Poly (acrylic acid) microchannel modification for the enhanced resolution of catecholamines microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

Conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for neurotransmitters: A review

Neurotransmitters are important biochemical molecules that control behavioral and physiological functions in central and peripheral nervous system. Therefore, the analysis of neurotransmitters in biological samples has a great clinical and pharmaceutical importance. To date, various methods have been developed for their assay. Of the various methods, the electrochemical sensors demonstrated the potential of being robust, selective, sensitive, and real time measurements. Recently, conducting polymers (CPs) and their composites have been widely employed in the fabrication of various electrochemical sensors for the determination of neurotransmitters. Hence, this review presents a brief introduction to the electrochemical biosensors, with the detailed discussion on recent trends in the development and applications of electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors based on CPs and their composites. The review covers the sensing principle of prime neurotransmitters, including glutamate, aspartate, tyrosine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, choline, acetylcholine, nitrogen monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, the combination with other analytical techniques was also highlighted. Detection challenges and future prospective of the neurotransmitter sensors were discussed for the development of biomedical and healthcare applications.

An overview of the use of microchips in electrophoretic separation techniques: fabrication, separation modes, sample preparation opportunities, and on-chip detection

This chapter is intended as a basic introduction to microchip-based capillary electrophoresis to set the scene for newcomers and give pointers to reference material. An outline of some commonly used setups and key concepts is given, many of which are explored in greater depth in later chapters.

Present state of microchip electrophoresis: state of the art and routine applications

Microchip electrophoresis (MCE) was one of the earliest applications of the micro-total analysis system (μ-TAS) concept, whose aim is to reduce analysis time and reagent and sample consumption while increasing throughput and portability by miniaturizing analytical laboratory procedures onto a microfluidic chip. More than two decades on, electrophoresis remains the most common separation technique used in microfluidic applications. MCE-based instruments have had some commercial success and have found application in many disciplines. This review will consider the present state of MCE including recent advances in technology and both novel and routine applications in the laboratory. We will also attempt to assess the impact of MCE in the scientific community and its prospects for the future.

Microelectrode arrays with overlapped diffusion layers as electroanalytical detectors: theory and basic applications

This contribution contains a survey of basic literature dealing with arrays of microelectrodes with overlapping diffusion layers as prospective tools in contemporary electrochemistry. Photolithographic thin layer technology allows the fabrication of sensors of micrometric dimensions separated with a very small gap. This fact allows the diffusion layers of single microelectrodes to overlap as members of the array. Various basic types of microelectrode arrays with interacting diffusion layers are described and their analytical abilities are accented. Theoretical approaches to diffusion layer overlapping and the consequences of close constitution effects such as collection efficiency and redox cycling are discussed. Examples of basis applications in electroanalytical chemistry such as amperometric detectors in HPLC and substitutional stripping voltammetry are also given.