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Paula RADO, Gondim CDS, Schmidt EM, Diniz MHGM, Lana MAG, Oliveira LSD. Critical Evaluation of Two Qualitative Analytical Approaches for Multiclass Determination of Veterinary Drugs in Bovine Muscle Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap: The Wind of Change in Brazilian Monitoring. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104150. [PMID: 37241891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety is recognized as a main requirement for consumers, food industries, and official laboratories. Here, we present the optimization and screening qualitative validation of two multianalyte methods in bovine muscle tissues by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with an Orbitrap-type analyzer, operated with a heated ionization source in positive and negative mode. This aims for not only the simultaneous detection of veterinary drugs regulated in Brazil but also the prospection of antimicrobials not yet monitored. Two different sample preparation procedures were applied: method A-generic solid-liquid extraction with 0.1% formic acid (v/v) in an aqueous solution of EDTA 0.1% (w/v)-acetonitrile-methanol (1:1:1, v/v/v), followed by an additional ultrasound-assisted extraction and method B-QuEChERS. In both procedures, selectivity showed satisfactory conformity. From a detection capability (CCβ) equivalent to ½ the maximum residue limit, >34% of the analyte resulted in a false positive rate of <5%, preponderant by the QuEChERS method, which exhibited a higher yield of the sample. The results showed the potential application of both procedures in the routine analysis of foods by official laboratories, enabling the expansion of this methodological portfolio as well as its analytical scopes, thus optimizing the control of residues of veterinary drugs in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Alves de Oliveira Paula
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science (ALM), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Campus da UFMG, Antônio Carlos Avenue 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Carina de Souza Gondim
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science (ALM), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Campus da UFMG, Antônio Carlos Avenue 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Morgado Schmidt
- Nova Analítica Importações e Exportações LTDA, Assungui Street, 432, Vila Gumercindo, São Paulo 04131-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Glicério Marcelina Diniz
- Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Rômulo Joviano Avenue, s/nº, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane Gonçalves Lana
- Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Rômulo Joviano Avenue, s/nº, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Soares de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science (ALM), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Campus da UFMG, Antônio Carlos Avenue 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Campus da UFMG, Antônio Carlos Avenue 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
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2
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Mattarozzi M, Laski E, Bertucci A, Giannetto M, Bianchi F, Zoani C, Careri M. Metrological traceability in process analytical technologies and point-of-need technologies for food safety and quality control: not a straightforward issue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:119-135. [PMID: 36367573 PMCID: PMC9816273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional techniques for food analysis are based on off-line laboratory methods that are expensive and time-consuming and often require qualified personnel. Despite the high standards of accuracy and metrological traceability, these well-established methods do not facilitate real-time process monitoring and timely on-site decision-making as required for food safety and quality control. The future of food testing includes rapid, cost-effective, portable, and simple methods for both qualitative screening and quantification of food contaminants, as well as continuous, real-time measurement in production lines. Process automatization through process analytical technologies (PAT) is an increasing trend in the food industry as a way to achieve improved product quality, safety, and consistency, reduced production cycle times, minimal product waste or reworks, and the possibility for real-time product release. Novel methods of analysis for point-of-need (PON) screening could greatly improve food testing by allowing non-experts, such as consumers, to test in situ food products using portable instruments, smartphones, or even visual naked-eye inspections, or farmers and small producers to monitor products in the field. This requires the attention of the research community and devices manufacturers to ensure reliability of measurement results from PAT strategy and PON tests through the demonstration and critical evaluation of performance characteristics. The fitness for purpose of methods in real-life conditions is a priority that should not be overlooked in order to maintain an effective and harmonized food safety policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mattarozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Eleni Laski
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertucci
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Giannetto
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre CIPACK, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Zoani
- Department for Sustainability, Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division (SSPT-BIOAG), Casaccia Research Centre, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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3
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Garrido BC, de Albuquerque Cavalcanti G, Vinícius da Silva Gomes M, Scofano Barrabin J, Padilha MC, Gualberto Pereira HM. Assessing limits of detection in qualitative methods: A simple implementation of logistic regression in a web-based R Shiny application environment and its potential in toxicology and doping control. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:66-74. [PMID: 36093901 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of limits of detection (LOD) for solely qualitative methods in analytical chemistry may prove challenging because all the approaches with which chemists are familiar require some type of numeric data input. The best model to describe the binary response in these methods (detected/not detected) is a logistic model; however, these models are not easily handled by most of the laboratories and generally demand expensive statistical software packages. In this work, the advantages of applying this approach are discussed and its implementation using commercial spreadsheet software is demonstrated. A free online application based on the R environment using shinyapps was developed and its application was validated and discussed with a dataset of 57 different target compounds analyzed in urine according to the requirements of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This tool allows free, extremely quick, and easy determinations of LOD in qualitative analyses as well as the determination of the probabilities of detection in any given concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carius Garrido
- Chemical and Thermal Metrology Division, Organic Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Scofano Barrabin
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wille SMR, Desharnais B, Pichini S, Trana AD, Busardò FP, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology: What Are the Specifics of Method Development, Validation and Quality Assurance for Comprehensive Screening Approaches? Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1230-1244. [PMID: 35619258 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526152259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has increased over the past decade in clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for comprehensive screening approaches. Despite this, few guidelines of this field have specifically addressed HRMS issues concerning compound identification, validation, measurement uncertainty and quality assurance. To fully implement this technique, certainly in an era in which the quality demands for laboratories are ever increasing due to various norms (e.g. the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 17025), these specific issues need to be addressed. This manuscript reviews 26 HRMS-based methods for qualitative systematic toxicological analysis (STA) published between 2011 and 2021. Key analytical data such as samples matrices, analytical platforms, numbers of analytes and employed mass spectral reference databases/libraries as well as the studied validation parameters are summarized and discussed. The article further includes a critical review of targeted and untargeted data acquisition approaches, available HRMS reference databases and libraries as well as current guidelines for HRMS data interpretation with a particular focus on identification criteria. Moreover, it provides an overview on current recommendations for the validation and determination measurement uncertainty of qualitative methods. Finally, the article aims to put forward suggestions for method development, compound identification, validation experiments to be performed, and adequate determination of measurement uncertainty for this type of wide-range qualitative HRMS-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Unit Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais St., Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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5
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Ruisánchez I, Rovira G, Callao MP. Multivariate qualitative methodology for semi-quantitative information. A case study: Adulteration of olive oil with sunflower oil. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1206:339785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Screening Method for the Detection of Other Allergenic Nuts in Cashew Nuts Using Chemometrics and a Portable Near-Infrared Spectrophotometer. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Ataş HB, Cenk M, Bozkurt ENN. A proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure and its application to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110974. [PMID: 34482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Performing a detailed qualitative validation, which is carried out by many laboratories in the forensic community, has been the main goal of this study. In this study, a proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure was proposed, and its application was shown on the analysis of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) related compounds in organic samples. All validation steps were described in detail. The study was carried out in pump oil and dichloromethane (DCM). The limit of detection values were determined for each compound and were found in the range of 0.5-2.0 µg mL-1 in pump oil and 0.08-1.5 µg mL-1 in DCM. The validation parameters were calculated, such as the rates of sensitivity, selectivity, false-negative, false-positive, also accordance and concordance. The predicted and obtained results were compared by using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Test, and the compatibility of the results was found as "very good". After the validation procedure, all of the validation results were evaluated, and the proposed method was confirmed as appropriate for the analysis of CWC-related compounds in organic samples. The applicability of the validated method was proved by determining the CWC-related compounds in organic samples provided by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons during proficiency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Bekiroğlu Ataş
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Cenk
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edibe Nurzen Namlı Bozkurt
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Camirand Lemyre F, Desharnais B, Laquerre J, Morel M, Côté C, Mireault P, Skinner CD. Qualitative threshold method validation and uncertainty evaluation: A theoretical framework and application to a 40 analytes liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1287-1297. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Camirand Lemyre
- Department of Mathematics Université de Sherbrooke 2500 Université Boulevard Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
- School of Mathematics and Statistics The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Centre de recherche Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke 12th Avenue North Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Department of Toxicology Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale 1701 Parthenais Street Montréal Québec H2K 3S7 Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Julie Laquerre
- Department of Toxicology Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale 1701 Parthenais Street Montréal Québec H2K 3S7 Canada
| | - Marc‐André Morel
- Department of Criminalistics Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale 1701 Parthenais Street Montréal Québec H2K 3S7 Canada
| | - Cynthia Côté
- Department of Toxicology Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale 1701 Parthenais Street Montréal Québec H2K 3S7 Canada
| | - Pascal Mireault
- Department of Toxicology Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale 1701 Parthenais Street Montréal Québec H2K 3S7 Canada
| | - Cameron D. Skinner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
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9
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Pereira LS, Lisboa FL, Coelho Neto J, Valladão FN, Sena MM. Screening method for rapid classification of psychoactive substances in illicit tablets using mid infrared spectroscopy and PLS-DA. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gondim CS, Durán GM, Contento AM, Ríos Á. Development and Validation of an Electrochemical Screening Methodology for Sulfonamide Residue Control in Milk Samples Using a Graphene Quantum Dots@Nafion Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Miaw C, Vasconcelos E, Guimarães N, Souza S. Bt11 event detection by real-time PCR: single-laboratory validation, comparison of DNA extraction and quantification techniques and application. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.W. Miaw
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - E.N. Vasconcelos
- National Agricultural Laboratory – LANAGRO/MG, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil, Plant Diagnostic and GMO Laboratory, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n CP 35/50, CEP 33600-000, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - N.C.C. Guimarães
- National Agricultural Laboratory – LANAGRO/MG, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil, Plant Diagnostic and GMO Laboratory, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n CP 35/50, CEP 33600-000, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - S.V.C. Souza
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
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12
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Pereira LS, Lisboa FL, Neto JC, Valladão FN, Sena MM. Direct classification of new psychoactive substances in seized blotter papers by ATR-FTIR and multivariate discriminant analysis. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Determining performance parameters in qualitative multivariate methods using probability of detection (POD) curves. Case study: Two common milk adulterants. Talanta 2017; 168:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Miaw C, Amâncio G, Rocha V, Madeira J, Souza S. Single-laboratory validation of a method for detection of Roundup Ready soy in soybeans: application of new strategies for qualitative validation. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.W. Miaw
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - G.C.S. Amâncio
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), R. Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, Belo Horizonte, MG 30510-010, Brazil
| | - V.N. Rocha
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), R. Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, Belo Horizonte, MG 30510-010, Brazil
| | - J.E.G.C. Madeira
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), R. Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, Belo Horizonte, MG 30510-010, Brazil
| | - S.V.C. Souza
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
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15
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Interlaboratory Validation of Modified Classical Qualitative Methods for Detection of Adulterants in Milk: Starch, Chloride, and Sucrose. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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López MI, Callao MP, Ruisánchez I. A tutorial on the validation of qualitative methods: From the univariate to the multivariate approach. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Bernardes CD, Barbeira PJS. Different Chemometric Methods for the Discrimination of Commercial Aged Cachaças. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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