonstrate the potential usage of these self-functional electrospun AL-BSA infrastructure sensing layers on QCM surfaces. This modification enables the direct immobilization of bioactive agents by eliminating any surface functionalization process for further mass-sensitive biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Kabay
- Plasma Aided Biomedical Research Group (pabmed), Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Science and Technology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kaleli Can
- Plasma Aided Biomedical Research Group (pabmed), Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Science and Technology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mutlu
- Plasma Aided Biomedical Research Group (pabmed), Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Science and Technology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey; Plasma Aided Biomedical Research Group (pabmed), Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey.
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Temel F, Tabakci M. Calix[4]arene coated QCM sensors for detection of VOC emissions: Methylene chloride sensing studies. Talanta 2016; 153:221-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Broadband 120 MHz Impedance Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) with Calibrated Resistance and Quantitative Dissipation for Biosensing Measurements at Higher Harmonic Frequencies. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:23. [PMID: 27231946 PMCID: PMC4931483 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed an impedance quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) approach with the ability to simultaneously record mass changes and calibrated energy dissipation with high sensitivity using an impedance analyzer. This impedance QCM measures frequency shifts and resistance changes of sensing quartz crystals very stable, accurately, and calibrated, thus yielding quantitative information on mass changes and dissipation. Resistance changes below 0.3 Ω were measured with corresponding dissipation values of 0.01 µU (micro dissipation units). The broadband impedance capabilities allow measurements between 20 Hz and 120 MHz including higher harmonic modes of up to 11th order for a 10 MHz fundamental resonance frequency quartz crystal. We demonstrate the adsorbed mass, calibrated resistance, and quantitative dissipation measurements on two biological systems including the high affinity based avidin-biotin interaction and nano-assemblies of polyelectrolyte layers. The binding affinity of a protein-antibody interaction was determined. The impedance QCM is a versatile and simple method for accurate and calibrated resistance and dissipation measurements with broadband measurement capabilities for higher harmonics measurements.
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Wang B, Anzai JI. Recent Progress in Lectin-Based Biosensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:8590-8607. [PMID: 28793731 PMCID: PMC5458863 DOI: 10.3390/ma8125478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent progress in the development of lectin-based biosensors used for the determination of glucose, pathogenic bacteria and toxins, cancer cells, and lectins. Lectin proteins have been widely used for the construction of optical and electrochemical biosensors by exploiting the specific binding affinity to carbohydrates. Among lectin proteins, concanavalin A (Con A) is most frequently used for this purpose as glucose- and mannose-selective lectin. Con A is useful for immobilizing enzymes including glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the surface of a solid support to construct glucose and hydrogen peroxide sensors, because these enzymes are covered with intrinsic hydrocarbon chains. Con A-modified electrodes can be used as biosensors sensitive to glucose, cancer cells, and pathogenic bacteria covered with hydrocarbon chains. The target substrates are selectively adsorbed to the surface of Con A-modified electrodes through strong affinity of Con A to hydrocarbon chains. A recent topic in the development of lectin-based biosensors is a successful use of nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, for amplifying output signals of the sensors. In addition, lectin-based biosensors are useful for studying glycan expression on living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Anzai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Wang F, Liu L, Li WJ. Graphene-Based Glucose Sensors: A Brief Review. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:818-34. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2475338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhao C, You J, Qu F. Hollow PDA-Au nanoparticles-enabled signal amplification for sensitive nonenzymatic colorimetric immunodetection of carbohydrate antigen 125. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:200-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lin Y, Zhou Q, Lin Y, Tang D, Niessner R, Knopp D. Enzymatic Hydrolysate-Induced Displacement Reaction with Multifunctional Silica Beads Doped with Horseradish Peroxidase–Thionine Conjugate for Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8531-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youxiu Lin
- Key
Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of
Education and Fujian Province), Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing,
Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of
Education and Fujian Province), Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing,
Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuping Lin
- Key
Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of
Education and Fujian Province), Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing,
Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of
Education and Fujian Province), Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing,
Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair
for Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair
for Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany
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Hsieh S, Hsieh SL, Hsieh CW, Lin PC, Wu CH. Label-free glucose detection using cantilever sensor technology based on gravimetric detection principles. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:687265. [PMID: 23984191 PMCID: PMC3747413 DOI: 10.1155/2013/687265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient maintenance of glucose homeostasis is a major challenge in diabetes therapy, where accurate and reliable glucose level detection is required. Though several methods are currently used, these suffer from impaired response and often unpredictable drift, making them unsuitable for long-term therapeutic practice. In this study, we demonstrate a method that uses a functionalized atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever as the sensor for reliable glucose detection with sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for clinical use. We first modified the AFM tip with aminopropylsilatrane (APS) and then adsorbed glucose-specific lectin concanavalin A (Con A) onto the surface. The Con A/APS-modified probes were then used to detect glucose by monitoring shifts in the cantilever resonance frequency. To confirm the molecule-specific interaction, AFM topographical images were acquired of identically treated silicon substrates which indicated a specific attachment for glucose-Con A and not for galactose-Con A. These results demonstrate that by monitoring the frequency shift of the AFM cantilever, this sensing system can detect the interaction between Con A and glucose, one of the biomolecule recognition processes, and may assist in the detection and mass quantification of glucose for clinical applications with very high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Hsieh
- Deparment of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-wen Hsieh
- Deparment of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiao Lin
- Deparment of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsin Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
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Tang D, Zhang B, Tang J, Hou L, Chen G. Displacement-type quartz crystal microbalance immunosensing platform for ultrasensitive monitoring of small molecular toxins. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6958-66. [PMID: 23789727 DOI: 10.1021/ac401599t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel displacement-type quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensing strategy, based on glucose and its analogue dextran for concanavalin A (ConA) binding sites, was designed for ultrasensitive monitoring of small molecular biotoxins (brevetoxin B, PbTx-2, used as a model) with signal amplification on a graphene-functionalized sensing interface. To construct such a QCM immunosensing platform, phenoxy-functionalized dextran (DexP) was initially assembled onto the surface of graphene-coated QCM probe via the π-stacking interaction, and ConA-labeled monoclonal mouse anti-PbTx-2 capture antibody was then immobilized on the DexP-modified probe by dextran-ConA binding. Gold nanoparticle heavily functionalized with glucoamylase and bovine serum albumin-PbTx-2 (PbTx-2-BSA) conjugate was employed as the trace tag. A competitive-type immunoassay format was adopted for the online monitoring of PbTx-2 between anti-PbTx-2 antibody immobilized on the QCM probe and PbTx-2-BSA labeled on the gold nanoparticle. Accompanying the gold nanoparticle, the carried glucoamylase could hydrolyze amylopectin in glucose. The produced glucose competed with dextran for ConA and displaced the ConA-streptavidin-anti-PbTx-2 complex from the QCM probe, resulting in the frequency change. Under optimal conditions, the frequency of the QCM immunosensor was indirectly proportional to the concentration of target PbTx-2 in the sample and exhibited a dynamic range from 1.0 pg·mL(-1) to 10 ng·mL(-1) with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.6 pg·mL(-1) at the 3Sblank level. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were below 7.5% and 9.5%, respectively. In addition, the methodology was evaluated for analysis of PbTx-2 in 15 spiked seafood samples and showed good accordance between results obtained by the displacement-type QCM immunosensor and a commercialized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
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“On-off” switchable electrochemical affinity nanobiosensor based on graphene oxide for ultrasensitive glucose sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:430-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gan N, Xiong P, Wang J, Li T, Hu F, Cao Y, Zheng L. A Novel Signal-Amplified Immunoassay for the Detection of C-Reactive Protein Using HRP-Doped Magnetic Nanoparticles as Labels with the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Detector. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:482316. [PMID: 23509669 PMCID: PMC3595686 DOI: 10.1155/2013/482316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel horseradish peroxidase- (HPR-) doped magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2@Au nanocomposites (Fe-Au MNPs) were employed on immunoassay for the determination of C-reactive protein (CRP) based on a electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance detector (EQCM). Firstly, the secondary CRP antibody and HRP were both immobilized on the Fe-Au MNPs (Fe-Au MNPs-anti-CRP2/HRP) as a signal tag. Secondly, the above tag and the primary antibody (anti-CRP1) in the bottom of 96-well microtiter plate were employed to conjugate with a serial of CRP concentrations to produce a sandwich immunocomplex. Thirdly, the immunocomplex solution was subsequently exposed to 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) in the presence of H2O2, resulting in an insoluble product. When the precipitation solution was dripped on EQCM, it can achieve a decrease of frequency of crystal (Δf). The amount of Δf was proportional to (CRP) from 0.003 to 200 ng mL(-1) with a low detection limit of 1 pg mL(-1). Compared with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the immunoassay shows greatly improved sensitivity due to the significant amount of HRP labeled on signal tag. It also has good specificity and low sample consumption, which is expected to be a benefit for the CRP screening in early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gan
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tianhua Li
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Futao Hu
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Pei X, Zhang B, Tang J, Liu B, Lai W, Tang D. Sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays exploiting nanostructure labels: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 758:1-18. [PMID: 23245891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods based on sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays have been developed for detection of multivalent antigens/analytes with more than one eptiope due to the use of two matched antibodies. High-affinity antibodies and appropriate labels are usually employed for the amplification of detectable signal. Recent research has looked to develop innovative and powerful novel nanoparticle labels, controlling and tailoring their properties in a very predictable manner to meet the requirements of specific applications. This articles reviews recent advances, exploiting nanoparticle labels, in the sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays. Routine approaches involve noble metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, semiconductor nanoparticles, metal oxide nanostructures, and hybrid nanostructures. The enormous signal enhancement associated with the use of nanoparticle labels and with the formation of nanoparticle-antibody-antigen assemblies provides the basis for sensitive detection of disease-related proteins or biomolecules. Techniques commonly rely on the use of biofunctionalized nanoparticles, inorganic-biological hybrid nanoparticles, and signal tag-doped nanoparticles. Rather than being exhaustive, this review focuses on selected examples to illustrate novel concepts and promising applications. Approaches described include the biofunctionalized nanoparticles, inorganic-biological hybrid nanoparticles, and signal tage-doped nanoparticles. Further, promising application in electrochemical, mass-sensitive, optical and multianalyte detection are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
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Jia K, Toury T, Ionescu RE. Fabrication of an atrazine acoustic immunosensor based on a drop-deposition procedure. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:2015-2021. [PMID: 23007775 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the various novel analytical systems, immunosensors based on acoustic waves are of emerging interest because of their good sensitivity, real-time monitoring capability, and experimental simplicity. In this work, piezoelectric immunosensors were constructed for the detection of atrazine through the immobilization of specific monoclonal anti-atrazine antibodies on thiolated modified quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). The immunoassay was conducted by a novel drop-deposition procedure using different atrazine dilutions in phosphate buffer solution ranging from 10(-10) to 10(-1) mg/mL. The immunoreactions between varying contents of atrazine and its antibody were dynamically exhibited through in situ monitoring of the frequency and motional resistance changes over 20 min. Thus, atrazine recognition by the anti-atrazine antibody leads to a decrease of the resonant frequency that is proportional to a given atrazine concentration. Interestingly, the motional resistance also increased proportionally during the measurements, which could be attributed to the specific viscoelastic properties and/or conformation changes of the antibodies once the immunoreactions occurred. By combining the measurements of frequency with those of motional resistance, additional information was provided about the interaction between the atrazine-named antigen and its respective antibody. Finally, the analytical specificity of the immunosensor to atrazine was evaluated through the response to a nonspecific anti-human IgG antibody-modified QCM crystal under the same drop conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jia
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies et d’Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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Cheng CI, Chang YP, Chu YH. Biomolecular interactions and tools for their recognition: focus on the quartz crystal microbalance and its diverse surface chemistries and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1947-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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