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Liu C, Xu G, Li B, Wang X, Lin JM, Zhao RS. Three-dimensional hydroxylated covalent organic frameworks for solid phase extraction of glucocorticoids in environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340662. [PMID: 36628702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to achieve the highly sensitive detection of glucocorticoids at ultratrace levels because of the abundant hydrophilic groups in their molecules and the complexity of environmental water sample matrices. Here, a highly crystalline three-dimensional hydroxylated covalent organic frameworks (denoted by COF-301) with tetra(4-anilyl)methane (TAM) and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde (DHTA) as building units was constructed and proposed as adsorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) of glucocorticoids. Theoretical studies were conducted to elucidate the potential adsorption mechanism of glucocorticoids on the COF-301. The COF-301 based SPE combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry provides a promising approach for the preconcentration and determination of glucocorticoids residue in water samples. Good linearity with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9988, low limits of detection ranging from 0.024 to 0.075 ng L-1 and relative standard deviations below 6.68% were achieved. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze glucocorticoids residue in actual water samples, demonstrating the prospects of this method for the determination of trace glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqing Liu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Guiju Xu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Baoyu Li
- Test Center of Shandong Bureau, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.
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2
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Esposito MC, Santos ALA, Bonfilio R, de Araújo MB. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods in Pharmaceutical Matrices for Determination of Corticosteroids. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:111-124. [PMID: 30869528 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1581050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are a class of hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which includes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and calcium and effective anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity. Due to their intense immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of various inflammatory, malignant, allergic conditions such as rhinitis, asthma, dermatological, rheumatic, ophthalmic and neurological diseases, as well as after organ transplants. They are the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the analytical methods in pharmaceutical matrices for determination of corticosteroids. In this study, the predominance of liquid chromatography methods for the analysis of corticosteroids from pharmaceutical products is evident for both liquid and semisolid dosage forms as well as for solids. The same can be said for topical, oral and parenteral formulations. Methods such as spectrophotometry are also used, but given the advantages of chromatographic methods such as better selectivity and sensitivity, they have become the choice for analysis of these drugs, however, most methods still do not meet the credentials of "green chemistry."
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Carla Esposito
- Department of Food and Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rudy Bonfilio
- Department of Food and Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Magali Benjamim de Araújo
- Department of Food and Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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3
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Analysis of corticosteroids in samples of animal origin using QuEChERS and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:449-457. [PMID: 30478515 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the confirmatory analysis of eight synthetic corticosteroids (betamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, 6-methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, flumethasone, beclomethasone, fluocinolone acetonide) is proposed. The method is useful for detecting illegal treatments in different animal species. It consists of an extraction and cleanup using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) strategy. Quantitative determination is achieved by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with heated electrospray ionization in negative mode. Quantification is performed using surrogate matrix-matched standard calibration curve with dexamethasone-D4 as the internal standard. The method was validated for analyzing liver samples according to the criteria established by Decision 2002/657/EC. Linearity was assessed in the 1-10 μg kg-1 range and linear correlation coefficients were over 0.99 for all the analytes. CCα ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 μg kg-1 for substances without maximum residue limit. The method allows confident quantification and confirmation of corticosteroids in liver samples, and its simplicity makes it suitable for analyzing large numbers of samples.
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Vulić A, Lešić T, Kudumija N, Mikuš T, Pleadin J. Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Urine Samples of Croatian Farm Animals. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:126-133. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Vulić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Lešić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Kudumija
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Mikuš
- Animal Welfare Unit, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ma L, Fan X, Jia L, Wang J, Wang S, Zhao L. Multiresidue analysis of glucocorticoids in milk by LC-MS/MS with low-temperature purification and dispersive solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2759-2768. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Li Jia
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Suli Wang
- College of Science, Food Safety Research Center; Hebei North University; Zhangjiakou China
| | - Liuwei Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
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6
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Di Stefano V, Pitonzo R, Giaccone V, Alongi A, Macaluso A, Cicero N, Cancemi G, Ferrantelli V. Analysis of β2-agonists in cattle hair samples using a rapid UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS method. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:482-486. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1190718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vita Di Stefano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Pitonzo
- CGA, UNINETLAB, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Giaccone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelina Alongi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute (SASTAS), Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cancemi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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7
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Golubović JB, Otašević BM, Protić AD, Stanković AM, Zečević ML. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of undeclared corticosteroids in cosmetic creams. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2319-2327. [PMID: 26563702 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Undeclared corticosteroids in creams intended for frequent use might cause serious side-effects, especially in children. In order to prevent this or find the cause, it was essential to develop a method for quick detection and quantification of low levels of corticosteroids. METHODS Eleven corticosteroids were used in this study: prednisolone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone-21-acetate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide-21-acetate, hydrocortisone-21-acetate, dexamethasone, betamethasone, betamethasone dipropionate, clobetasol propionate and triamcinolone. Separation was achieved via liquid chromatography (LC), and mass spectrometric analysis was conducted by electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using corticosterone as internal standard. RESULTS Good separation by using a gradient-elution LC/MS/MS method with run time of 25 min enabled the use of a segmented detection method and consecutive decrease in detection limits. The proposed method has been validated in the linearity range of 10-1000 ng/mL with coefficients of determination higher than 0.990. The method has shown to have very low limits of quantification (0.75-3 ng/mL) with satisfactory precision and accuracy for each of the corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS An LC/MS/MS method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of low levels of eleven topical corticosteroids in creams was developed, optimized and validated. The proposed method can be used for testing of different products indicated for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, including "natural products", and "herbal creams" with "miraculous effects".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena B Golubović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana M Otašević
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana D Protić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Stanković
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mira L Zečević
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Nakajima T, Tsuruoka Y, Kanda M, Hayashi H, Hashimoto T, Matsushima Y, Yoshikawa S, Nagano C, Okutomi Y, Takano I. Determination and surveillance of hydrocortisone and progesterone in livestock products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1833-41. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1084053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Vesicles formed by mixed catanionic surfactants as novel pseudostationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:296-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Quantitative determination of 26 steroids in eggs from various species using liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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de Rijke E, Zoontjes PW, Samson D, Oostra S, Sterk SS, van Ginkel LA. Investigation of the presence of prednisolone in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:605-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.878479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Xu X, Ni X, Cao Y, Zhuo X, Yang X, Cao G. Amphiphilic polymeric micelle as pseudostationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography for analysis of eight corticosteroids in cosmetics. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:827-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Xu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xinjiong Ni
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cao
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Guangqun Cao
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; Wuxi P. R. China
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Abstract
AbstractChromatographic properties of five steroid drugs: cortisone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone and norgestrel have been studied by normal-, reversed-phase and hydrophilic neutral cyano-bonded silica stationary phase with five binary mobile phases (acetonitrile-water, acetonitrile-DMSO, acetonitrile-methanol, acetone-petroleum ether, acetone-water) in which the concentration of organic modifier was varied from 0 to 100% (v/v). This study reports the optimization of steroid hormones separation. Chromatographic retention data and possible retention mechanisms are discussed. Separation abilities of mobile and stationary phases were studied using the principal component analysis method. The best separation of methylprednisolone and prednisolone is with a chromatographic system included silica gel as stationary phase and mixture of acetonitrile and DMSO (10:90 v/v). These two anti-inflammatory drugs can be fast separated from norgestrel when CN is used as stationary phase and acetone and water (40:60 v/v) as mobile phase. The highest values of the parameter Δ(ΔG°) and alfa for cortisone and hydrocortisone was observed in case of using CN as stationary phase and water-acetonitryle (40:60 v/v) as mobile phase.
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14
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Bertocchi L, Dusi G, Ghidelli V, Hathaway T, Nassuato C, Casati A, Fidani M, Pompa G, Arioli F. Investigation on the origin of prednisolone in urine and adrenal glands of cows. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.781273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Galarini R, Saluti G, Moretti S, Giusepponi D, Dusi G. Determination of macrocyclic lactones in food and feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1068-79. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.781275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Xie W, Han C, Hou J, Wang F, Qian Y, Xi J. Simultaneous determination of multiveterinary drug residues in pork meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with solid phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2013; 35:3447-54. [PMID: 23225712 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method developed for simultaneous analysis of 54 veterinary drug residues of six families in pork meat samples, including sulfanilamide, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, macrolide antibiotics, lincosamides, and praziquantel. The pork meat sample was prepared by extraction with ACN, and clean-up on a C(18) SPE cartridge. The sample was separated on a C(8) column and eluted with ACN, methanol, and formic acid. The MS/MS detector is operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, acquiring two specific precursor-product ion transitions per target compound. The method showed excellent linearity (R(2) ≥ 0.99) and high precision (relative SD, RSD ≤ 19.8%) for all compounds. The method quantification limits of 54 veterinary drug residues were in the range of 0.3-3.0 μg/kg. Recoveries for most analytes based on matrix-matched calibration in matrices were 20.9-121.0%. This method has been successfully applied for analysis of more than 100 pork meat samples from the local market; five of the 54 drugs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in negative-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:626-665. [PMID: 22829116 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Negative-ion LC-MS analysis of drugs is applied far less frequently than positive-ion LC-MS. Data on the interpretation of negative-ion MS-MS spectra are even more scarce. Therefore, following the recent review on the class-specific fragmentation of toxicologically relevant compounds in positive-ion MS-MS, it was decided to perform a similar study in negative-ion MS-MS. To this end, a set of over 500 negative-ion MS-MS spectra was collected from three libraries applied in toxicological general unknown screening and systematic toxicological analysis. The compounds involved were classified by chemical and therapeutic class. The MS-MS spectra were manually interpreted and relevant interpretation data were searched for in the scientific literature. The emphasis in the discussion is on class-specific fragmentation, because discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. Negative-ion MS-MS fragmentation is discussed for a wide variety of toxicologically relevant compounds, including dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, barbiturates, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-diabetics, sulfonamide and betalactam antibiotics, and a number of classes of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M A Niessen
- hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332 XT Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Simultaneous determination of eight corticosteroids in bovine tissues using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 906:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dusi G, Vago G, Ghidelli V, Pellegrino RM, Galarini R. Analytical investigations about the presence of prednisolone in cow urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1221-1231. [PMID: 22972790 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 2008, the analyses carried out in the Lombardia region as part of National Residue Control Plans have evidenced unexpected frequent detection of the corticosteroid prednisolone (PRED) in cow urine samples taken to the slaughterhouse. Considering the scarce plausibility of these high frequent findings, analytical investigations were started to ascertain the real presence of this corticosteroid. The applied confirmatory method involved liquid-chromatography low-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole) as instrumental technique, and it was validated in compliance with the requirements of the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. However, recently some criticism regarding Commission Decision 2002/657/EC identification criteria has been pointed out, experimentally demonstrating false positive results (wrong identification) although these criteria have been strictly observed. Therefore, considering the serious implications (i.e. the possibility that PRED could be considered endogenous in particular animal conditions), studies were carried out to investigate the reliability of PRED identification through the change of the chromatographic conditions (mobile phases, gradient and analytical column) of the confirmatory procedure routinely applied. Further confirmation came from the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry technique (MS(2) and MS(3) experiments) to analyze incurred cow urines samples. All the obtained results confirmed definitively the real presence of this corticosteroid excluding false-positive findings in routine analysis. In addition, other experiments demonstrated that high-resolution mass spectrometers (Time of Flight and Orbitrap technologies) could be successfully applied to routine determination of steroid residues in biological fluids at very low concentrations (< 1 µg L(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Dusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, B. Ubertini, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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