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Zhu L, Wu M, Li R, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Wang T, Du L, Wan L. Research progress on pesticide residue detection based on microfluidic technology. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1377-1404. [PMID: 37496295 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The problem of pesticide residue contamination has attracted widespread attention and poses a risk to human health. The current traditional pesticide residue detection methods have difficulty meeting rapid and diverse field screening requirements. Microfluidic technology integrates functions from sample preparation to detection, showing great potential for quick and accurate high-throughput detection of pesticide residues. This paper reviews the latest research progress on microfluidic technology for pesticide residue detection. First, the commonly used microfluidic materials are summarized, including silicon, glass, paper, polydimethylsiloxane, and polymethyl methacrylate. We evaluated their advantages and disadvantages in pesticide residue detection applications. Second, the current pesticide residue detection technology based on microfluidics and its application to real samples are summarized. Finally, we discuss this technology's present challenges and future research directions. This study is expected to provide a reference for the future development of microfluidic technology for pesticide residue detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yunyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Leilei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
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2
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Serebrennikova KV, Komova NS, Aybush AV, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Flexible Substrate of Cellulose Fiber/Structured Plasmonic Silver Nanoparticles Applied for Label-Free SERS Detection of Malathion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1475. [PMID: 36837103 PMCID: PMC9963878 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is considered an efficient technique providing high sensitivity and fingerprint specificity for the detection of pesticide residues. Recent developments in SERS-based detection aim to create flexible plasmonic substrates that meet the requirements for non-destructive analysis of contaminants on curved surfaces by simply wrapping or wiping. Herein, we reported a flexible SERS substrate based on cellulose fiber (CF) modified with silver nanostructures (AgNS). A silver film was fabricated on the membrane surface with an in situ silver mirror reaction leading to the formation of a AgNS-CF substrate. Then, the substrate was decorated through in situ synthesis of raspberry-like silver nanostructures (rAgNS). The SERS performance of the prepared substrate was tested using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) as a Raman probe and compared with that of the CF-based plasmonic substrates. The sensitivity of the rAgNS/AgNS-CF substrate was evaluated by determining the detection limit of 4-MBA and an analytical enhancement factor, which were 10 nM and ~107, respectively. Further, the proposed flexible rAgNS/AgNS-CF substrate was applied for SERS detection of malathion. The detection limit for malathion reached 0.15 mg/L, which meets the requirements about its maximum residue level in food. Thus, the characteristics of the rAgNS/AgNS-CF substrate demonstrate the potential of its application as a label-free and ready-to-use sensing platform for the SERS detection of trace hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya V. Serebrennikova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S. Komova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arseniy V. Aybush
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Xie Z, Pu H, Sun DW. Computer simulation of submicron fluid flows in microfluidic chips and their applications in food analysis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3818-3837. [PMID: 34056852 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, countries around the world have maintained a zero-tolerance attitude toward safety problems in the food industry. In order to ensure human health, a fast, sensitive, and high-throughput analysis of food contaminants is necessary to ensure safe food products on the market. Microfluidics, as a high-efficiency and sensitive detection technology, has many advantages in the detection of food contaminants, including foodborne pathogens, pesticides, heavy metal ions, toxic substances, and so forth, especially in conjunction with a variety of submicron fluid driving methods, making food detection and analysis more efficient and accurate. This review introduces the principle of submicron fluid driving modes and discusses the driving simulation of submicron fluid in microfluidic chips. In addition, the latest developments in the application of simulation in food analysis from 2006 to 2020 are discussed, and the computer simulation of submicron fluid flow in microfluidic chips and its application and development trend in food analysis are also highlighted. The review indicates that microfluidic technology, using numerical simulation as an auxiliary tool, combined with traditional methods has greatly improved the detection and analysis of food products. In addition, microfluidics combined with a variety of control methods embodies the ability of specific, multifunctional, and sensitive detection and analysis of food products. The development of high-sensitivity, high-throughput, portable, integrated microfluidic chips will enable the technology to be applied in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoda Xie
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology, School of Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Xia L, Li G. Recent progress of microfluidics in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1752-1768. [PMID: 33630352 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a significant analytical tool capable of fingerprint identification of molecule in a rapid and ultrasensitive manner. However, it is still hard to meet the requirements of practical sample analysis. The introduction of microfluidics can effectively enhance the performance of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in complex sample analysis including reproducibility, selectivity, sensitivity, and speed. This review summarizes the recent progress of microfluidics in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis through four combination approaches. First, microfluidic synthetic techniques offer uniform nano-/microparticle fabrication approaches for reproductive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis. Second, the integration of microchip and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic substrate provides advanced devices for sensitive and efficient detection. Third, microfluidic sample preparations enable rapid separation and preconcentration of analyte prior to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic detection. Fourth, highly integrated microfluidic devices can be employed to realize multistep surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis containing material fabrication, sample preparation, and detection processes. Furthermore, the challenges and outlooks of the application of microfluidics in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Choi M, Kim S, Choi SH, Park HH, Byun KM. Highly reliable SERS substrate based on plasmonic hybrid coupling between gold nanoislands and periodic nanopillar arrays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:3598-3606. [PMID: 32122025 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To improve both sensitivity and reliability, a hybrid SERS substrate of combining gold nanoislands (GNI) with periodic MgF2 nanopillar arrays was successfully developed. SERS detection performance of the proposed substrates was evaluated in terms of enhancement effect, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), linearity, reproducibility and repeatability, and compared with the performance of a conventional SERS substrate based on GNI. Experimental and simulation results presented that significant improvement of SERS intensity and SNR by more than 3 times and a notable reduction in relative standard deviation were obtained. We hope that the suggested SERS platform with unique advantages in sensitivity and reliability could be extended to point-of-care detection of a variety of biomolecular reactions.
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Morelli L, Serioli L, Centorbi FA, Jendresen CB, Matteucci M, Ilchenko O, Demarchi D, Nielsen AT, Zór K, Boisen A. Injection molded lab-on-a-disc platform for screening of genetically modified E. coli using liquid-liquid extraction and surface enhanced Raman scattering. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:869-877. [PMID: 29450440 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of an automated centrifugal microfluidic platform with integrated sample pre-treatment (filtration and liquid-liquid extraction) and detection (SERS-based sensing). The platform consists of eight calibration and four assay modules, fabricated with polypropylene using injection molding and bonded with ultrasonic welding. The platform was used for detection of a secondary bacterial metabolite (p-coumaric acid) from bacterial supernatant. The obtained extraction efficiency was comparable to values obtained in batch experiments and the SERS-based sensing showed a good correlation with HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Morelli
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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7
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SERS-microfluidic systems: A potential platform for rapid analysis of food contaminants. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Durucan O, Rindzevicius T, Schmidt MS, Matteucci M, Boisen A. Nanopillar Filters for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1400-1404. [PMID: 28956441 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple, robust, and automated molecule extraction technique based on a centrifugal microfluidic platform. Fast and facile extraction of a food adulterant (melamine) from a complex sample medium (milk) on a SERS substrate is demonstrated. The unique characteristic of the detection method is the obtained "filter paper/chromatographic" effect which combines centrifugal force and wetting properties of the SERS substrate. The work addresses issues related to SERS-based detection of analytes in complex media, which is important for realizing next generation SERS platforms applicable for a broad variety of real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Durucan
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Tomas Rindzevicius
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Michael Stenbæk Schmidt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Marco Matteucci
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro-
and Nano Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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9
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Polarization-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from microarrays. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 972:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Tycova A, Prikryl J, Foret F. Recent strategies toward microfluidic-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1977-1987. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tycova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prikryl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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11
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Yuan Y, Panwar N, Yap SHK, Wu Q, Zeng S, Xu J, Tjin SC, Song J, Qu J, Yong KT. SERS-based ultrasensitive sensing platform: An insight into design and practical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Jahn IJ, Žukovskaja O, Zheng XS, Weber K, Bocklitz TW, Cialla-May D, Popp J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microfluidic platforms: challenges, solutions and potential applications. Analyst 2017; 142:1022-1047. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The review provides an overview of the development in the field of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. J. Jahn
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - O. Žukovskaja
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - X.-S. Zheng
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - K. Weber
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - T. W. Bocklitz
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - D. Cialla-May
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
| | - J. Popp
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena
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Trace detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with a SERS-based capillary platform prepared by the in situ microwave synthesis of AgNPs. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Zhu S, Fan C, Mao Y, Wang J, He J, Liang E, Chao M. A monolayer of hierarchical silver hemi-mesoparticles with tunable surface topographies for highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:074703. [PMID: 26896995 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We proposed a facile green synthesis system to synthesize large-scale Ag hemi-mesoparticles monolayer on Cu foil. Ag hemi-mesoparticles have different surface morphologies on their surfaces, including ridge-like, meatball-like, and fluffy-like shapes. In the reaction, silver nitrate was reduced by copper at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide via the galvanic displacement reaction. The different surface morphologies of the Ag hemi-mesoparticles were adjusted by changing the reaction time, and the hemi-mesoparticle surface formed fluffy-spherical nanoprotrusions at longer reaction time. At the same time, we explored the growth mechanism of silver hemi-mesoparticles with different surface morphologies. With 4-mercaptobenzoic acid as Raman probe molecules, the fluffy-like silver hemi-mesoparticles monolayer with the best activity of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the enhancement factor is up to 7.33 × 10(7) and the detection limit can reach 10(-10)M. SERS measurements demonstrate that these Ag hemi-mesoparticles can serve as sensitive SERS substrates. At the same time, using finite element method, the distribution of the localized electromagnetic field near the particle surface was simulated to verify the enhanced mechanism. This study helps us to understand the relationship between morphology Ag hemi-mesoparicles and the properties of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangmei Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chunzhen Fan
- School of Physical Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yanchao Mao
- School of Physical Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Junqiao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jinna He
- School of Physical Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Erjun Liang
- School of Physical Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mingju Chao
- School of Physical Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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15
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Lopez-Barbosa N, Gamarra JD, Osma JF. The future point-of-care detection of disease and its data capture and handling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2827-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Zhao HZ, Xu Y, Wang CY, Wang R, Xiang ST, Chen L. Design and fabrication of a microfluidic SERS chip with integrated Ag film@nanoAu. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A “sandwich” microfluidic surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip with Ag film@nanoAu prepared in a microchannel was proposed and fabricated in situ. The detection limit for Rhodamine 6G was 10−8 M and the enhancement factor was 3.8 × 105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhou Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
- Chongqing
- China
- International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology
- Chongqing
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Song-Tao Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- China
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
| | - Li Chen
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology
- Chongqing
- China
- International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology
- Chongqing
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