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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environmental systems: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1229-1247. [PMID: 34150307 PMCID: PMC8172818 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are human-influenced chemicals utilized massively as flame retardants. They are environmentally persistent, not easily degraded, bioaccumulate in the biological tissue of organisms, and bio-magnify across the food web. They can travel over a long distance, with air and water being their possible transport media. They can be transferred to non-target organisms by inhalation, oral ingestion, breastfeeding, or dermal contact. These pollutants adsorb easily to solid matrices due to their lipophilicity and hydrophobicity; thus, sediments from rivers, lakes, estuaries, and ocean are becoming their major reservoirs aquatic environments. They have low acute toxicity, but the effects of interfering with the thyroid hormone metabolism in the endocrine system are long term. Many congeners of PBDEs are considered to pose a danger to humans and the aquatic environment. They have shown the possibility of causing many undesirable effects, together with neurologic, immunological, and reproductive disruptions and possible carcinogenicity in humans. PBDEs have been detected in small amounts in biological samples, including hair, human semen, blood, urine, and breastmilk, and environmental samples such as sediment, soil, sewage sludge, air, biota, fish, mussels, surface water, and wastewater. The congeners prevailing in environmental samples, with soil being the essential matrix, are BDE 47, 99, and 100. BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 are more frequently detected in human tissues, whereas in sediment and soil, BDE 100 and 183 predominate. Generally, BDE 153 and 154 appear very often across different matrices. However, BDE 209 seems not frequently determined, owing to its tendency to quickly breakdown into smaller congeners. This paper carried out an overview of PBDEs in the environmental, human, and biota niches with their characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fate in the environment, human exposure, and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omobola Oluranti Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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JIN J, SONG SJ, PENG ZJ, GUO F, LI PH. Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hydroxylated Analogues in Serum Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Online Solid Phase Extraction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Current trends in analytical strategies for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples with different matrix compositions – Part 1.: Screening of new developments in sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Current trends in analytical strategies for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples with different matrix compositions – Part 2: New approaches to PBDEs determination. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García-Bellido J, Freije-Carrelo L, Moldovan M, Encinar JR. Recent advances in GC-ICP-MS: Focus on the current and future impact of MS/MS technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Song S, Yang C, Shao M, Chao J, Zheng N, Wang W, He Y, Li P. Simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hydroxylated analogues in human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1147:122130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang C, Li X, Li H, Chen Y, Ma T, Li X, Gao Y, Zhang Q. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish tissue using gas chromatography-isotope dilution tandem inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a mass-shift mode. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1075:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Dai P, Hou D, Guo S, Zhu L, Lei M, Tang H. Ion chromatographic determination of total bromine in electronic devices in conjunction with a catalytic reduction debromination pretreatment. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:49-55. [PMID: 31472712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new determination method for total bromine in electronic devices was developed by using ultrasound assisted extraction, copper-catalyzed reductive debromination and ion chromatography (UAE-RD-IC). It was found that all the added brominated flame retardants (polybrominateddiphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, tetrabromobisphenol A, and hexabromocyclododecane) could be completely debrominated by using copper-based catalysts and reducing agent N2H4•H2O. The complete debromination of brominated flame retardants released all of their bromine in the form of bromide ions, which could be determined by ion chromatography. After the extraction parameters were optimized by achieving the maximum IC signal in the certified reference material GBW(E) 082725, the UAE-RD-IC method was established for the determination of total bromine in solid samples. By analyzing the certified reference material, the Br content was obtained as 695.3 ± 16.0 mg kg-1, being well consistent with its standard value (694.54 ± 30.63 mg kg-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) of five parallel determinations was 1.7%, indicating the good repeatability of the developed method. The proposed method was further applied to analyze the samples of cables and computer mouse shells. For all these practical samples, the Br contents obtained by the UAE-RD-IC method were in good agreement with that obtained by the standard oxygen bomb combustion-IC method. It was noted that the new method has a detection limit of Br of about 20 mg kg-1, being much lower than that (75 mg kg-1) of the traditional oxygen bomb combustion-IC method for total bromine detection. Therefore, the proposed method was qualified as a practical method to measure total bromine content in actual electronic devices with good analytical performances of accuracy, precision and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Dajiao Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Shun Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Ming Lei
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Heqing Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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Microwave-assisted extraction of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and industrial contaminants in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Martín-Pozo L, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Rodríguez-Gómez R, García-Córcoles MT, Çipa M, Zafra-Gómez A. Analytical methods for the determination of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge samples. A review. Talanta 2019; 192:508-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The compound-independent calibration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers isomers using gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1576:120-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bergant M, Milačič R, Ščančar J. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum by gas chromatography - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:112-118. [PMID: 30150112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that are added to a wide range of consumer products. Due to their extensive use in the past, their presence has been documented in multiple environmental compartments and living organisms, including humans. To assess the exposure of humans to PBDEs, a new simple, reliable, and sensitive method was developed for the determination of six PBDE congeners (BDE 28, BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100, BDE 153, BDE 154) in human serum by gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). The PBDEs were extracted from 1 mL ofserum by 30 min of mechanical shaking with formic acid. Subsequently, 2 mL of iso-octane was added and 30 min of mechanical shaking was applied. For clean-up of the extract Florisil column was applied. The analytical method was validated by analysis of human serum standard reference materials SRM 1957 (Non-Fortified Human Serum) and SRM 1958 (Fortified Human Serum). Good agreement of the determined concentrations with those certified was found. The repeatability and reproducibility of the analytical method was within 5.9% and 6.1%, respectively, whereas the limits of detection (LODs) for the PBDEs analysed were between 0.0016 and 0.0039 ng mL-1 wet weight (ww). The feasibility of the method was tested by analysing human serum samples. In this study, the determined concentrations in sera were in a range similar to that of as those reported for certain other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Bergant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Novak P, Zuliani T, Milačič R, Ščančar J. Development of an analytical method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mussels and fish by gas chromatography—Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ultrasensitive Nano-rt-iPCR for Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Natural Samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12031. [PMID: 28931875 PMCID: PMC5607242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) use has resulted in its increasingly widespread presence in the environment. PBDEs release from existing products can still persist and accumulate in the environment as well as in human and wildlife magnifying through the food web. Due to its ultra-trace amount in the environment, a novel ultrasensitive nano-rt-iPCR assay has been developed to determine polybrominated diphenyl ethers in natural samples. Numerous amino-DNA and polyclonal antibody (anti-PBDE) were immobilized onto the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to form antibody-SWCNTs-DNA signal amplifier used in the proposed immunoassay system. Compared with rt-iPCR, this nano-rt-iPCR assay had a higher ratio of signal DNA, which meant higher signal measured and lower detection limit. This proposed nano-rt-iPCR assay was used to determine PBDEs in water samples ranging from 0.5 pg/L to 0.5ng/L; giving the LOD 1 pg/L. To the best of our knowledge, this nano-rt-iPCR is the most sensitive method for PBDEs detection. Because of that, this method needs no pre-concentration or extractions, using sample sizes as low as 10 µL. In general, this nano-rt-iPCR method will be a useful and potential way for batch detection of ultra-trace PBDEs in the aquatic environment.
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