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Hamed MA, Wasinger V, Wang Q, Graham P, Malouf D, Bucci J, Li Y. Prostate cancer-derived extracellular vesicles metabolic biomarkers: Emerging roles for diagnosis and prognosis. J Control Release 2024; 371:126-145. [PMID: 38768661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a global health concern, ranking as the most common cancer among men in Western countries. Traditional diagnostic methods are invasive with adverse effects on patients. Due to the heterogeneous nature of PCa and their multifocality, tissue biopsies often yield false-negative results. To address these challenges, researchers are exploring innovative approaches, particularly in the realms of proteomics and metabolomics, to identify more reliable biomarkers and improve PCa diagnosis. Liquid biopsy (LB) has emerged as a promising non-invasive strategy for PCa early detection, biopsy selection, active surveillance for low-risk cases, and post-treatment and progression monitoring. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer nanovesicles released by all cell types and play an important role in intercellular communication. EVs have garnered attention as a valuable biomarker resource in LB for PCa-specific biomarkers, enhancing diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment guidance. Metabolomics provides insight into the body's metabolic response to both internal and external stimuli, offering quantitative measurements of biochemical alterations. It excels at detecting non-genetic influences, aiding in the discovery of more accurate cancer biomarkers for early detection and disease progression monitoring. This review delves into the potential of EVs as a resource for LB in PCa across various clinical applications. It also explores cancer-related metabolic biomarkers, both within and outside EVs in PCa, and summarises previous metabolomic findings in PCa diagnosis and risk assessment. Finally, the article addresses the challenges and future directions in the evolving field of EV-based metabolomic analysis, offering a comprehensive overview of its potential in advancing PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Assem Hamed
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Valerie Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Qi Wang
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St, George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
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Wang X, Xia B, Hao Z, Kang H, Liu W, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Liu J, Gou J, Dong B, Wee ATS, Liu Y, Wei D. A closed-loop catalytic nanoreactor system on a transistor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj0839. [PMID: 37729411 PMCID: PMC10511191 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Precision chemistry demands miniaturized catalytic systems for sophisticated reactions with well-defined pathways. An ideal solution is to construct a nanoreactor system functioning as a chemistry laboratory to execute a full chemical process with molecular precision. However, existing nanoscale catalytic systems fail to in situ control reaction kinetics in a closed-loop manner, lacking the precision toward ultimate reaction efficiency. We find an inter-electrochemical gating effect when operating DNA framework-constructed enzyme cascade nanoreactors on a transistor, enabling in situ closed-loop reaction monitoring and modulation electrically. Therefore, a comprehensive system is developed, encapsulating nanoreactors, analyzers, and modulators, where the gate potential modulates enzyme activity and switches cascade reaction "ON" or "OFF." Such electric field-effect property enhances catalytic efficiency of enzyme by 343.4-fold and enables sensitive sarcosine assay for prostate cancer diagnoses, with a limit of detection five orders of magnitude lower than methodologies in clinical laboratory. By coupling with solid-state electronics, this work provides a perspective to construct intelligent nano-systems for precision chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Binbin Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhuang Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hua Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qunfeng Jiang
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Global Clinical Operation, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Gou
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Baijun Dong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Andrew Thye Shen Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Sequeira-Antunes B, Ferreira HA. Urinary Biomarkers and Point-of-Care Urinalysis Devices for Early Diagnosis and Management of Disease: A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041051. [PMID: 37189669 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosensing and microfluidics technologies are transforming diagnostic medicine by accurately detecting biomolecules in biological samples. Urine is a promising biological fluid for diagnostics due to its noninvasive collection and wide range of diagnostic biomarkers. Point-of-care urinalysis, which integrates biosensing and microfluidics, has the potential to bring affordable and rapid diagnostics into the home to continuing monitoring, but challenges still remain. As such, this review aims to provide an overview of biomarkers that are or could be used to diagnose and monitor diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, the different materials and techniques for the fabrication of microfluidic structures along with the biosensing technologies often used to detect and quantify biological molecules and organisms are reviewed. Ultimately, this review discusses the current state of point-of-care urinalysis devices and highlights the potential of these technologies to improve patient outcomes. Traditional point-of-care urinalysis devices require the manual collection of urine, which may be unpleasant, cumbersome, or prone to errors. To overcome this issue, the toilet itself can be used as an alternative specimen collection and urinalysis device. This review then presents several smart toilet systems and incorporated sanitary devices for this purpose.
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Khan H, Shah MR, Barek J, Malik MI. Cancer biomarkers and their biosensors: A comprehensive review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bax C, Prudenza S, Gaspari G, Capelli L, Grizzi F, Taverna G. Drift compensation on electronic nose data for non-invasive diagnosis of prostate cancer by urine analysis. iScience 2022; 25:103622. [PMID: 35024578 PMCID: PMC8725018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic protocol for prostate cancer (KP) is affected by poor accuracy and high false-positive rate. The most promising innovative approach is based on urine analysis by electronic noses (ENs), highlighting a specific correlation between urine alteration and KP presence. Although EN could be exploited to develop non-invasive KP diagnostic tools, no study has already introduced EN into clinical practice, most probably because of drift issues that hinder EN scaling up from research objects to large-scale diagnostic devices. This study, proposing an EN for non-invasive KP detection, describes the data processing protocol applied to a urine headspace dataset acquired over 9 months, comprising 81 patients with KP and 41 controls, for compensating the drift. It proved effective in mitigating drift on 1-year-old sensors by restoring accuracy from 55% up to 80%, achieved by new sensors not subjected to drift. The model achieved, on double-blind validation, a balanced accuracy of 76.2% (CI95% 51.9–92.3). Urine odor alteration due to prostate cancer can be detected by electronic noses Sensors drift hinders electronic nose scaling up to large-scale diagnostic devices OSC mitigates drift on 1-year-old sensors, restoring accuracy from 55% up to 80%
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Prudenza
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Gaspari
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.,Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Via Gerenzano, 2, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy.,Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Metabolic Rewiring and the Characterization of Oncometabolites. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122900. [PMID: 34200553 PMCID: PMC8229816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncometabolites are produced by cancer cells and assist the cancer to proliferate and progress. Oncometabolites occur as a result of mutated enzymes in the tumor tissue or due to hypoxia. These processes result in either the abnormal buildup of a normal metabolite or the accumulation of an unusual metabolite. Definition of the metabolic changes that occur due to these processes has been accomplished using metabolomics, which mainly uses mass spectrometry platforms to define the content of small metabolites that occur in cells, tissues, organs and organisms. The four classical oncometabolites are fumarate, succinate, (2R)-hydroxyglutarate and (2S)-hydroxyglutarate, which operate by inhibiting 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzyme reactions that principally regulate gene expression and response to hypoxia. Metabolomics has also revealed several putative oncometabolites that include lactate, kynurenine, methylglyoxal, sarcosine, glycine, hypotaurine and (2R,3S)-dihydroxybutanoate. Metabolomics will continue to be critical for understanding the metabolic rewiring involving oncometabolite production that underpins many cancer phenotypes. Abstract The study of low-molecular-weight metabolites that exist in cells and organisms is known as metabolomics and is often conducted using mass spectrometry laboratory platforms. Definition of oncometabolites in the context of the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells has been accomplished through metabolomics. Oncometabolites result from mutations in cancer cell genes or from hypoxia-driven enzyme promiscuity. As a result, normal metabolites accumulate in cancer cells to unusually high concentrations or, alternatively, unusual metabolites are produced. The typical oncometabolites fumarate, succinate, (2R)-hydroxyglutarate and (2S)-hydroxyglutarate inhibit 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, such as histone demethylases and HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases, together with DNA cytosine demethylases. As a result of the cancer cell acquiring this new metabolic phenotype, major changes in gene transcription occur and the modification of the epigenetic landscape of the cell promotes proliferation and progression of cancers. Stabilization of HIF1α through inhibition of HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases by oncometabolites such as fumarate and succinate leads to a pseudohypoxic state that promotes inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Metabolomics has additionally been employed to define the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells and patient biofluids in the search for cancer biomarkers. These efforts have led to the uncovering of the putative oncometabolites sarcosine, glycine, lactate, kynurenine, methylglyoxal, hypotaurine and (2R,3S)-dihydroxybutanoate, for which further research is required.
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Ramezani Z, Safdarian M, Ghadiri AA. Metal-coded hydrogel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for preconcentration and cleanup of sarcosine: Determination in urine; coupled to on-column capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2021; 230:122309. [PMID: 33934774 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sarcosine metal-coded hydrogel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (Hydro-MeC-MMIP) has been fabricated and coupled to on-column derivatization capillary electrophoresis (CE). As a metal-coding approach, sarcosine-Cu2+-ligand (Sar-Cu2+-L) chelate complex was introduced as a template to overcome the problems associated with the fabrication of MMIP for a small molecule having limited functional groups such as sarcosine. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that methacrylamide (MA) coated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@MA) with abounded reactive double-bound on the surface has been used as a magnetic core in the one-pot synthesis of MMIPs. As prepared, Hydro-MeC-MMIP was characterized by different microscopic, spectroscopic, and thermal gravimetric methods. Hydro-MeC-MMIP was used to extract and preconcentrate sarcosine in the urine sample with no treatment and dilution. Sarcosine was quantified by on-column derivatization capillary electrophoresis equipped with a photodiode array detector. A mixture of thirteen amino acids was separated with a total run time of 12 min. Three structural analogs, including alanine, sarcosine, and glycine, were significantly resolved. Under optimal experimental conditions, the method's detection and quantification limits were 9.93 and 33.10 ng mL-1, respectively. The linear range of 50-2000 ng mL-1 and 96% recovery, along with the relative standard deviation of 6.07% (n = 6) for the target amino acid, were obtained. This method provides a simple, low-cost, fast, and efficient tool for extracting and quantifying sarcosine in the urine. The present method can address inconsistency in evaluating sarcosine as a candidate biomarker for prostate cancer with a simple CE/UV; no need for a sophisticated detection system such as a mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Safdarian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ata A Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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12-Plex UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of sarcosine in human urine using integrated principle of multiplex tags chemical isotope labeling and selective imprint enriching. Talanta 2021; 224:121788. [PMID: 33379017 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Urinary sarcosine was considered to be a potential biomarker for prostate cancer (Pca). In this work, an integrated strategy of multiplex tags chemical isotope labeling (MTCIL) combined with magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction (MDSPE), was proposed for specific extraction and high-throughput determination of sarcosine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In the past three months, we have developed 8-plex MTCIL reagents with excellent qualitative and quantitative performance. In this work, the multiplexing capacity of MTCIL reagents (MTCIL360/361/362/363/364/365/366/375/376/378/379/381) was increased 1.5-fold from 8-plex to 12-plex. MTCIL359 was prepared and used to label sarcosine standard as internal standard (IS). The structural analogue derivative (MTCIL373-sarcosine) of all targeted MTCIL-sarcosine derivatives was synthesized and used as a novel dummy template to prepare dummy magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (DMMIPs). The integration of MTCIL and DMMIPs procedures were extremely favorable to excellent chromatographic separation and efficient mass spectrometric detection. The labeling efficiency, chromatographic retention and mass spectrometry responses of MTCIL reagents were consistent for sarcosine. In a single UHPLC-MS/MS run (2.0 min), this method can simultaneously quantify sarcosine in 12-plex urine samples and achieve unbiased concentrations comparison between different urine samples. Analytical parameters including linearity (R2 0.989-0.997), detection limits (0.02 nM), precision (2.6-11.5%), accuracy (96.1-107.4%), matrix effect, labeling and extraction efficiency were carefully validated. The proposed method was successfully applied for urinary sarcosine determination of healthy male individuals and Pca patients. It was found that the sarcosine concentrations in these two groups were statistically extremely significantly different (P < 0.001). The developed method was a powerful analytical tool to substantially promote the analysis throughput and large-scale experiments about the potential biomarker research.
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de Araújo GL, de Aguiar DVA, Pereira I, da Silva LC, Chaves AAR, Vaz BG. Polypyrrole-coated needle as an electrospray emitter for ambient mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3235-3241. [PMID: 32930186 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a polymer widely used as an extraction phase due to its ability to perform intermolecular interactions with the analyte, such as acid-base, π-π, dipole-dipole, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding. In this manuscript, we report the coating of a stainless steel needle with a PPy film for analyte extraction and subsequent analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under ambient and open-air conditions. The method, named PPy-ESI-MS, was optimized for analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in synthetic urine. Seven cycles of electrodeposition of the PPy film onto the needle surface, sample at pH 8, and 40 min of extraction of analytes were determined as the best analysis conditions. The analytical performance of PPy-ESI-MS was evaluated for MDA and MDMA compounds. Analytical curves were obtained with R2 > 0.98. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were determined as 20 μg L-1 and 70 μg L-1 for MDA and as 25 μg L-1 and 80 μg L-1 for MDMA, respectively. Values of precision were below 17%, and values of accuracy below 5%. The apparent recoveries ranged between 84.5% and 111.3%. In addition, the PPy-ESI-MS method was applied for the analysis of sarcosine in synthetic urine in order to evaluate the performance of the method for another class of compounds. The calibration curve was obtained with R2 > 0.98, along with LOD and LOQ of 30 μg L-1 and 100 μg L-1, respectively. The precision and accuracy values were below 5% and 8%, respectively, and the apparent recoveries close to 100%. This work demonstrates the usefulness of combining an extraction phase with ESI-MS analysis under ambient conditions to determine different classes of small molecules in a complex sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L de Araújo
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Igor Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Lidya C da Silva
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Andrà A R Chaves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
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Lima AR, Pinto J, Barros-Silva D, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Bastos MDL, Carvalho M, Guedes Pinho P. New findings on urinary prostate cancer metabolome through combined GC-MS and 1H NMR analytical platforms. Metabolomics 2020; 16:70. [PMID: 32495062 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inherent sensitivity of metabolomics allows the detection of subtle alterations in biological pathways, making it a powerful tool to study biomarkers and the mechanisms that underlie cancer. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to characterize the urinary metabolic profile of prostate cancer (PCa) patients and cancer-free controls to obtain a holistic coverage of PCa metabolome. METHODS Two groups of samples, a training set (n = 41 PCa and n = 42 controls) and an external validation set (n = 18 PCa and n = 18 controls) were analyzed using a dual analytical platform, namely gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). RESULTS The multivariate analysis models revealed a good discrimination between cases and controls with an AUC higher than 0.8, a sensitivity ranging from 67 to 89%, a specificity ranging from 74 to 89% and an accuracy from 73 to 86%, considering the training and external validation sets. A total of 28 metabolites (15 from GC-MS and 13 from 1H NMR) accounted for the separation. These discriminant metabolites are involved in 14 biochemical pathways, indicating that PCa is highly linked to dysregulation of metabolic pathways associated with amino acids and energetic metabolism. CONCLUSION These findings confirmed the complementary information provided by GC-MS and 1H NMR, enabling a more comprehensive picture of the altered metabolites, underlying pathways and deepening the understanding of PCa development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Lima
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Pinto
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Barros-Silva
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology-Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP) Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology-Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Guedes Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Dugheri S, Mucci N, Bonari A, Marrubini G, Cappelli G, Ubiali D, Campagna M, Montalti M, Arcangeli G. Solid phase microextraction techniques used for gas chromatography: a review. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2018.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the development and adoption of greener and sustainable microextraction techniques have been proved to be an effective alternative to classical sample preparation procedures. In this review, 10 commercially available solid-phase microextraction systems are presented, with special attention to the appraisal of their analytical, bioanalytical, and environmental engineering. This review provides an overview of the challenges and achievements in the application of fully automated miniaturized sample preparation methods in analytical laboratories. Both theoretical and practical aspects of these environment-friendly preparation approaches are discussed. The application of chemometrics in method development is also discussed. We are convinced that green analytical chemistry will be really useful in the years ahead. The application of cheap, fast, automated, “clever”, and environmentally safe procedures to environmental, clinical, and food analysis will improve significantly the quality of the analytical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- 1 Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cappelli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- 3 Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- 4 Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manfredi Montalti
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Review and Comparison of Cancer Biomarker Trends in Urine as a Basis for New Diagnostic Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091244. [PMID: 31450698 PMCID: PMC6770126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide and its already large burden is projected to increase significantly in the near future with a predicted 22 million new cancer cases and 13 million cancer-related deaths occurring annually by 2030. Unfortunately, current procedures for diagnosis are characterized by low diagnostic accuracies. Given the proved correlation between cancer presence and alterations of biological fluid composition, many researchers suggested their characterization to improve cancer detection at early stages. This paper reviews the information that can be found in the scientific literature, regarding the correlation of different cancer forms with the presence of specific metabolites in human urine, in a schematic and easily interpretable form, because of the huge amount of relevant literature. The originality of this paper relies on the attempt to point out the odor properties of such metabolites, and thus to highlight the correlation between urine odor alterations and cancer presence, which is proven by recent literature suggesting the analysis of urine odor for diagnostic purposes. This investigation aims to evaluate the possibility to compare the results of studies based on different approaches to be able in the future to identify those compounds responsible for urine odor alteration.
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Pundir CS, Deswal R, Kumar P. Quantitative analysis of sarcosine with special emphasis on biosensors: a review. Biomarkers 2019; 24:415-422. [PMID: 31050554 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1615124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative determination of sarcosine is of great importance in clinical chemistry, food and fermentation industries. Elevated sarcosine levels are associated with Alzheimer, dementia, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer and sarcosinemia. This review summarizes the various methods for quantitative analysis of sarcosine with special emphasis on various strategies of biosensors and their analytical performance. The current bio sensing methods have overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods. Sarcosine biosensors work optimally at pH 7.0 to 8.0 in the linear range of 0.1 to 100 μM within 2 to 17 s and between 25 and 37 °C, within a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.008 and 500 mM. The formulated biosensors can be reused within a stability period of 3-180 days. Future research could be focused to modify existing sarcosine biosensors, leading to simple, reliable, and economical sensors ideally suited for point-of-care treatment. Clinical significance Elevated sarcosine levels are associated with prostate and colorectal cancer, Alzheimer, dementia, stomach cancer and sarcosinemia. Quantitative determination of sarcosine is of great importance in clinical chemistry as well as food and fermentation industries. Attempts made in development of sarcosine biosensors have been reviewed with their advantages and disadvantages, so that scientist and clinicians can improvise the methods of developing more potent sarcosine biosensor applicable in multitudinous fields. This is the first comprehensive review which compares the various immobilization methods, sensing principles, strategies used in biosensors and their analytical performance in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pundir
- a Department of Biochemistry , M.D. University , Rohtak , India
| | - Ritu Deswal
- b Centre for Medical Biotechnology , M.D. University , Rohtak , India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- a Department of Biochemistry , M.D. University , Rohtak , India
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For Physicians Managing Voiding Dysfunction, Improving the Detection Rate of Early Prostate Cancer and Discrimination From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, in a Molecular Biomarker Aspects. Int Neurourol J 2019; 23:5-12. [PMID: 30943689 PMCID: PMC6449661 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1836262.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common cancer diagnosed among men in the United States and the fifth most common cancer among men in Korea. Unfortunately, the early stages of CaP may have no symptoms. Thus, early detection is very important and physicians managing voiding dysfunction must have awareness about CaP. The traditional tests used for early detection of CaP are the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and digital rectal examination. However, a high PSA level is not specific for CaP. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, urinary tract infection, and urinary retention can all cause a high PSA level. Thus, no test shows sufficient accuracy to truly be useful for screening men for CaP. A prostate biopsy is the only method that yields a definitive diagnosis of CaP; however, this test is invasive and uncomfortable. Recently, new biomarkers for CaP detection have been proposed to improve the accuracy of the PSA test. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of various new biomarkers, including PSA-associated biomarkers (the prostate health index and 4Kscore), molecular biomarkers (PCA3, TMPRSS2: ERG fusion gene, and various miRNAs), and proteomics-associated biomarkers, and the ways in which they may improve the detection rate of CaP. Accordingly, this review can raise awareness about CaP to physicians managing voiding dysfunction and be a good reference for them.
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Li J, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, He G. An amperometric biosensor for the assay of sarcosine based on the cross coupled chemical and electrochemical reactions with practical applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Uhlirova D, Stankova M, Docekalova M, Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Ruzicka J, Fernandez C, Milnerowicz H, Kizek R. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Sarcosine Using SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs for Prostate Cancer Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3722. [PMID: 30467297 PMCID: PMC6320840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcosine is an amino acid that is formed by methylation of glycine and is present in trace amounts in the body. Increased sarcosine concentrations in blood plasma and urine are manifested in sarcosinemia and in some other diseases such as prostate cancer. For this purpose, sarcosine detection using the nanomedicine approach was proposed. In this study, we have prepared superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with different modified surface area. Nanoparticles (NPs) were modified by chitosan (CS), and sarcosine oxidase (SOX). SPIONs without any modification were taken as controls. Methods and Results: The obtained NPs were characterized by physicochemical methods. The size of the NPs determined by the dynamic light scattering method was as follows: SPIONs/Au/NPs (100⁻300 nm), SPIONs/Au/CS/NPs (300⁻700 nm), and SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs (600⁻1500 nm). The amount of CS deposited on the NP surface was found to be 48 mg/mL for SPIONs/Au/CS/NPs and 39 mg/mL for SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs, and repeatability varied around 10%. Pseudo-peroxidase activity of NPs was verified using sarcosine, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate. For TMB, all NPs tested evinced substantial pseudo-peroxidase activity at 650 nm. The concentration of SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs in the reaction mixture was optimized to 0⁻40 mg/mL. Trinder reaction for sarcosine detection was set up at 510 nm at an optimal reaction temperature of 37 °C and pH 8.0. The course of the reaction was linear for 150 min. The smallest amount of NPs that was able to detect sarcosine was 0.2 mg/well (200 µL of total volume) with the linear dependence y = 0.0011x - 0.0001 and the correlation coefficient r = 0.9992, relative standard deviation (RSD) 6.35%, limit of detection (LOD) 5 µM. The suggested method was further validated for artificial urine analysis (r = 0.99, RSD 21.35%, LOD 18 µM). The calculation between the detected and applied concentrations showed a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.99). NPs were tested for toxicity and no significant growth inhibition was observed in any model system (S. cerevisiae, S. aureus, E. coli). The hemolytic activity of the prepared NPs was similar to that of the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control. The reaction system was further tested on real urine specimens. Conclusion: The proposed detection system allows the analysis of sarcosine at micromolar concentrations and to monitor changes in its levels as a potential prostate cancer marker. The whole system is suitable for low-cost miniaturization and point-of-care testing technology and diagnostic systems. This system is simple, inexpensive, and convenient for screening tests and telemedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Uhlirova
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Stankova
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Docekalova
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Bozena Hosnedlova
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Ruzicka
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, UK.
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Yamkamon V, Yee PP, Yainoi S, Eiamphungporn W, Suksrichavalit T. Simultaneous determination of sarcosine and its related metabolites by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for prostate cancer diagnosis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:965-979. [PMID: 30564076 PMCID: PMC6295632 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after sarcosine was delineated as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer in 2009, a variety of analytical methods for clinical application were developed. Moreover, higher uptake of glycine in the mitochondria also played a role in cancer proliferation. A major constraint in the accurate quantification of sarcosine was the interference of the two isomers, α-alanine and β-alanine, using chromatographic separation techniques. Accordingly, we aimed to develop an analytical method for determining sarcosine and its related metabolites (α- and β-alanine, glycine and creatinine) under the same conditions by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). BSTFA + 1 % TMCS was used for silylation, and GC-MS/MS conditions were optimized for the target analytes. The unique transition ions of sarcosine, α- and β-alanine, glycine and creatinine set up in MRM acquisition were m/z 116 → 73, 190 → 147, 176 → 147, 176 → 147 and 100 → 73, respectively. This newly developed method was successfully validated to apply in clinical settings with low limits of detection (0.01 - 0.03 µg•mL-1), high correlations (R2 > 0.99), great accuracy (88 - 110 % recovery), and notable precision (RSD < 10 %). All TMS derivatives were > 80 % stable for up to 2 h after derivatization and analyzing during this period promises to achieve an accurate result. Monitoring the five-substance profile could enhance prospects for early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichanan Yamkamon
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pyone Pyone Yee
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Yainoi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Warawan Eiamphungporn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thummaruk Suksrichavalit
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Yamkamon V, Phakdee B, Yainoy S, Suksrichawalit T, Tatanandana T, Sangkum P, Eiamphungporn W. Development of sarcosine quantification in urine based on enzyme-coupled colorimetric method for prostate cancer diagnosis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:467-478. [PMID: 30034310 PMCID: PMC6046622 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for quantification of urinary sarcosine was developed. The proposed method is a specific reaction based on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation via sarcosine oxidase (SOX). The liberated H2O2 reacts with Amplex Red in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to produce the red-fluorescent oxidation product, resorufin, which can be measured spectrophotometrically (OD570). The method was performed in the 96-well microtiter plate. Reaction conditions, such as pH and reaction time were optimized. At the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.7 and 1 µM, respectively. A good linearity was revealed with a coefficient of 0.990. The assay showed no significant interference from ascorbic acid, glucose and bilirubin. In addition, it is extremely specific for sarcosine rather than other amino acids. The determination of sarcosine in human urine displayed high accuracy and good reproducibility. This method is promising to differentiate prostate cancer patients from healthy subjects according to urinary sarcosine level. Altogether, this study provides a rapid, simple and specific tool to determine urinary sarcosine which could be useful for prostate cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichanan Yamkamon
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Benjarong Phakdee
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Yainoy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thummaruk Suksrichawalit
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tararat Tatanandana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Premsant Sangkum
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Warawan Eiamphungporn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Bax C, Taverna G, Eusebio L, Sironi S, Grizzi F, Guazzoni G, Capelli L. Innovative Diagnostic Methods for Early Prostate Cancer Detection through Urine Analysis: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040123. [PMID: 29670060 PMCID: PMC5923378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death among men. It is an asymptomatic and slow growing tumour, which starts occurring in young men, but can be detected only around the age of 40–50. Although its long latency period and potential curability make prostate cancer a perfect candidate for screening programs, the current procedure lacks in specificity. Researchers are rising to the challenge of developing innovative tools able of detecting the disease during its early stage that is the most curable. In recent years, the interest in characterisation of biological fluids aimed at the identification of tumour-specific compounds has increased significantly, since cell neoplastic transformation causes metabolic alterations leading to volatile organic compounds release. In the scientific literature, different approaches have been proposed. Many studies focus on the identification of a cancer-characteristic “odour fingerprint” emanated from biological samples through the application of sensorial or senso-instrumental analyses, others suggest a chemical characterisation of biological fluids with the aim of identifying prostate cancer (PCa)-specific biomarkers. This paper focuses on the review of literary studies in the field of prostate cancer diagnosis, in order to provide an overview of innovative methods based on the analysis of urine, thereby comparing them with the traditional diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Urology, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lidia Eusebio
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Selena Sironi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Guazzoni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Urology, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Bianchi F, Riboni N, Carbognani P, Gnetti L, Dalcanale E, Ampollini L, Careri M. Solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry followed by multivariate data analysis for the identification of volatile organic compounds as possible biomarkers in lung cancer tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:329-333. [PMID: 28915496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Carbognani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, Università di Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Letizia Gnetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, Università di Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ampollini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, Università di Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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22
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Teoh ST, Lunt SY. Metabolism in cancer metastasis: bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Thing Teoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Sophia Y. Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
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23
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Pérez-Rambla C, Puchades-Carrasco L, García-Flores M, Rubio-Briones J, López-Guerrero JA, Pineda-Lucena A. Non-invasive urinary metabolomic profiling discriminates prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Metabolomics 2017; 13:52. [PMID: 28804274 PMCID: PMC5533870 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men worldwide. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level has been extensively used as a biomarker to detect PCa. However, PSA is not cancer-specific and various non-malignant conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), can cause a rise in PSA blood levels, thus leading to many false positive results. OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the potential of urinary metabolomic profiling for discriminating PCa from BPH. METHODS Urine samples from 64 PCa patients and 51 individuals diagnosed with BPH were analysed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Comparative analysis of urinary metabolomic profiles was carried out using multivariate and univariate statistical approaches. RESULTS The urine metabolomic profile of PCa patients is characterised by increased concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), glutamate and pseudouridine, and decreased concentrations of glycine, dimethylglycine, fumarate and 4-imidazole-acetate compared with individuals diagnosed with BPH. CONCLUSION PCa patients have a specific urinary metabolomic profile. The results of our study underscore the clinical potential of metabolomic profiling to uncover metabolic changes that could be useful to discriminate PCa from BPH in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pérez-Rambla
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Leonor Puchades-Carrasco
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - María García-Flores
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Rubio-Briones
- Department of Urology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Drug Discovery Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Egorova KS, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7132-7189. [PMID: 28125212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 906] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in the form of ionic liquid species. The main aim of this Review is to attract a broad audience of chemical, biological, and medical scientists to study advantages of ionic liquid pharmaceutics. Overall, the discussed data highlight the importance of the research direction defined as "Ioliomics", studies of ions in liquids in modern chemistry, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
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Biomarker Discovery in Human Prostate Cancer: an Update in Metabolomics Studies. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:357-70. [PMID: 27567960 PMCID: PMC5006818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in Western countries. Current screening techniques are based on the measurement of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examination. A decisive diagnosis of PCa is based on prostate biopsies; however, this approach can lead to false-positive and false-negative results. Therefore, it is important to discover new biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa, preferably noninvasive ones. Metabolomics is an approach that allows the analysis of the entire metabolic profile of a biological system. As neoplastic cells have a unique metabolic phenotype related to cancer development and progression, the identification of dysfunctional metabolic pathways using metabolomics can be used to discover cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we review several metabolomics studies performed in prostatic fluid, blood plasma/serum, urine, tissues and immortalized cultured cell lines with the objective of discovering alterations in the metabolic phenotype of PCa and thus discovering new biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa. Encouraging results using metabolomics have been reported for PCa, with sarcosine being one of the most promising biomarkers identified to date. However, the use of sarcosine as a PCa biomarker in the clinic remains a controversial issue within the scientific community. Beyond sarcosine, other metabolites are considered to be biomarkers for PCa, but they still need clinical validation. Despite the lack of metabolomics biomarkers reaching clinical practice, metabolomics proved to be a powerful tool in the discovery of new biomarkers for PCa detection.
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Reyes-Garcés N, Pawliszyn J. Evaluation of a multi-fiber exchange solid-phase microextraction system and its application to on-site sampling. J Sep Sci 2016; 38:3560-7. [PMID: 26311558 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, multiple solid-phase microextraction fibers could not be automatically desorbed in a single gas chromatographic sequence without manual intervention from an operator. This drawback had been a critical issue, particularly during the analysis of numerous on-site samples taken with various fiber assemblies. Recently, a Multi-Fiber Exchange system, designed to overcome this flaw found in other commercially available autosamplers, was released. In the current research, a critical evaluation of the Multi-Fiber Exchange system performance in terms of storage stability and long-term operation is presented. It was established in the course of our research that the Multi-Fiber Exchange system can operate continuously and precisely for multiple extraction/injection cycles. However, when the effect of residence time of commercial fibers on the Multi-Fiber Exchange tray was evaluated, results showed that among the evaluated fiber coatings, Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane was the only coating capable of efficient storage on the tray for up to 24 h after field sampling without suffering significant loss of analytes (≤10% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, decane, and limonene). Additionally, the system capability for high-throughput analysis was demonstrated by the unattended desorption of multiple fibers after on-site sampling of toluene, indoor air levels, in a polymer synthesis lab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Chung TC, Li CT, Kou HS, Wu HL. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Sarcosine as a Fluorescent Levofloxacin Derivative. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1310-5. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Diltemiz SE, Uslu O. A reflectometric interferometric nanosensor for sarcosine. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:55-61. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Okan Uslu
- Dept. of Chemistry; Anadolu University; Eskişehir Turkey
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29
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Rebelo TS, Pereira CM, Sales MF, Noronha JP, Costa-Rodrigues J, Silva F, Fernandes M. Sarcosine oxidase composite screen-printed electrode for sarcosine determination in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Since the complexity origin of biological samples, the research trends have been directed to the development of new miniaturized sample preparation techniques. This review provides a comprehensive survey of past and present microextraction methods followed by GC analysis for preconcentration and determination of various analytes in urine samples. These techniques have been classified in three general groups, including liquid-, solid- and membrane-based techniques. The principal of different microextraction methods that are located in each general group as well as their various extraction modes and the recent developments introduced for them has been presented. Subsequently, a comparison survey has been carried out among different microextraction techniques and finally a future perspective has been predicted based on the existing literature.
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31
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Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP, Stavrou IJ, Mavroudi MC. Chiral ionic liquids in chromatographic and electrophoretic separations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Zitka O, Heger Z, Kominkova M, Skalickova S, Krizkova S, Adam V, Kizek R. Preconcentration based on paramagnetic microparticles for the separation of sarcosine using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with coulometric detection. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:465-575. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Kominkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Skalickova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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33
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Silva C, Cavaco C, Perestrelo R, Pereira J, Câmara JS. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS) and Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) as Sample Preparation Procedures for the Metabolomic Profiling of Urine. Metabolites 2014; 4:71-97. [PMID: 24958388 PMCID: PMC4018671 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, sample preparation was unrecognized as a critical issue in the analytical methodology, thus limiting the performance that could be achieved. However, the improvement of microextraction techniques, particularly microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), completely modified this scenario by introducing unprecedented control over this process. Urine is a biological fluid that is very interesting for metabolomics studies, allowing human health and disease characterization in a minimally invasive form. In this manuscript, we will critically review the most relevant and promising works in this field, highlighting how the metabolomic profiling of urine can be an extremely valuable tool for the early diagnosis of highly prevalent diseases, such as cardiovascular, oncologic and neurodegenerative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Silva
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Carina Cavaco
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
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34
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Ho TD, Zhang C, Hantao LW, Anderson JL. Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry: fundamentals, advances, and perspectives. Anal Chem 2013; 86:262-85. [PMID: 24205989 DOI: 10.1021/ac4035554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tien D Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Chen J, Zhang J, Zhang W, Chen Z. Sensitive determination of the potential biomarker sarcosine for prostate cancer by LC-MS with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide derivatization. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:14-9. [PMID: 24293130 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine, a potential biomarker of prostate cancer, has drawn great attention in recent years. However, controversial research keeps arising about its role as a biomarker that might come from the two isomers (α-alanine and β-alanine) of sarcosine due to their same molecular weight and similar properties, which could interfere with the accurate detection of sarcosine. In this study, a simple and sensitive method was developed for the detection of sarcosine and the two isomers by LC with ion-trap MS through a novel derivatization reagent N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is usually considered as a condensation reagent, however, it was directly used as a derivatization reagent through a rearrangement side reaction in this study. The proposed method not only improved the chromatographic retention behavior of sarcosine and its two isomers, which was a benefit to their separation, but also dramatically enhanced the detection sensitivity of sarcosine, which was more favorable for real sample analysis. The factors affecting the productivity of the derivatization reaction, such as reaction time and amount of derivatization reagent, were systematically optimized. The method shows good linearity (R(2) > 0.99), sensitivity with LODs of sarcosine as low as 1 ng/mL, and repeatability with the RSD < 6.07%. The developed method was applied to the analysis of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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36
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The role of sarcosine metabolism in prostate cancer progression. Neoplasia 2013; 15:491-501. [PMID: 23633921 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling of prostate cancer (PCa) progression identified markedly elevated levels of sarcosine (N-methyl glycine) in metastatic PCa and modest but significant elevation of the metabolite in PCa urine. Here, we examine the role of key enzymes associated with sarcosine metabolism in PCa progression. Consistent with our earlier report, sarcosine levels were significantly elevated in PCa urine sediments compared to controls, with a modest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.71. In addition, the expression of sarcosine biosynthetic enzyme, glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), was elevated in PCa tissues, while sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) and pipecolic acid oxidase (PIPOX), which metabolize sarcosine, were reduced in prostate tumors. Consistent with this, GNMT promoted the oncogenic potential of prostate cells by facilitating sarcosine production, while SARDH and PIPOX reduced the oncogenic potential of prostate cells by metabolizing sarcosine. Accordingly, addition of sarcosine, but not glycine or alanine, induced invasion and intravasation in an in vivo PCa model. In contrast, GNMT knockdown or SARDH overexpression in PCa xenografts inhibited tumor growth. Taken together, these studies substantiate the role of sarcosine in PCa progression.
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Krcmova L, Solichova D, Solich P. Microplates in liquid chromatography – New solution in clinical research? – A review. Talanta 2013; 115:973-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Zitka O, Cernei N, Heger Z, Matousek M, Kopel P, Kynicky J, Masarik M, Kizek R, Adam V. Microfluidic chip coupled with modified paramagnetic particles for sarcosine isolation in urine. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2639-47. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Matousek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
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39
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Stavrou IJ, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Use of chiral amino acid ester-based ionic liquids as chiral selectors in CE. Electrophoresis 2013. [PMID: 23208781 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the applicability of a chiral ionic liquid (CIL) as the sole chiral selector in CE was investigated for the first time. In particular, five amino acid ester-based CILs were synthesized and used as additives in the BGE in order to evaluate their chiral recognition ability. The performance of these CILs as the sole chiral selectors was evaluated by using 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2-diylhydrogenphosphate (BNP) as the analyte and by comparing the resolution values. Different parameters were examined, such as the alkyl group bulkiness and the configuration of the cation, the anion type of the CIL and its concentration, and the pH of the BGE, in order to optimize the separation of the enantiomers and to demonstrate the effect that each parameter has on the chiral-recognition ability of the CIL. Baseline separation of BNP within 13 min was achieved by using a BGE of 100 mM Tris/10 mM sodium tetraboratedecahydrate (pH 8) and a chiral selector of 60 mM l-alanine tert butyl ester lactate. The run-to-run and batch-to-batch reproducibilities were also evaluated by computing the %RSD values of the EOF and the two enantiomer peaks. In both cases, very good reproducibilities were observed, since all %RSD values were below 1%.
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40
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Sarcosine as a potential prostate cancer biomarker--a review. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13893-908. [PMID: 23880848 PMCID: PMC3742224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common type of tumour disease in men. Early diagnosis of cancer of the prostate is very important, because the sooner the cancer is detected, the better it is treated. According to that fact, there is great interest in the finding of new markers including amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used and is the most important biomarker of CaP. This marker can only be detected in blood and its sensitivity is approximately 80%. Moreover, early stages cannot be diagnosed using this protein. Currently, there does not exist a test for diagnosis of early stages of prostate cancer. This fact motivates us to find markers sensitive to the early stages of CaP, which are easily detected in body fluids including urine. A potential is therefore attributed to the non-protein amino acid sarcosine, which is generated by glycine-N-methyltransferase in its biochemical cycle. In this review, we summarize analytical methods for quantification of sarcosine as a CaP marker. Moreover, pathways of the connection of synthesis of sarcosine and CaP development are discussed.
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41
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Quantification of candidate prostate cancer metabolite biomarkers in urine using dispersive derivatization liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Bioanalytical separation and preconcentration using ionic liquids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7597-613. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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43
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Determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetic products by headspace solid phase microextraction using a novel aluminum hydroxide grafted fused silica fiber followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2013; 105:347-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Tong S, Zhou X, Zhou C, Li Y, Li W, Zhou W, Jia Q. A strategy to decorate porous polymer monoliths with graphene oxide and graphene nanosheets. Analyst 2013; 138:1549-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36608h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Spietelun A, Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1667-85. [PMID: 23273266 DOI: 10.1021/cr300148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Spietelun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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46
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Monitoring potential prostate cancer biomarkers in urine by capillary electrophoresis–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Bojko B, Cudjoe E, Gómez-Ríos GA, Gorynski K, Jiang R, Reyes-Garcés N, Risticevic S, Silva ÉA, Togunde O, Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J. SPME – Quo vadis? Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:132-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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48
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Reyes-Contreras C, Domínguez C, Bayona JM. Determination of nitrosamines and caffeine metabolites in wastewaters using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ionic liquid stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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49
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Ragonese C, Sciarrone D, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Use of ionic liquids as stationary phases in hyphenated gas chromatography techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:130-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Exclusive recognition of sarcosine in water and urine by a cavitand-functionalized silicon surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2263-8. [PMID: 22308349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112264109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A supramolecular approach for the specific detection of sarcosine, recently linked to the occurrence of aggressive prostate cancer forms, has been developed. A hybrid active surface was prepared by the covalent anchoring on Si substrates of a tetraphosphonate cavitand as supramolecular receptor and it was proven able to recognize sarcosine from its nonmethylated precursor, glycine, in water and urine. The entire complexation process has been investigated in the solid state, in solution, and at the solid-liquid interface to determine and weight all the factors responsible of the observed specificity. The final outcome is a Si-based active surface capable of binding exclusively sarcosine. The complete selectivity of the cavitand-decorated surface under these stringent conditions represents a critical step forward in the use of these materials for the specific detection of sarcosine and related metabolites in biological fluids.
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