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Langer T, Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Schweizer-Grundisch C, Rudaz S, Grabherr S, Kuuranne T, Musenga A. A novel ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of urinary endogenous steroids in the anti-doping context. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465224. [PMID: 39191183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The first step in the detection of testosterone (T) doping is to measure the urinary steroid profile for the athlete biological passport (ABP). To harmonise the analysis between anti-doping laboratories, urinary steroid profiling is parametrised in deep detail and shall be performed by gas chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, due to its requirement for extensive sample preparation, alternatives to GC-MS are being actively pursued. The aim of this study was the evaluation of Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography hyphenated to tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) as an alternative for the quantification of endogenous urinary steroids. In this context, we developed a high throughput sample extraction method, followed by a novel UHPSFC-MS/MS method for the analysis of 10 endogenous urinary steroids which are relevant for doping control analysis. Depending on the steroid, the herein presented method is capable of quantification from 0.5 ng/mL up to 10 µg/mL. After validation, the applicability of the method was evaluated by analysing 132 authentic urine samples, which demonstrated results similar to classical GC-MS analysis. Steroid concentrations determined by UHPSFC-MS/MS were slightly overestimated in comparison with GC-MS, but the ratios had <10 % difference between the two methods. As the ABP considers the steroid ratios for passport evaluation, the herein presented method could be used for steroid profiling without reducing the sensitivity of the ABP. Thus, we would propose to consider UHPSFC-MS/MS as an alternative to GC-MS after more tests would have been performed to support our findings. Furthermore, we have also investigated the potential of this technology for sample purification prior to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) for the differentiation between exogenous and endogenous origin of T and its metabolites. While the achieved separation was sufficient to purify urine samples for IRMS analysis in our proof-of-concept study, the instrumental parameters should be further refined for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langer
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Carine Schweizer-Grundisch
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Musenga
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Visconti G, de Figueiredo M, Strassel O, Boccard J, Vuilleumier N, Jaques D, Ponte B, Rudaz S. Multitargeted Internal Calibration for the Quantification of Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Endogenous Metabolites Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13546-13554. [PMID: 37655548 PMCID: PMC10500547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantitative analysis in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) benefits from calibration curves generated in the same matrix as the study sample. In the case of endogenous compound quantification, as no blank matrix exists, the multitargeted internal calibration (MTIC) is an attractive and straightforward approach to avoid the need for extensive matrix similarity evaluation. Its principle is to take advantage of stable isotope labeled (SIL) standards as internal calibrants to simultaneously quantify authentic analytes using a within sample calibration. An MTIC workflow was developed for the simultaneous quantification of metabolites related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) using a volumetric microsampling device to collect 20 μL of serum or plasma, followed by a single-step extraction with acetonitrile/water and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Since a single concentration of internal calibrant is necessary to calculate the study sample concentration, the instrument response function was investigated to determine the best SIL concentration. After validation, the trueness of 16 endogenous analytes in authentic human serum ranged from 72.2 to 116.0%, the repeatability from 1.9 to 11.3%, and the intermediate precision ranged overall from 2.1 to 15.4%. The proposed approach was applied to plasma samples collected from healthy control participants and two patient groups diagnosed with CKD. Results confirmed substantial concentration differences between groups for several analytes, including indoxyl sulfate and cortisone, as well as metabolite enrichment in the kynurenine and indole pathways. Multitargeted methodologies represent a major step toward rapid and straightforward LC-MS/MS absolute quantification of endogenous biomarkers, which could change the paradigm of MS use in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Visconti
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, CMU −
Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU − Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Miguel de Figueiredo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, CMU −
Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU − Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Oriane Strassel
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, CMU −
Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU − Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, CMU −
Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU − Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Department
of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva
University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Jaques
- Service
of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospitals
(HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Belén Ponte
- Service
of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospitals
(HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, CMU −
Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU − Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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3
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Visconti G, Boccard J, Feinberg M, Rudaz S. From fundamentals in calibration to modern methodologies: A tutorial for small molecules quantification in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry bioanalysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1240:340711. [PMID: 36641149 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, liquid chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (LC‒MS) has become the gold standard to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of small molecules. When quantitative analysis is developed, an analyst usually refers to international guidelines for analytical method validation. In this context, the design of calibration curves plays a key role in providing accurate results. During recent years and along with instrumental advances, strategies to build calibration curves have dramatically evolved, introducing innovative approaches to improve quantitative precision and throughput. For example, when a labeled standard is available to be spiked directly into the study sample, the concentration of the unlabeled analog can be easily determined using the isotopic pattern deconvolution or the internal calibration approach, eliminating the need for multipoint calibration curves. This tutorial aims to synthetize the advances in LC‒MS quantitative analysis for small molecules in complex matrices, going from fundamental aspects in calibration to modern methodologies and applications. Different work schemes for calibration depending on the sample characteristics (analyte and matrix nature) are distinguished and discussed. Finally, this tutorial outlines the importance of having international guidelines for analytical method validation that agree with the advances in calibration strategies and analytical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Visconti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Cheng WL, Markus C, Lim CY, Tan RZ, Sethi SK, Loh TP. Calibration Practices in Clinical Mass Spectrometry: Review and Recommendations. Ann Lab Med 2023; 43:5-18. [PMID: 36045052 PMCID: PMC9467832 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.43.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calibration is a critical component for the reliability, accuracy, and precision of mass spectrometry measurements. Optimal practice in the construction, evaluation, and implementation of a new calibration curve is often underappreciated. This systematic review examined how calibration practices are applied to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement procedures. Methods The electronic database PubMed was searched from the date of database inception to April 1, 2022. The search terms used were "calibration," "mass spectrometry," and "regression." Twenty-one articles were identified and included in this review, following evaluation of the titles, abstracts, full text, and reference lists of the search results. Results The use of matrix-matched calibrators and stable isotope-labeled internal standards helps to mitigate the impact of matrix effects. A higher number of calibration standards or replicate measurements improves the mapping of the detector response and hence the accuracy and precision of the regression model. Constructing a calibration curve with each analytical batch recharacterizes the instrument detector but does not reduce the actual variability. The analytical response and measurand concentrations should be considered when constructing a calibration curve, along with subsequent use of quality controls to confirm assay performance. It is important to assess the linearity of the calibration curve by using actual experimental data and appropriate statistics. The heteroscedasticity of the calibration data should be investigated, and appropriate weighting should be applied during regression modeling. Conclusions This review provides an outline and guidance for optimal calibration practices in clinical mass spectrometry laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ling Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Corey Markus
- Flinders University International Centre for Point-of-Care Testing, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chun Yee Lim
- Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Zhen Tan
- Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sunil Kumar Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Efficient interactions with bioanalytical contract research organizations: inside scoop. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1081-1084. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Alt J, Gori SS, Lemberg KM, Pal A, Veeravalli V, Wu Y, Aguilar JMH, Dash RP, Tenora L, Majer P, Sun Q, Slusher BS, Rais R. Glutamine Antagonist GA-607 Causes a Dramatic Accumulation of FGAR which can be used to Monitor Target Engagement. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:735-745. [PMID: 34488583 PMCID: PMC8684803 DOI: 10.2174/1389200222666210831125041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomic analyses from our group and others have shown that tumors treated with glutamine antagonists (GA) exhibit robust accumulation of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR), an intermediate in the de novo purine synthesis pathway. The increase in FGAR is attributed to the inhibition of the enzyme FGAR amidotransferase (FGAR-AT) that catalyzes the ATP-dependent amidation of FGAR to formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM). While perturbation of this pathway resulting from GA therapy has long been recognized, no study has reported systematic quantitation and analyses of FGAR in plasma and tumors. OBJECTIVE Herein, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of our recently discovered tumor-targeted GA prodrug, GA-607 (isopropyl 2-(6-acetamido-2-(adamantane-1-carboxamido)hexanamido)-6-diazo-5-oxohexanoate), and demonstrate its target engagement by quantification of FGAR in plasma and tumors. METHODS Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of GA-607 were evaluated in a murine EL4 lymphoma model followed by global tumor metabolomic analysis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based methods employing the ion-pair chromatography approach were developed and utilized for quantitative FGAR analyses in plasma and tumors. RESULTS GA-607 showed preferential tumor distribution and robust single-agent efficacy in a murine EL4 lymphoma model. While several metabolic pathways were perturbed by GA-607 treatment, FGAR showed the highest increase qualitatively. Using our newly developed sensitive and selective LC-MS method, we showed a robust >80- and >10- fold increase in tumor and plasma FGAR levels, respectively, with GA-607 treatment. CONCLUSION These studies describe the importance of FGAR quantification following GA therapy in cancer and underscore its importance as a valuable pharmacodynamic marker in the preclinical and clinical development of GA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Sadakatali S Gori
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Kathryn M Lemberg
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | | | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Joanna M H Aguilar
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Ranjeet P Dash
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Qi Sun
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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7
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Wang H, Yang T, Cheng X, Kwong S, Liu C, An R, Li G, Wang X, Wang C. Simultaneous determination of usnic, diffractaic, evernic and barbatic acids in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 29055065 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Usnea longissima Ach. (Usnea) is used in pharmaceuticals, food and cosmetics. Evernic acid (EA), barbatic acid (BA), diffractaic acid (DA) and usnic acid (UA) are the most typical ingredients in U. longissima and exert a wide variety of biological functions. The study aimed to develop a sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of EA, BA, DA and UA in rat plasma and was applied to pharmacokinetic studies after consumption of UA and ethanol extract from U. longissima (UE). The samples were separated on a BEH C18 column by gradient elution with 0.5% formic acid in water and in methanol. The relative molecular masses of analytes were obtained in full-scan range from 50.0 to 750.0 m/z under negative ionization mode by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. All validation parameters, such as lower limit of quantitation, linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability, were within acceptable ranges and the method was appropriate for biological specimen analysis. The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the absolute bioavailabilities of UA after oral administration of UA and UE reached 69.2 and 146.9%, respectively. Compared with UA in UE, the relative bioavailability of DA, BA and EA reached 103.7, 10.4 and 0.7% after oral administration of UE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sukfan Kwong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui An
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowen Li
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for TCM Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Some unnecessary or inadequate common practices in regulated LC–MS bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2751-65. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global bioanalytical community increasingly craves scientifically sound practices and guidance where the rationale is given for each requirement. To this end, it is critical to first evaluate all the existing practices and requirements based on scientific findings and critical thinking. Here we are challenging several important common practices in regulated LC–MS bioanalysis, from the requirement of at least six different calibration concentrations, no extrapolation, use of blank and zero standard in each batch, selection of quality controls, to the way matrix effect and dilution integrity are being validated. Both the reasons why these common practices are unnecessary or inadequate and the potential solutions are presented.
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Liu Y, Chen B, Le J, Xu Y, Song L, Chai Y, Fan G, Hong Z. Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 11 major components of Yuanhu-Baizhi herb-pair in rat perfusion fluids. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1429-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinli Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai China
| | - Bin Chen
- Analysis Lab, Shanghai Zhabei Institute for Food and Drug Control; Shanghai China
| | - Jian Le
- Chemical Division, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control; Shanghai China
| | - Yanhai Xu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai China
| | - Lin Song
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai China
| | - Guorong Fan
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai China
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