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Govindaraju R, Govindaraju S, Yun K, Kim J. Fluorescent-Based Neurotransmitter Sensors: Present and Future Perspectives. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1008. [PMID: 38131768 PMCID: PMC10742055 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters (NTs) are endogenous low-molecular-weight chemical compounds that transmit synaptic signals in the central nervous system. These NTs play a crucial role in facilitating signal communication, motor control, and processes related to memory and learning. Abnormalities in the levels of NTs lead to chronic mental health disorders and heart diseases. Therefore, detecting imbalances in the levels of NTs is important for diagnosing early stages of diseases associated with NTs. Sensing technologies detect NTs rapidly, specifically, and selectively, overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods. In this review, we focus on the fluorescence-based biosensors that use nanomaterials such as metal clusters, carbon dots, and quantum dots. Additionally, we review biomaterial-based, including aptamer- and enzyme-based, and genetically encoded biosensors. Furthermore, we elaborate on the fluorescence mechanisms, including fluorescence resonance energy transfer, photon-induced electron transfer, intramolecular charge transfer, and excited-state intramolecular proton transfer, in the context of their applications for the detection of NTs. We also discuss the significance of NTs in human physiological functions, address the current challenges in designing fluorescence-based biosensors for the detection of NTs, and explore their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajapriya Govindaraju
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam Daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Saravanan Govindaraju
- Department of Bio Nanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.G.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kyusik Yun
- Department of Bio Nanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.G.); (K.Y.)
| | - Jongsung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam Daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Functional Extracellular Matrices. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020153. [PMID: 36826323 PMCID: PMC9957407 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, nano-engineered materials have become an important component of artificial extracellular matrices. On one hand, these materials enable static enhancement of the bulk properties of cell scaffolds, for instance, they can alter mechanical properties or electrical conductivity, in order to better mimic the in vivo cell environment. Yet, many nanomaterials also exhibit dynamic, remotely tunable optical, electrical, magnetic, or acoustic properties, and therefore, can be used to non-invasively deliver localized, dynamic stimuli to cells cultured in artificial ECMs in three dimensions. Vice versa, the same, functional nanomaterials, can also report changing environmental conditions-whether or not, as a result of a dynamically applied stimulus-and as such provide means for wireless, long-term monitoring of the cell status inside the culture. In this review article, we present an overview of the technological advances regarding the incorporation of functional nanomaterials in artificial extracellular matrices, highlighting both passive and dynamically tunable nano-engineered components.
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Eremina OE, Kapitanova OO, Medved'ko AV, Zelenetskaya AS, Egorova BV, Shekhovtsova TN, Vatsadze SZ, Veselova IA. Plier Ligands for Trapping Neurotransmitters into Complexes for Sensitive Analysis by SERS Spectroscopy. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010124. [PMID: 36671959 PMCID: PMC9856153 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines-dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline are important biomarkers of neurotransmitter metabolism, indicating neuroendocrine tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising analytical technique with unprecedented multiplexing capabilities. However, not all important analytes exhibit strong SERS signals on stable and robust nanostructured substrates. In this work, we propose a novel indicator system based on the formation of mixed ligand complexes with bispidine-based bis-azole ligands which can serve as pliers to trap Cu(II) ions and stabilize its complexes with catecholamines. Four synthesized ligands with different functional groups: carboxyl, amino, benzyl, and methoxybenzyl, were applied for forming stable complexes to shift maximum absorbance of catecholamines from the ultraviolet region to 570-600 nm. A new absorbance band in the visible range resonates with the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of metal nanoparticles and most used laser wavelengths. This match allowed use of Molecular Immobilization and Resonant Raman Amplification by Complex-Loaded Enhancers (MIRRACLE) methodology to measure intense Raman signals on a nanostructured silver-based SERS-active substrate. The synthesized plier-like ligands fixed and stabilized catecholamine complexes with Cu(II) on the SERS sensor surface, which facilitated the determination of dopamine in a 3.2 × 10-12-1 × 10-8 M concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E. Eremina
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Alexei V. Medved'ko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Sergey Z. Vatsadze
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina A. Veselova
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Kholafazad-Kordasht H, Hasanzadeh M, Seidi F. Smartphone based immunosensors as next generation of healthcare tools: Technical and analytical overview towards improvement of personalized medicine. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dai H, Jia J, Fan Y, Chen H, Wang S, Shen C, Li A, Lu L, Zhou C, Fu H, She Y. Four-channel fluorescent sensor array based on various functionalized CdTe quantum dots for the discrimination of Chinese baijiu. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 252:119513. [PMID: 33571738 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a special carrier of traditional Chinese culture, baijiu is rich in terms of types and ingredients. Its quality analysis and control are always important and complex issues that urgently need reliable evaluation methods. In this study, four different modified CdTe quantum dots (QDs) were used to characterize their sensing performance to various baijiu. A sensor array was then constructed through the complementary properties of differential fluorescence signals. To achieve an accurate and rapid evaluation of different baijiu types, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was introduced to extract and process spectral information. And the array was able to distinguish commercial baijiu samples with different aroma-types, brands, qualities and storage years with a recognition rate of 100%. In addition, according to the heat map, the organic acids in baijiu were shown to be the main components causing the fluorescence change through electron transfer (hydrogen bond) and resonance energy transfer among QDs and acids. Furthermore, using the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model, five representative organic acids were accurately quantified with a quantitative range of 10 μmol/L-80 μmol/L with a high selectivity. This QDs fluorescence sensing strategy provides an accurate, simple, and fast baijiu sensing method, which provides a potential use for on-line baijiu monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hupiao Dai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Junjie Jia
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Yao Fan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Hengye Chen
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Songtao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Caihong Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Ailan Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Lingmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Chunsong Zhou
- International Environmental Protection City Technology Limited Company (IEPCT), Yixing 214200, PR China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yuanbin She
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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Noori R, Perwez M, Mazumder JA, Sardar M. Development of low-cost paper-based biosensor of polyphenol oxidase for detection of phenolic contaminants in water and clinical samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30081-30092. [PMID: 32447731 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was purified from potato peel using three-phase partitioning (TPP). In this method, ammonium sulfate and t-butanol were added to precipitate the protein/enzyme from the crude aqueous extract. The PPO enzyme precipitated as an interfacial layer between the upper organic solvent phase and lower aqueous phase. Different purification parameters such as crude extract to t-butanol ratio, ammonium sulfate concentration, temperature, and pH were optimized for TPP. About 69% PPO enzyme activity was recovered in a single step of TPP with 9.2-fold purification. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of partially purified PPO enzyme showed molecular weight in the range of about 30-40 kDa. The PPO enzyme was then investigated for the fabrication of a portable, cost-effective, and disposable colorimetric paper biosensor or colorimetric "test strips" for detection of phenolic contaminants. PPO and a chromophore reagent (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazine) generated a range of color in the presence of phenolic compounds (catechol, phenol, p-cresol, 4-methyl catechol) within 15 min, and limit of detection was found to be 0.5 μM. The biosensor worked in a broad range of pH from 3 to 11 and showed good storage stability at 25 °C and 4 °C for 30 days with no significant loss of activity. The biosensor was also applied on environmental water and urine sample to show reliability of biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Noori
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Perwez
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | | | - Meryam Sardar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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7
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Abrantes Dias AS, Amaral Pinto JC, Magalhães M, Mendes VM, Manadas B. Analytical methods to monitor dopamine metabolism in plasma: Moving forward with improved diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 187:113323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Le TH, Lee HJ, Kim JH, Park SJ. Detection of Ferric Ions and Catecholamine Neurotransmitters via Highly Fluorescent Heteroatom Co-Doped Carbon Dots. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3470. [PMID: 32575578 PMCID: PMC7349486 DOI: 10.3390/s20123470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) demonstrate very poor fluorescence quantum yield (QY). In this study, with the help of a hydrothermal method, we combined CDs with nitrogen and phosphorus elements belonging to the VA group (in the periodic table) to form heteroatom co-doped CDs, i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots (NPCDs). These displayed a significant improvement in the QY (up to 84%), which was as much as four times than that of CDs synthesized by the same method. The as-prepared NPCDs could be used as an "off-on" fluorescence detector for the rapid and effective sensing of ferric ions (Fe3+) and catecholamine neurotransmitters (CNs) such as dopamine (DA), adrenaline (AD), and noradrenaline (NAD). The fluorescence of NPCDs was "turned off" and the emission wavelength was slightly red-shifted upon increasing the Fe3+ concentration. However, when CNs were incorporated, the fluorescence of NPCDs was recovered in a short response time; this indicated that CN concentration could be monitored, relying on enhancing the fluorescence signal of NPCDs. As a result, NPCDs are considered as a potential fluorescent bi-sensor for Fe3+ and CN detection. Particularly, in this research, we selected DA as the representative neurotransmitter of the CN group along with Fe3+ to study the sensing system based on NPCDs. The results exhibited good linear ranges with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 and 0.1 µM for Fe3+ and DA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sang Joon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (T.H.L.); (H.J.L.); (J.H.K.)
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9
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Synthesis of enhanced fluorescent graphene quantum dots for catecholamine neurotransmitter sensing. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Naghdi T, Golmohammadi H, Yousefi H, Hosseinifard M, Kostiv U, Horák D, Merkoçi A. Chitin Nanofiber Paper toward Optical (Bio)sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15538-15552. [PMID: 32148018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Because of numerous inherent and unrivaled features of nanofibers made of chitin, the second most plentiful natural-based polymer (after cellulose), including affordability, abundant nature, biodegradability, biocompatibility, commercial availability, flexibility, transparency, and extraordinary mechanical and physicochemical properties, chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) are being applied as one of the most appealing bionanomaterials in a myriad of fields. Herein, we exploited the beneficial properties offered by the ChNF paper to fabricate transparent, efficient, biocompatible, flexible, and miniaturized optical sensing bioplatforms via embedding/immobilizing various plasmonic nanoparticles (silver and gold nanoparticles), photoluminescent nanoparticles (CdTe quantum dots, carbon dots, and NaYF4:Yb3+@Er3+&SiO2 upconversion nanoparticles) along with colorimetric reagents (curcumin, dithizone, etc.) in the 3D nanonetwork scaffold of the ChNF paper. Several configurations, including 2D multi-wall and 2D cuvette patterns with hydrophobic barriers/walls and hydrophilic test zones/channels, were easily printed using laser printing technology or punched as spot patterns on the dried ChNF paper-based nanocomposites to fabricate the (bio)sensing platforms. A variety of (bio)chemicals as model analytes were used to confirm the efficiency and applicability of the fabricated ChNF paper-based sensing bioplatforms. The developed (bio)sensors were also coupled with smartphone technology to take the advantages of smartphone-based monitoring/sensing devices along with the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)/the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) concepts for easy-to-use sensing applications. Building upon the unrivaled and inherent features of ChNF as a very promising bionanomaterial, we foresee that the ChNF paper-based sensing bioplatforms will emerge new opportunities for the development of innovative strategies to fabricate cost-effective, simple, smart, transparent, biodegradable, miniaturized, flexible, portable, and easy-to-use (bio)sensing/monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Naghdi
- Nanosensor Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186 Tehran, Iran
- ICN2 - Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Hamed Golmohammadi
- Nanosensor Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousefi
- Laboratory of Sustainable Nanomaterials, Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseinifard
- Nanosensor Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186 Tehran, Iran
| | - Uliana Kostiv
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského Sq. 2, Prague 6 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského Sq. 2, Prague 6 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- ICN2 - Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9214719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters as electrochemical signaling molecules are essential for proper brain function and their dysfunction is involved in several mental disorders. Therefore, the accurate detection and monitoring of these substances are crucial in brain studies. Neurotransmitters are present in the nervous system at very low concentrations, and they mixed with many other biochemical molecules and minerals, thus making their selective detection and measurement difficult. Although numerous techniques to do so have been proposed in the literature, neurotransmitter monitoring in the brain is still a challenge and the subject of ongoing research. This article reviews the current advances and trends in neurotransmitters detection techniques, including in vivo sampling and imaging techniques, electrochemical and nano-object sensing techniques for in vitro and in vivo detection, as well as spectrometric, analytical and derivatization-based methods mainly used for in vitro research. The document analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with the aim to offer selection guidelines for neuro-engineering research.
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Hollow dummy template imprinted boronate-modified polymers for extraction of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine prior to quantitation by HPLC. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:686. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Jung-Klawitter S, Kuseyri Hübschmann O. Analysis of Catecholamines and Pterins in Inborn Errors of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Metabolism-From Past to Future. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080867. [PMID: 31405045 PMCID: PMC6721669 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis and degradation belong to the rare inborn errors of metabolism. They are caused by monogenic variants in the genes encoding the proteins involved in (1) neurotransmitter biosynthesis (like tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)), (2) in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor biosynthesis (GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), sepiapterin reductase (SPR)) and recycling (pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD), dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR)), or (3) in co-chaperones (DNAJC12). Clinically, they present early during childhood with a lack of monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and its products norepinephrine and epinephrine. Classical symptoms include autonomous dysregulations, hypotonia, movement disorders, and developmental delay. Therapy is predominantly based on supplementation of missing cofactors or neurotransmitter precursors. However, diagnosis is difficult and is predominantly based on quantitative detection of neurotransmitters, cofactors, and precursors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and blood. This review aims at summarizing the diverse analytical tools routinely used for diagnosis to determine quantitatively the amounts of neurotransmitters and cofactors in the different types of samples used to identify patients suffering from these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Oya Kuseyri Hübschmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ghasemi F, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Determination and identification of nitroaromatic explosives by a double-emitter sensor array. Talanta 2019; 201:230-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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16
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A ratiometric fluorometric epinephrine and norepinephrine assay based on carbon dot and CdTe quantum dots nanocomposites. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Label-free fluorescent discrimination and detection of epinephrine and dopamine based on bioinspired in situ copolymers and excitation wavelength switch. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1054:167-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Optical Sensors Based on II-VI Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020192. [PMID: 30717393 PMCID: PMC6410100 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamentals of quantum dots (QDs) sensing phenomena show the predominance of these fluorophores over standard organic dyes, mainly because of their unique optical properties such as sharp and tunable emission spectra, high emission quantum yield and broad absorption. Moreover, they also indicate no photo bleaching and can be also grown as no blinking emitters. Due to these properties, QDs may be used e.g., for multiplex testing of the analyte by simultaneously detecting multiple or very weak signals. Physico-chemical mechanisms used for analyte detection, like analyte stimulated QDs aggregation, nonradiative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) exhibit a number of QDs, which can be applied in sensors. Quantum dots-based sensors find use in the detection of ions, organic compounds (e.g., proteins, sugars, volatile substances) as well as bacteria and viruses.
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19
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A wide-color-varying ratiometric nanoprobe for detection of norepinephrine in urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1039:124-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Shahrajabian M, Ghasemi F, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Nanoparticle-based Chemiluminescence for Chiral Discrimination of Thiol-Containing Amino Acids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14011. [PMID: 30228291 PMCID: PMC6143635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize the molecular chirality of enantiomers is extremely important owing to their critical role in drug development and biochemistry. Convenient discrimination of enantiomers has remained a challenge due to lack of unsophisticated methods. In this work, we have reported a simple strategy for chiral recognition of thiol-containing amino acids including penicillamine (PA), and cysteine (Cys). We have successfully designed a nanoparticle-based chemiluminescence (CL) system based on the reaction between cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and the enantiomers. The different interactions of CdTe QDs with PA enantiomers or Cys enantiomers led to different CL intensities, resulting in the chiral recognition of these enantiomers. The developed method showed the ability for determination of enantiomeric excess of PA and Cys. It has also obtained an enantioselective concentration range from 1.15 to 9.2 mM for PA. To demonstrate the potential application of this method, the designed platform was applied for the quantification of PA in urine and tablet samples. For the first time, we presented a novel practical application of nanoparticle-based CL system for chiral discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahrajabian
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - Forough Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Baluta S, Lesiak A, Cabaj J. Graphene Quantum Dots-based Electrochemical Biosensor for Catecholamine Neurotransmitters Detection. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Baluta
- Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Anna Lesiak
- Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
- Faculty of Experimental Physics; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Joanna Cabaj
- Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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22
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Ghasemi F, Hormozi-Nezhad MR, Mahmoudi M. Label-free detection of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42): a colorimetric sensor array for plasma monitoring of Alzheimer's disease. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6361-6368. [PMID: 29561053 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the ratio of 40- and 42-residue amyloid β peptides (i.e., Aβ40 and Aβ42) in human plasma is considered one of the hallmarks of detection of the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, development of a specific, yet non-antibody-based method for simultaneous detection of Aβ40 and Aβ42 may have considerable clinical applications. Here, we developed a 'nanoparticle-based colorimetric sensor array' utilizing label-free gold and silver nanoparticles for visual detection of Aβ42 and Aβ40. Different aggregation behaviors of nanoparticles through their conjugation with Aβ42 and Aβ40 followed by the coordination of Aβ42 and Aβ40 with Cu(ii) led to diverse spectral and color changes. The spectral changes were quantitatively differentiated by a supervised pattern recognition approach, linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The proposed sensor array was able to discriminate among Aβ42, Aβ40, and HSA in different concentrations (50 nmol L-1 to 500 nmol L-1) and their mixtures. Moreover, the sensor array had the capability to identify structurally similar Aβ peptides in human plasma samples. The developed sensor array technology might pave the way for a cheap and rapid, yet robust, platform for high-throughput screening of human plasma for defining the at-risk population for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran. and Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Mohseni N, Bahram M. Highly selective and sensitive determination of dopamine in biological samples via tuning the particle size of label-free gold nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 193:451-457. [PMID: 29289743 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a rapid, sensitive and selective approach for the colorimetric detection of dopamine (DA) was developed utilizing unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This assay relied upon the size-dependent aggregation behavior of DA and three other structurally similar catecholamines (CAs), offering highly specific and accurate detection of DA. By means of this study, we attempted to overcome the tedious procedures of surface premodifications and achieve selectivity through tuning the particle size of AuNPs. DA could induce the aggregation of the AuNPs via hydrogen-bonding interactions, resulting in a color change from pink to blue which can be monitored by spectrophotometry or even the naked-eye. The proposed colorimetric probe works over the 0.1 to 4μM DA concentration range, with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 22nM, which is much lower than the therapeutic lowest abnormal concentrations of DA in urine (0.57μM) and blood (16μM) samples. Furthermore, the selectivity and potential applicability of the developed method in spiked actual biological (human plasma and urine) specimens were investigated, suggesting that the present assay could satisfy the requirements for clinical diagnostics and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeh Mohseni
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Bahram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Abbasi-Moayed S, Golmohammadi H, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. A nanopaper-based artificial tongue: a ratiometric fluorescent sensor array on bacterial nanocellulose for chemical discrimination applications. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2492-2502. [PMID: 29340401 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05801b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a ratiometric fluorescent sensor array as an artificial tongue has been developed on a nanopaper platform for chemical discrimination applications. The bacterial cellulose (BC) nanopaper was utilized for the first time as a novel, flexible, and transparent substrate in the optical sensor arrays for developing high-performance artificial tongues. To fabricate this platform, the hydrophobic walls on the BC nanopaper substrates were successfully created using a laser printing technology. In addition, we have used the interesting photoluminescence (PL) properties of an immobilized ratiometric probe (carbon dot-Rhodamine B (CD-RhB) nanohybrids) on the nanopaper platform to improve the visual discrimination analysis. Heavy metal ions were utilized as model analytes to verify the applicability of the fabricated nanopaper-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor array (NRFSA). Using the color variation of the NRFSA platform upon the addition of heavy metal ions, which have been obtained by a smartphone (under an UV irradiation), five heavy metal ions (i.e., Hg(ii), Pb(ii), Cd(ii), Fe(iii), and Cu(ii)) have been well-distinguished through the RGB analysis via production of the characteristic PL fingerprint-like response patterns for each of them. Moreover, the developed optical sensor array was successfully exploited to identify the heavy metal ions in the water and fish samples. We have also found that the PL spectra, which have been obtained by a spectrofluorometer, of the developed NRFSA can be exploited for discrimination applications. We believe that the nanopaper-based artificial tongues will provide innovative insights into the development of optical sensor arrays towards advanced (bio)chemical discrimination applications and can revolutionize the conventional optical sensor array technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Abbasi-Moayed
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
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25
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Liu C, Wang P, Liu X, Yi X, Zhou Z, Liu D. Supramolecular fluorescent sensor array for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of quaternary ammonium herbicides. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02954g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular fluorescent sensor array was firstly used to simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively analyze quaternary ammonium herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Yi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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Abbasi-Moayed S, Golmohammadi H, Bigdeli A, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. A rainbow ratiometric fluorescent sensor array on bacterial nanocellulose for visual discrimination of biothiols. Analyst 2018; 143:3415-3424. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of biothiols in many biological processes, which turns them into important biomarkers for the early diagnosis of various diseases, the development of an affordable, sensitive and portable probe for the detection and discrimination of these compounds is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arafeh Bigdeli
- Chemistry Department
- Sharif University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - M. Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Chemistry Department
- Sharif University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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Bigdeli A, Ghasemi F, Golmohammadi H, Abbasi-Moayed S, Nejad MAF, Fahimi-Kashani N, Jafarinejad S, Shahrajabian M, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Nanoparticle-based optical sensor arrays. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16546-16563. [PMID: 29083011 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03311g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As in many other methods that have integrated nanoparticles (NPs), the chemical nose/tongue strategy has also progressed greatly since the entrance of NPs into this field. The fascinating tunable physicochemical properties of NPs have made them powerful candidates for array-based sensing platforms and have enabled the development of real-time, sensitive and portable systems that are able to target complex mixtures of analytes. In particular, the unique optical properties of NPs have a key role in providing promising array-based sensing approaches. This review will describe the main aspects and processes of most common NP-based optical sensor arrays. The fundamental steps in the design of a sensor array together with details of each step would be provided. The review begins with the principles of optical sensor arrays and presents the concept of cross-reactivity as the main criterion in the selection of sensing elements. Changes in the absorption and emission properties of the assembled sensing elements are categorized into two main classes of optical signals (colorimetric and fluorometric). Popular chemometric methods used for analyzing the data acquired by a sensor array have also been briefly introduced. On the basis of the objective and the desired application, different types of plasmonic and fluorescent NP that possess unique opto-physical properties have been presented as available choices in the design of sensing elements. The vast number of applications of NP-based optical sensor arrays published throughout the literature have then been reviewed according to their mechanism of interaction and the type of optical signal. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions in this topic have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafeh Bigdeli
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
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Jafarinejad S, Ghazi-Khansari M, Ghasemi F, Sasanpour P, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Colorimetric Fingerprints of Gold Nanorods for Discriminating Catecholamine Neurotransmitters in Urine Samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8266. [PMID: 28811657 PMCID: PMC5557886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine neurotransmitters, generally including dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE) are known as substantial indicators of various neurological diseases. Simultaneous detection of these compounds and their metabolites is highly recommended in early clinical diagnosis. To this aim, in the present contribution, a high performance colorimetric sensor array has been proposed for the detection and discrimination of catecholamines based on their reducing ability to deposit silver on the surface of gold nanorods (AuNRs). The amassed silver nanoshell led to a blue shift in the longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of AuNRs, creating a unique pattern for each of the neurotransmitters. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) pattern recognition techniques were employed to identify DA, EP and NE. The proposed colorimetric array is able to differentiate among individual neurotransmitters as well as their mixtures, successfully. Finally, it was shown that the sensor array can identify these neurotransmitters in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jafarinejad
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - Pezhman Sasanpour
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zheng L, Zhao XE, Zhu S, Tao Y, Ji W, Geng Y, Wang X, Chen G, You J. A new combined method of stable isotope-labeling derivatization-ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of neurotransmitters in rat brain microdialysates by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1054:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ghasemi F, Hormozi-Nezhad MR, Mahmoudi M. Time-Resolved Visual Chiral Discrimination of Cysteine Using Unmodified CdTe Quantum Dots. Sci Rep 2017; 7:890. [PMID: 28420870 PMCID: PMC5429850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a simple yet novel luminescence assay for visual chiral discrimination of cysteine. Thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped cadmium-telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) exposing green emission were directly synthesized in aqueous solution. The interaction between cysteine molecules and CdTe QDs induced the aggregation of QDs via hydrogen bonding. As a result of electronic coupling within these aggregates, a redshift both in the absorption and emission spectra of QDs occured. The difference in the kinetics of the interactions between L- and D-cysteine with CdTe QDs led to chiral recognition of these enantiomers. Addition of D-cysteine to CdTe QDs in a basic media caused a green-to-yellow color change, while no color alteration in QDs emission was observed in the presence of L-cysteine after 2 hours. Notably, the QDs used in the proposed assay are free from any labling/modification, which makes the present strategy highly attractive for sensing applications. Furthermore, the presented chiral assay is able to determine the enantiomeric excess (ee) of D-cysteine in the whole range of ee values (from -100% to 100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States.
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Simultaneous extraction and determination of monoamine neurotransmitters in human urine for clinical routine testing based on a dual functional solid phase extraction assisted by phenylboronic acid coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2859-2871. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Shahrajabian M, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Design a New Strategy Based on Nanoparticle-Enhanced Chemiluminescence Sensor Array for Biothiols Discrimination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32160. [PMID: 27574247 PMCID: PMC5004156 DOI: 10.1038/srep32160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Array-based sensor is an interesting approach that suggests an alternative to expensive analytical methods. In this work, we introduce a novel, simple, and sensitive nanoparticle-based chemiluminescence (CL) sensor array for discrimination of biothiols (e.g., cysteine, glutathione and glutathione disulfide). The proposed CL sensor array is based on the CL efficiencies of four types of enhanced nanoparticle-based CL systems. The intensity of CL was altered to varying degrees upon interaction with biothiols, producing unique CL response patterns. These distinct CL response patterns were collected as “fingerprints” and were then identified through chemometric methods, including linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The developed array was able to successfully differentiate between cysteine, glutathione and glutathione disulfide in a wide concentration range. Moreover, it was applied to distinguish among the above analytes in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahrajabian
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.,Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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