1
|
Analytical Pyrolysis and Mass Spectrometry to Characterise Lignin in Archaeological Wood. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the capability of analytical pyrolysis-based techniques to provide data on lignin composition and on the chemical alteration undergone by lignin in archaeological wooden objects. Applications of Direct Exposure Mass Spectrometry (DE-MS), Evolved Gas Analysis Mass Spectrometry (EGA-MS), and single and double-shot Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) in archaeological lignin characterisation are described. With comparison to cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin is generally less prone to most degradation processes affecting archaeological artefacts in burial environments, especially waterlogged ones, which are the most favourable for wood preservation. Nevertheless, lignin also undergoes significant chemical changes. As wood from waterlogged environments is mainly composed of lignin, knowledge of its chemical structure and degradation pathways is fundamental for choosing preventive conservation conditions and for optimising consolidation methods and materials, which directly interact with the residual lignin. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry, used in several complementary operational modes, can gather information regarding the chemical modifications and the state of preservation of lignin, especially concerning oxidation and depolymerisation phenomena. Several applications to the analysis of wood from archaeological artefacts affected by different conservation problems are presented to showcase the potential of analytical pyrolysis in various scenarios that can be encountered when investigating archaeological waterlogged wood.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nasa JL, Biale G, Ferriani B, Trevisan R, Colombini MP, Modugno F. Plastics in Heritage Science: Analytical Pyrolysis Techniques Applied to Objects of Design. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071705. [PMID: 32276409 PMCID: PMC7180901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The first synthetic polymers were introduced as constituents of everyday life, design objects, and artworks at the end of the 19th century. Since then, the history of design has been strictly connected with the 20th century evolution of plastic materials. Objects of design from the 20th century are today a precious part of the cultural heritage. They raise specific conservation issues due to the degradation processes affecting synthetic polymer-based plastics. Museums and collections dealing with the conservation of design objects and modern materials need to base their conservation strategies on compositional data that reveal the formulations of historical plastics and their decay processes. Specific and specifically optimized analytical tools are thus needed. We employed flash analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and evolved gas analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) to characterize “historic polymeric materials” (HIPOMS) and heritage plastics at the molecular level with high chemical detail. This approach complements non-invasive spectroscopic diagnosis whenever it fails to obtain significant or complete information on the nature and the state of preservation of the materials under study. We determined the composition of several 20th century design objects (1954–1994) from the Triennale Design Museum of Milan (Triennale Milano - Museo del Design Italiano), which for different morphological, chemical, or physical reasons were unsuitable for characterization by non-invasive spectroscopy. EGA-MS proved capable for the study of the different fractions constituting heterogeneous micro-samples and for gaining an insight into their degradation processes from the contextual interpretation of thermal and mass-spectrometric data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Greta Biale
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
| | | | - Rafaela Trevisan
- Conservation Laboratory at Triennale Milano, Museo del Design Italiano, 20121 Milano, Italy;
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2219303
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Anwendung der analytischen Pyrolyse zur Untersuchung organischer Materialien in Kulturgütern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Łucejko JJ, La Nasa J, McQueen CM, Braovac S, Colombini MP, Modugno F. Protective effect of linseed oil varnish on archaeological wood treated with alum. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Ceccarini A, Corti A, Erba F, Modugno F, La Nasa J, Bianchi S, Castelvetro V. The Hidden Microplastics: New Insights and Figures from the Thorough Separation and Characterization of Microplastics and of Their Degradation Byproducts in Coastal Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5634-5643. [PMID: 29681150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution by plastic debris directly dispersed in or eventually reaching marine habitats is raising increasing concern not only for the vulnerability of marine species to ingestion and entanglement by macroscopic debris, but also for the potential hazards from smaller fragments down to a few micrometer size, often referred to as "microplastics". A novel procedure for the selective quantitative and qualitative determination of organic solvent soluble microplastics and microplastics degradation products (<2 mm) in shoreline sediments was adopted to evaluate their concentration and distribution over the different sectors of a Tuscany (Italy) beach. Solvent extraction followed by gravimetric determination and chemical characterization by FT-IR, Pyrolysis-GC-MS, GPC and 1H NMR analyses showed the presence of up to 30 mg microplastics in 1 kg sand, a figure corresponding to about 5.5 g of generally undetected and largely underestimated microplastics in the upper 10 cm layer of a square meter of sandy beach ! The extracted microplastic material was essentially polystyrene and polyolefin byproducts from oxidative degradation and erosion of larger fragments, with accumulation mainly above the storm berm. Chain scission and oxidation processes cause significant variations in the physical and chemical features of microplastics, promoting their adsorption onto sand particles and thus their persistence in the sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ceccarini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry , University of Pisa , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Andrea Corti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry , University of Pisa , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesca Erba
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry , University of Pisa , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry , University of Pisa , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry , University of Pisa , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Sabrina Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry , University of Pisa , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Valter Castelvetro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry , University of Pisa , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Recent Advances in Analytical Pyrolysis to Investigate Organic Materials in Heritage Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Łucejko JJ, Mattonai M, Zborowska M, Tamburini D, Cofta G, Cantisani E, Kúdela J, Cartwright C, Colombini MP, Ribechini E, Modugno F. Deterioration effects of wet environments and brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana on pine wood in the archaeological site of Biskupin (Poland). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
A critical evaluation of the degradation state of dry archaeological wood from Egypt by SEM, ATR-FTIR, wet chemical analysis and Py(HMDS)-GC-MS. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Chemical characterisation of the whole plant cell wall of archaeological wood: an integrated approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4233-4245. [PMID: 28484806 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Wood artefacts undergo complex alteration and degradation during ageing, and gaining information on the chemical composition of wood in archaeological artefacts is fundamental to plan conservation strategies. In this work, an integrated analytical approach based on innovative NMR spectroscopy procedures, gel permeation chromatography and analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) was applied for the first time on archaeological wood from the Oseberg collection (Norway), in order to evaluate the chemical state of preservation of the wood components, without separating them. We adopted ionic liquids (ILs) as non-derivatising solvents, thus obtaining an efficient dissolution of the wood, allowing us to overcome the difficulty of dissolving wood in its native form in conventional molecular solvents. Highly substituted lignocellulosic esters were therefore obtained under mild conditions by reacting the solubilised wood with either acetyl chloride or benzoyl chloride. A phosphytilation reaction was also performed using 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan. As a result, the functionalised wood developed an enhanced solubility in molecular solvents, thus enabling information about modifications of lignin, depolymerisation of cellulose and structure of lignin-carbohydrate complexes to be obtained by means of spectroscopic (2D-HSQC-NMR and 31P-NMR) and chromatographic (gel permeation chromatography) techniques. Py-GC-MS was used to investigate the degradation undergone by the lignocellulosic components on the basis of their pyrolysis products, without any pre-treatment of the samples. The application of all these combined techniques enabled a comprehensive characterisation of the whole cell wall of archaeological wood and the evaluation of its state of preservation. High depletion of carbohydrates and high extent of lignin oxidation were highlighted in the alum-treated objects, whereas a good preservation state was found for the untreated wood of the Oseberg ship. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Analytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:6. [PMID: 27572989 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-015-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after appropriate wet chemical sample pre-treatments or pyrolysis, is one of the most commonly adopted analytical techniques in the study of organic materials from cultural heritage objects. Organic materials in archaeological contexts, in classical art objects, or in modern and contemporary works of art may be the same or belong to the same classes, but can also vary considerably, often presenting different ageing pathways and chemical environments. This paper provides an overview of the literature published in the last 10 years on the research based on the use of GC/MS for the analysis of organic materials in artworks and archaeological objects. The latest progresses in advancing analytical approaches, characterising materials and understanding their degradation, and developing methods for monitoring their stability are discussed. Case studies from the literature are presented to examine how the choice of the working conditions and the analytical approaches is driven by the analytical and technical question to be answered, as well as the nature of the object from which the samples are collected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chemical analyses of extremely degraded wood using analytical pyrolysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
Tamburini D, Łucejko JJ, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Snapshots of lignin oxidation and depolymerization in archaeological wood: an EGA-MS study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1103-1113. [PMID: 26456777 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) was used for the first time to study archaeological wood, in order to investigate its chemical degradation. The archaeological wood was from an oak pile from a stilt house found in the Neolithic 'La Marmotta' village (Lake Bracciano, Rome, Italy). The sampling was performed from the external to the internal part of the pile, following the annual growth rings in groups of five. In addition, sound oak wood and isolated wood components (holocellulose and cellulose) were also analyzed, and the results were used to highlight differences because of degradation. Our study demonstrated that EGA-MS provides information on the thermo-chemistry of archaeological wood along with in-depth compositional data thanks to the use of MS. Our investigations not only highlighted wood degradation in terms of differences between carbohydrates and lignin content, but also showed that lignin oxidation and depolymerization took place in the archaeological wood. Mass spectral data revealed differences among the archaeological samples from the internal to the external part of the pile. An increase in the formation of wood pyrolysis products bearing a carbonyl group at the benzylic position and a decrease in the amount of lignin dimers were observed. These were related to oxidation and depolymerization reactions, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tamburini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Jeannette Jacqueline Łucejko
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (ICVBC), National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (ICVBC), National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Popescu CM, Demco DE, Möller M. Assessment of historic Tilia codrata wood by solid-state 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|