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Roca LS, Adamopoulou T, Nawada SH, Schoenmakers PJ. Introduction of Octadecyl-Bonded Porous Particles in 3D-Printed Transparent Housings with Multiple Outlets. Chromatographia 2022; 85:783-793. [PMID: 35965655 PMCID: PMC9363280 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrofluidic devices for comprehensive three-dimensional spatial liquid chromatography will ultimately require a body of stationary phase with multiple in- and outlets. In the present work, 3D printing with a transparent polymer resin was used to create a simplified device that can be seen as a unit cell for an eventual three-dimensional separation system. Complete packing of the device with 5-μm C18 particles was achieved, with reasonable permeability. The packing process could be elegantly monitored from the pressure profile, which implies that optical transparency may not be required for future devices. The effluent flow was different for each of the four outlets of the device, but all flows were highly repeatable, suggesting that correction for flow-rate variations is possible. The investigation into flow patterns through the device was supported by computational-fluid-dynamics simulations. A proof-of-principle separation of four standard peptides is described, with mass-spectrometric detection for each of the four channels separately.
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Themelis T, Amini A, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Towards spatial comprehensive three-dimensional liquid chromatography: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1148:238157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Validation of Extended Statistical Overlap Theory for Application to Small Second Dimension Peak Capacity. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Passamonti M, Bremer IL, Nawada SH, Currivan SA, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Confinement of Monolithic Stationary Phases in Targeted Regions of 3D-Printed Titanium Devices Using Thermal Polymerization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2589-2596. [PMID: 31876153 PMCID: PMC7003155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have prepared thermally initiated polymeric monolithic stationary phases within discrete regions of 3D-printed titanium devices. The devices were created with controllable hot and cold regions. The monolithic stationary phases were first locally created in capillaries inserted into the channels of the titanium devices. The homogeneity of the monolith structure and the interface length were studied by scanning a capacitively coupled conductivity contactless detector (C4D) along the length of the capillary. Homogeneous monolithic structures could be obtained within a titanium device equipped with a hot and cold jacket connected to two water baths. The confinement method was optimized in capillaries. The sharpest interfaces (between monolith and empty channel) were obtained with the hot region maintained at 70 °C and the cold region at 4 or 10 °C, with the latter temperature yielding better repeatability. The optimized conditions were used to create monoliths bound directly to the walls of the titanium channels. The fabricated monoliths were successfully used to separate a mixture of four intact proteins using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Further chromatographic characterization showed a permeability (Kf) of ∼4 × 10-15 m2 and a total porosity of 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Passamonti
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ischa L. Bremer
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suhas H. Nawada
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad A. Currivan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Research in Engineering Surface Technology, Technological University Dublin, FOCAS Institute, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andrea F. G. Gargano
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Adamopoulou T, Deridder S, Bos TS, Nawada S, Desmet G, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing design and employing permeability differences to achieve flow confinement in devices for spatial multidimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460665. [PMID: 31727357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nawada SH, Aalbers T, Schoenmakers PJ. Freeze-thaw valves as a flow control mechanism in spatially complex 3D-printed fluidic devices. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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An automated and self-cleaning nano liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platform featuring an open tubular multi-hole crystal fiber solid phase extraction column and an open tubular separation column. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1518:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Davydova E, Wouters S, Deridder S, Desmet G, Eeltink S, Schoenmakers PJ. Design and evaluation of microfluidic devices for two-dimensional spatial separations. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:127-35. [PMID: 26810803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Various designs of chips for comprehensive two-dimensional spatial liquid chromatography were investigated. The performance of these chips was initially evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A bifurcating distributor with an angle of 140° between branches was implemented in order to achieve a homogeneous velocity field. The cross-sectional area of the channels of the flow distributor was fixed at 0.5 × 0.5 mm, which allows a robust micromilling technique to be used for chip manufacturing. Experiments were performed with chips featuring purposely introduced imperfections in the structure of the bifurcating flow distributor to study its capacity of overcoming potential local clogging. Split peaks were observed when 75% of one of the flow channels was obstructed, in line with the CFD predictions. The main bottlenecks for the performance of the spatial two-dimensional chips were identified, viz. sample injected in the first dimension diverging into the flow distributor and channel discretization (i.e., remixing of first-dimension separation peaks because of finite number of second-dimension channels). Solutions to the former problem were studied by applying a flow resistance in the vertical segments that formed the outlets of the flow distributor and by simulating the presence of constrictions. It was found that a flow resistance of 1.0×10(11) m(-2) reduced the amount of sample diverging into the flow distributor by a factor of 10. The presence of a constriction of 90% of the segment area and 50% of the segment length decreased the diverging flow by a factor of 5. The influence of the linear velocity was significant. Solutions to the channel discretization problem were sought by investigating different designs of spatial two-dimensional chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Davydova
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sander Deridder
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vonk RJ, Gargano AFG, Davydova E, Dekker HL, Eeltink S, de Koning LJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography with Stationary-Phase-Assisted Modulation Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Applied to Proteome Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5387-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Vonk RJ, Wouters S, Barcaru A, Vivó-Truyols G, Eeltink S, de Koning LJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Post-polymerization photografting on methacrylate-based monoliths for separation of intact proteins and protein digests with comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3817-29. [PMID: 25801383 PMCID: PMC4412387 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Post-polymerization photografting is a versatile tool to alter the surface chemistry of organic-based monoliths so as to obtain desired stationary phase properties. In this study, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid was grafted to a hydrophobic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith to create a strong cation exchange stationary phase. Both single-step and two-step photografting were addressed, and the effects of grafting conditions were assessed. An experimental design has been applied in an attempt to optimize three of the key parameters of the two-step photografting chemistry, i.e. the grafting time of the initiator, the monomer concentration and the monomer irradiation time. The photografted columns were implemented in a comprehensive two-dimensional column liquid chromatography (tLC × tLC) workflow and applied for the separation of intact proteins and peptides. A baseline separation of 11 intact proteins was obtained within 20 min by implementing a gradient across a limited RP composition window in the second dimension. tLC × tLC with UV detection was used for the separation of cytochrome c digest, bovine serum insulin digest and a digest of a complex protein mixture. A semi-quantitative estimation of the occupation of separation space, the orthogonality, of the tLC × tLC system yielded 75 %. The tLC × tLC setup was hyphenated to a high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer instrument to identify the bovine serum insulin tryptic peptides and to demonstrate the compatibility with MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Vonk
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Svec F, Lv Y. Advances and Recent Trends in the Field of Monolithic Columns for Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 87:250-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
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Yang SH, Fan H, Classon RJ, Schug KA. Restricted access media as a streamlined approach toward on-line sample preparation: Recent advancements and applications. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2922-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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Wouters B, Vanhoutte DJ, Aarnoutse P, Visser A, Stassen C, Devreese B, Kok WT, Schoenmakers PJ, Eeltink S. Visualization procedures for proteins and peptides on flat-bed monoliths and their effects on matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Vanhoutte DJ, Vivó-Truyols G, Schoenmakers PJ. Pareto-optimality study into the comparison of the separation potential of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in the column and spatial modes. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1235:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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