1
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Wyss KM, Llivina GC, Calderón AI. Biochemometrics and Required Tools in Botanical Natural Products Research: A Review. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22:290-306. [DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666190704094003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review serves to highlight the role of chemometrics and biochemometrics in recent
literature as well as including a perspective on the current state of the field, as well as the future needs and
possible directions. Specifically examining the analytical methods and statistical tools that are available to
chemists, current applications of QTOF-MS, Orbitrap-MS, LC with PDA/UV detectors, NMR, and IMS
coupled MS are detailed. Of specific interest, these techniques can be applied to botanical dietary
supplement quality, efficacy, and safety. Application in natural products drug discovery, industrial quality
control, experimental design, and more are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Wyss
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Graham C. Llivina
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Angela I. Calderón
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
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2
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Pettit ME, Brantley MR, Donnarumma F, Murray KK, Solouki T. Broadband ion mobility deconvolution for rapid analysis of complex mixtures. Analyst 2018; 143:2574-2586. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00193f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Broadband IM-MS deconvolution allows generation of IM and MS data for species that are UPLC-IM-MS unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Baylor University
- Waco
- USA
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3
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Chalet C, Hollebrands B, Janssen HG, Augustijns P, Duchateau G. Identification of phase-II metabolites of flavonoids by liquid chromatography–ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:471-482. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Borovcová L, Hermannová M, Pauk V, Šimek M, Havlíček V, Lemr K. Simple area determination of strongly overlapping ion mobility peaks. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 981:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Kachlicki P, Piasecka A, Stobiecki M, Marczak Ł. Structural Characterization of Flavonoid Glycoconjugates and Their Derivatives with Mass Spectrometric Techniques. Molecules 2016; 21:E1494. [PMID: 27834838 PMCID: PMC6273528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is currently one of the most versatile and sensitive instrumental methods applied to structural characterization of plant secondary metabolite mixtures isolated from biological material including flavonoid glycoconjugates. Resolution of the applied mass spectrometers plays an important role in structural studies of mixtures of the target compounds isolated from biological material. High-resolution analyzers allow obtaining information about elemental composition of the analyzed compounds. Application of various mass spectrometric techniques, including different systems of ionization, analysis of both positive and negative ions of flavonoids, fragmentation of the protonated/deprotonated molecules and in some cases addition of metal ions to the studied compounds before ionization and fragmentation, may improve structural characterization of natural products. In our review we present different strategies allowing structural characterization of positional isomers and isobaric compounds existing in class of flavonoid glycoconjugates and their derivatives, which are synthetized in plants and are important components of the human food and drugs as well as animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kachlicki
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Piasecka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maciej Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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6
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Harper B, Neumann EK, Stow SM, May JC, McLean JA, Solouki T. Determination of ion mobility collision cross sections for unresolved isomeric mixtures using tandem mass spectrometry and chemometric deconvolution. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939:64-72. [PMID: 27639144 PMCID: PMC5744691 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility (IM) is an important analytical technique for determining ion collision cross section (CCS) values in the gas-phase and gaining insight into molecular structures and conformations. However, limited instrument resolving powers for IM may restrict adequate characterization of conformationally similar ions, such as structural isomers, and reduce the accuracy of IM-based CCS calculations. Recently, we introduced an automated technique for extracting "pure" IM and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra of IM overlapping species using chemometric deconvolution of post-IM/CID mass spectrometry (MS) data [J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 2014, 25, 1810-1819]. Here we extend those capabilities to demonstrate how extracted IM profiles can be used to calculate accurate CCS values of peptide isomer ions which are not fully resolved by IM. We show that CCS values obtained from deconvoluted IM spectra match with CCS values measured from the individually analyzed corresponding peptides on uniform field IM instrumentation. We introduce an approach that utilizes experimentally determined IM arrival time (AT) "shift factors" to compensate for ion acceleration variations during post-IM/CID and significantly improve the accuracy of the calculated CCS values. Also, we discuss details of this IM deconvolution approach and compare empirical CCS values from traveling wave (TW)IM-MS and drift tube (DT)IM-MS with theoretically calculated CCS values using the projected superposition approximation (PSA). For example, experimentally measured deconvoluted TWIM-MS mean CCS values for doubly-protonated RYGGFM, RMFGYG, MFRYGG, and FRMYGG peptide isomers were 288.8 Å(2), 295.1 Å(2), 296.8 Å(2), and 300.1 Å(2); all four of these CCS values were within 1.5% of independently measured DTIM-MS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Harper
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Neumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sarah M Stow
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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7
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Brantley MR, Pettit ME, Harper B, Brown B, Solouki T. Automated peak width measurements for targeted analysis of ion mobility unresolved species. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:49-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Wang L, Liu S, Zhang X, Xing J, Liu Z, Song F. A strategy for identification and structural characterization of compounds from Gardenia jasminoides by integrating macroporous resin column chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with ion-mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1452:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Zhang H, Zheng D, Li HH, Wang H, Tan HS, Xu HX. Diagnostic filtering to screen polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Garcinia oblongifolia by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 912:85-96. [PMID: 26920776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel multistage MS approach, insource collision-induced dissociation (CID) combined with Time Aligned Parallel (TAP) fragmentation, was established to study the fragmentation behavior of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), which could provide a more reliable fragmentation relationship between precursor and daughter ions. The diagnostic ions for different subtypes of PPAPs and their fragmentation behaviors have been summarized. Moreover, a new and reliable multidimensional analytical workflow that combines ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), data-independent mass spectrometry (MS(E)), and tandem MS with ion mobility (IM) has been optimized and established for the analysis of PPAPs in the plant Garcinia oblongifolia by diagnostic filtering. Diagnostic fragment ions were used to selectively screen PPAPs from extracts, whereas IM coupled to MS was used to maximize the peak capacity. Under the optimized UHPLC-IM-MS(E) and UHPLC-IM-MS/MS method, 140 PPAPs were detected from the crude extract of G. oblongifolia, and 10 of them were unambiguously identified by comparing them to the reference compounds. Among those PPAPs, 7 pairs of coeluting isobaric PPAPs that were indistinguishable by conventional UHPLC-HRMS alone, were further resolved using UHPLC-IM-MS. It is anticipated that the proposed method will be extended to the rapid screening and characterization of the other targeted or untargeted compounds, especially these coeluting isomers in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hao-Hao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Solution Center, Waters Technologies Ltd. (Shanghai), Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hong-Sheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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10
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de Villiers A, Venter P, Pasch H. Recent advances and trends in the liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1430:16-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Chen C, Yao T, Tu S, Xu W, Han Y, Zhou P. In situ microscopic studies on the structures and phase behaviors of SF/PEG films using solid-state NMR and Raman imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16353-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03314h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SF was incompatible with PEG in some extent, and the phase separation took place in their blend film. The conformation of SF in the interface between SF and PEG was changed to the β-sheet, while that in the protein-rich domain remained in the random coil and/or helix conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Sidong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Weijie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
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12
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Wang L, Zhu X, Lou X, Zheng F, Feng Y, Liu W, Feng F, Xie N. Systematic characterization and simultaneous quantification of the multiple components of Rhododendron dauricum based on high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3161-3169. [PMID: 26154189 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rhododendron dauricum L. has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat cough and asthma and relieve phlegm and bronchitis. In this study, a reliable method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was established to systematically identify and quantify the components in this herb for the first time. A total of 33 compounds were identified, including 24 flavonoids, six phenolic acids, two coumarins and one terpene. Among them, poriolin (17), farrerol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (20), and syzalterin (30) were isolated from this plant for the first time, and quercetin-3-β-d-(6-p-hydroxy benzoyl) galactoside (19), quercetin-3-β-d-(6-p-coumaroyl) galactoside (21), and myrciacetin (23) were identified from this genus for the first time. Fragmentation pathways of flavonoids also have been investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Moreover, seven bioactive constituents, namely, gallic acid (1), scopoletin (6), dihydroquercetin (7), quercetin (22), kaempferol (25), 8-desmethyl farrerol (27), and farrerol (28), were simultaneously quantified. The developed method has been validated and applied to analyze ten samples of R. dauricum from Hebei Province successfully. The contents of the seven compounds have been detected and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinwei Lou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Feng
- International Department of Jinling High School, Hexi Campus, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Corporation, Ganzhou, China
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13
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Applications of ion-mobility mass spectrometry for lipid analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4995-5007. [PMID: 25893801 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The high chemical complexity of the lipidome is one of the major challenges in lipidomics research. Ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), a gas-phase electrophoretic technique, makes possible the separation of ions in the gas phase according to their charge, shape, and size. IMS can be combined with mass spectrometry (MS), adding three major benefits to traditional lipidomic approaches. First, IMS-MS allows the determination of the collision cross section (CCS), a physicochemical measure related to the conformational structure of lipid ions. The CCS is used to improve the confidence of lipid identification. Second, IMS-MS provides a new set of hybrid fragmentation experiments. These experiments, which combine collision-induced dissociation with ion-mobility separation, improve the specificity of MS/MS-based approaches. Third, IMS-MS improves the peak capacity and signal-to-noise ratio of traditional analytical approaches. In doing so, it allows the separation of complex lipid extracts from interfering isobaric species. Developing in parallel with advances in instrumentation, informatics solutions enable analysts to process and exploit IMS-MS data for qualitative and quantitative applications. Here we review the current approaches for lipidomics research based on IMS-MS, including liquid chromatography-MS and direct-MS analyses of "shotgun" lipidomics and MS imaging.
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14
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Pacini T, Fu W, Gudmundsson S, Chiaravalle AE, Brynjolfson S, Palsson BO, Astarita G, Paglia G. Multidimensional analytical approach based on UHPLC-UV-ion mobility-MS for the screening of natural pigments. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2593-9. [PMID: 25647265 DOI: 10.1021/ac504707n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we propose a novel strategy that combines a typical ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), data-independent mass spectrometry (MS(E)) workflow with traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM) and UV detection, to improve the characterization of carotenoids and chlorophylls in complex biological matrices. UV detection selectively highlighted pigments absorbing at specific wavelengths, while TWIM coupled to MS was used to maximize the peak capacity. We applied this approach for the analysis of pigments in different microalgae samples, including Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Using UHPLC-UV-MS(E) information (retention time, absorbance at 450 nm, and accurate masses of precursors and product ions), we tentatively identified 26 different pigments (carotenes, chlorophylls, and xanthophylls). By adding TWIM information (collision cross sections), we further resolved 5 isobaric pigments, not resolved by UHPLC-UV-MS(E) alone. The characterization of the molecular phenotypes allowed us to differentiate the microalgae species. Our results demonstrate that a combination of TWIM and UV detection with traditional analytical approaches increases the selectivity and specificity of analysis, providing a new tool to characterize pigments in biological samples. We anticipate that such an analytical approach will be extended to other lipidomics and metabolomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pacini
- Center For Systems Biology, University of Iceland , Reykjavik, Iceland
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C. May
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical
Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research
and Education , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - John A. McLean
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical
Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research
and Education , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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16
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Pettit ME, Harper B, Brantley MR, Solouki T. Collision-energy resolved ion mobility characterization of isomeric mixtures. Analyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Existing instrumental resolving power limitations in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) often restrict adequate characterization of unresolved or co-eluting chemical isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett Harper
- Institute of Biomedical Studies
- Baylor University
- Waco
- USA
| | | | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Baylor University
- Waco
- USA
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17
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Gonzales GB, Raes K, Coelus S, Struijs K, Smagghe G, Van Camp J. Ultra(high)-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight-ion mobility-high definition mass spectrometry for the rapid identification and structural characterization of flavonoid glycosides from cauliflower waste. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1323:39-48. [PMID: 24280615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a strategy for the detection and structural elucidation of flavonoid glycosides from a complex matrix in a single chromatographic run using U(H)PLC-ESI-IMS-HDMS/MS(E) is presented. This system operates using alternative low and high energy voltages that is able to perform the task of conventional MS/MS in a data-independent way without re-injection of the sample, which saves analytical time. Also, ion mobility separation (IMS) was employed as an additional separation technique for compounds that are co-eluting after U(H)PLC separation. First, the fragmentation of flavonoid standards were analyzed and criteria was set for structural elucidation of flavonoids in a plant extract. Based on retention times, UV spectra, exact mass, and MS fragment characteristics, such as abundances of daughter ions and the presence of radical ions ([Y0-H](-)), a total 19 flavonoid glycosides, of which 8 non-acylated and 11 acylated, were detected and structurally characterized in a cauliflower waste extract. Kaempferol and quercetin were the main aglycones detected while sinapic and ferulic acid were the main phenolic acids. C-glycosides were also found although their structure could not be elucidated. The proposed method can be used as a rapid screening test for flavonoid identification and for routine analysis of plant extracts, such as these derived from cauliflower waste. The study also confirms that agroindustrial wastes, such as cauliflower leaves, could be seen as a valuable source of different bioactive phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology, University College West Flanders, Kortrijk, Belgium; Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology, University College West Flanders, Kortrijk, Belgium; Department of Industrial Biological Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Sofie Coelus
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Karin Struijs
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
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