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Lara S, Villanueva F, Cabañas B, Sagrario S, Aranda I, Soriano JA, Martin P. Determination of policyclic aromatic compounds, (PAH, nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH) in soot collected from a diesel engine operating with different fuels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165755. [PMID: 37499818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A qualitative and quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs and NPAHs)) present in the soluble organic fraction (SOF) of different soot samples has been carried out to determine the effect of soot-generation conditions on their composition and health effects. The soot samples were generated using a diesel engine bench powered by diesel (DS) and biodiesel (BS) fuels under different combustion conditions. To optimize the procedure, a surrogate soot (Printex-U) and a certified reference material (SRM1650b) were also tested. Different extraction methods were used to extract the PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs, and the Soxhlet technique using pyridine:acetic acid 1 % was found to be the most suitable procedure to extract the highest concentration (ng mg-1) and more types of PAHs and OPAHs from the soot. The results show that the PACs identified, and their concentrations, depend on the formation and collection conditions. The predominant compounds in all soot samples studied were fluorene (Flo), phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Pyr), 9-fluorenone (9Flo) and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10Anq). As such, the presence of these PACs in the atmosphere of urban and rural areas can mainly be attributed to the emissions from diesel vehicles. The percentage of OPAHs with respect to total PACs was highest in the soot generated from a biofuel. These oxidized compounds favor regeneration of the diesel particulate filter (DPF). The results also indicate that the carcinogenicity of the soot depends on the combustion conditions and type of fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lara
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F Villanueva
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - B Cabañas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S Sagrario
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - I Aranda
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J A Soriano
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de Excelencia Internacional en Energía y Medioambiente, Instituto de Investigación Aplicada a la Industria Aeronáutica INAIA, Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial y Aeroespacial de Toledo. Real Fábrica de Armas, Edif. Sabatini, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - P Martin
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Gope M, Masto RE, Basu A, Bhattacharyya D, Saha R, Hoque RR, Khillare PS, Balachandran S. Elucidating the distribution and sources of street dust bound PAHs in Durgapur, India: A probabilistic health risk assessment study by Monte-Carlo simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115669. [PMID: 33254680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and seasonal distribution of PAHs, source identification, and their associated carcinogenic health risk was investigated in street dust of Durgapur, India. Street dust is an important indicator to detect the quality of the environment as well as the sources of pollutants. The obtained results showed fluctuation in PAHs concentrations from 2317 ± 402 ng/g to 5491 ± 2379 ng/g along with the sampling sites. Seasonal variation revealed higher PAHs concentrations in the winter season (5401 ± 993 ng/g) with the maximum presence of 4-ring PAHs. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) exposed that the sites, seasons and site-season interactions were vividly affected by dissimilar PAHs. The PAHs source identification was investigated by principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF), diagnostic ratios, and they revealed pyrogenic, diesel, gasoline, wood and coal combustion to be the key sources of the PAHs in street dust. Obtained results from incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model exhibited the carcinogenic risk for children ranged from 2.4E-06 to 3.8E-06 while 2.1E-06 to 3.4E-06 for adults which were above the baseline value 1.0E-06. The Monte Carlo simulation model identified cumulative cancer risk of sixteen PAHs in 50th percentile were 2.8 and 1.7 times more while in 95th percentile, the values were 8.8 and 7.8 times higher than the acceptable value of 1E-06 for child and adult respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Gope
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India; National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Reginald Ebhin Masto
- Environmental Management Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), Jharkhand, 828108, India
| | - Aman Basu
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Debopriya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Saha
- National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - P S Khillare
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
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Wang J, Long J, Lei D, Gao F, An H, Zhu L. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tobacco Smoke by Ionic Liquid Enrichment and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1463234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Quality Supervision Department, Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Long
- Quality Supervision Department, Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dean Lei
- Quality Supervision Department, Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Quality Supervision Department, Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyue An
- Quality Supervision Department, Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Detection Department, Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Corporation, Chongqing, China
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Mohammad SA, Ghanemi K, Larki A. Simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through the complete dissolution of solid biological samples in sodium hydroxide/urea/thiourea aqueous solution. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1476:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tohidi F, Cai Z. GC/MS analysis of triclosan and its degradation by-products in wastewater and sludge samples from different treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11387-400. [PMID: 25810102 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based method was developed for simultaneous determination of triclosan (TCS) and its degradation products including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD), and methyl triclosan (MTCS) in wastewater and sludge samples. The method provides satisfactory detection limit, accuracy, precision and recovery especially for samples with complicated matrix such as sewage sludge. Liquid-liquid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) methods were applied for the extraction, and column chromatography was employed for the sample cleanup. Analysis was performed by GC/MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The method was successfully applied to wastewater and sludge samples from three different municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Satisfactory mean recoveries were obtained as 91(±4)-106(±7)%, 82(±3)-87(±4)%, 86(±6)-87(±8)%, and 88(±4)-105(±3)% in wastewater and 88(±5)-96(±8)%, 84(±2)-87(±3)%, 84(±7)-89(±4)%, and 88(±3)-97(±5)% in sludge samples for TCS, 2,4-DCP, 2,8-DCDD, and MTCS, respectively. TCS degradation products were detected based on the type of the wastewater and sludge treatment. 2,8-DCDD was detected in the plant utilizing UV disinfection at the mean level of 20.3(±4.8) ng/L. 2,4-DCP was identified in chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) applying chlorine disinfection at the mean level of 16.8(±4.5) ng/L). Besides, methyl triclosan (MTCS) was detected in the wastewater collected after biological treatment (10.7 ± 3.3 ng/L) as well as in sludge samples that have undergone aerobic digestion at the mean level of 129.3(±17.2) ng/g dry weight (dw).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tohidi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China,
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Helalat–Nezhad Z, Ghanemi K, Fallah–Mehrjardi M. Dissolution of biological samples in deep eutectic solvents: An approach for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons followed by liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Otake T, Itoh N, Ohata M, Hanari N. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Determination of Organic Flame Retardants in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1027898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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de la Gala Morales M, Holgado FR, Marín MRP, Blázquez LC, Gil EP. Ambient air levels and health risk assessment of benzo(a)pyrene in atmospheric particulate matter samples from low-polluted areas: application of an optimized microwave extraction and HPLC-FL methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5340-5349. [PMID: 25345924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology involving a simple and fast pretreatment of the samples by microwave-assisted extraction and concentration by N2 stream, followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection, was used for determining the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 fraction). Obtained LOD, 1.0 × 10(-3) ng/m(3), was adequate for the analysis of benzo(a)pyrene in the samples, and BaP recovery from PAH in Fine Dust (PM10-like) certified reference material was nearly quantitative (86%). The validated procedure was applied for analyzing 115 PM10 samples collected at different sampling locations in the low-polluted area of Extremadura (Southwest Spain) during a monitoring campaign carried out in 2011-2012. BaP spatial variations and seasonal variability were investigated as well as the influence of meteorological conditions and different air pollutants concentrations. A normalized protocol for health risk assessment was applied to estimate lifetime cancer risk due to BaP inhalation in the sampling areas, finding that around eight inhabitants per million people may develop lung cancer due to the exposition to BaP in atmospheric particulates emitted by the investigated sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Gala Morales
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain,
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Concha-Graña E, Piñeiro-Iglesias M, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Proposal of a procedure for the analysis of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. Talanta 2015; 134:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Guo L, Lee HK. Microwave assisted extraction combined with solvent bar microextraction for one-step solvent-minimized extraction, cleanup and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:9-15. [PMID: 23497848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a novel one-step sample preparation method that combines microwave assisted extraction and solvent bar microextraction (MAE-SBME) with analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was developed for the fast and efficient determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental soil samples. An interesting feature of the new procedure is that SBME was conducted simultaneously with MAE. Thus, the extract from the SBME could be directly and immediately analyzed by GC-MS. A separate clean up and/or preconcentration process, such as time-consuming and tedious gel permeation chromatography, solid-phase extraction, filtration, or adsorption chromatography, normally associated with conventional MAE, was not necessary. It is also notable that the procedure was environmentally benign since water was used as the extraction solvent in MAE, and only several microliters of organic solvent were used in SBME. Some factors affecting the extraction were studied and optimized. Under the most favorable conditions, the method showed good linearities (between 0.2 and 500, 0.5 and 500, 1 and 500, and 2 and 500 ng/g, depending on the analytes), low limits of detection (from 0.03 to 0.25 ng/g), and satisfactory precision (with relative standard deviations below 9.8%). The MAE-SBME procedure provides a fast and simple sample preparation approach for the processing of environmental soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Certified reference material for quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic elements in tunnel dust (NMIJ CRM 7308-a) from the National Metrology Institute of Japan. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2909-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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