1
|
Antonelli L, Frondaroli MC, De Cesaris MG, Felli N, Dal Bosco C, Lucci E, Gentili A. Nanocomposite microbeads made of recycled polylactic acid for the magnetic solid phase extraction of xenobiotics from human urine. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:251. [PMID: 38589663 PMCID: PMC11001671 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Nanocomposite microbeads (average diameter = 10-100 µm) were prepared by a microemulsion-solidification method and applied to the magnetic solid-phase extraction (m-SPE) of fourteen analytes, among pesticides, drugs, and hormones, from human urine samples. The microbeads, perfectly spherical in shape to maximize the surface contact with the analytes, were composed of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a polylactic acid (PLA) solid bulk, decorated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mPLA@MWCNTs). In particular, PLA was recovered from filters of smoked electronic cigarettes after an adequate cleaning protocol. A complete morphological characterization of the microbeads was performed via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (TGA and DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The recovery study of the m-SPE procedure showed yields ≥ 64%, with the exception of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (57%) at the lowest spike level (3 µg L-1). The method was validated according to the main FDA guidelines for the validation of bioanalytical methods. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, precision and accuracy were below 11% and 15%, respectively, and detection limits of 0.1-1.8 µg L-1. Linearity was studied in the range of interest 1-15 µg L-1 with determination coefficients greater than 0.99. In light of the obtained results, the nanocomposite microbeads have proved to be a valid and sustainable alternative to traditional sorbents, offering good analytical standards and being synthetized from recycled plastic material. One of the main objectives of the current work is to provide an innovative and optimized procedure for the recycling of a plastic waste, to obtain a regular and reliable microstructure, whose application is here presented in the field of analytical chemistry. The simplicity and greenness of the method endows the procedure with a versatile applicability in different research and industrial fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Antonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Nina Felli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Lucci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Assessment of commercial porous polyethylene frit for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3005-3015. [PMID: 33758989 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploring commercial and inexpensive sorbents for extraction of organic pollutants is still an active area of research. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene sieve plate (UMPESP) is a commercially available, low-cost, and porous frit, which has been widely used in solid-phase extraction cartridges to fix the filling materials. In this work, UMPESP was investigated for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples. The desorption and sorption efficiencies of UMPESP were first evaluated and compared with two previously reported sorbents, low-density polyethylene plastic pellet (LDPEP) and silicone rod (SR). The comparative results showed that quantitative desorption of analytes from UMPESP, which could be easily achieved with 2 × 1.5 mL n-hexane, was more effective than that of LDPEP (>6 × 1.5 mL n-hexane) and comparable to that of SR. Additionally, shorter equilibrium time was rendered by UMPESP (shaking for 120 min) compared with SR (>480 min), due to the porous structure and larger surface area of the former. Different parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, including organic modifier, ionic strength, and pH value, were then studied. The optimized method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry afforded good linearity in a concentration range of 10-5000 ng L-1 (except acenaphthene in the range of 25-5000 ng L-1) with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.9957 to 0.9995 and relative standard deviations below 13.8%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.04-3.35 ng L-1 and 0.13-11.16 ng L-1, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine PAHs in real water samples, and the results showed no statistically significant difference with the concentrations derived from liquid-liquid extraction.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kazantzi V, Drosaki E, Skok A, Vishnikin AB, Anthemidis A. Evaluation of polypropylene and polyethylene as sorbent packing materials in on-line preconcentration columns for trace Pb(II) and Cd(II) determination by FAAS. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
4
|
Magnetic Polyamide Nanocomposites for the Microextraction of Benzophenones from Water Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24050953. [PMID: 30857139 PMCID: PMC6429122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the influence of the monomers on the extraction efficiency and the effect of the addition of surfactants during the synthesis have also been considered. The sorption capacity of the resulting nanocomposites has been evaluated, in the dispersive micro-solid phase extraction format, by determining that of six benzophenones in water using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with photodiode array detection. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection were in the range of 0.5–4.3 ng/mL and the repeatability, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), varied between 1.5% and 5.6%. The proposed method has been applied for the analysis of real water samples, providing relative recoveries in the interval of 84–105%
Collapse
|
5
|
Abaroa-Pérez B, Sánchez-Almeida G, Hernández-Brito JJ, Vega-Moreno D. In Situ Miniaturised Solid Phase Extraction (m-SPE) for Organic Pollutants in Seawater Samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:7437031. [PMID: 29805837 PMCID: PMC5901848 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7437031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a consolidated technique for determining pollutants in seawater samples. The current tendency is to miniaturise systems that extract and determine pollutants in the environment, reducing the use of organic solvents, while maintaining the quality in the extraction and preconcentration. On the other hand, there is a need to develop new extraction systems that can be fitted to in situ continual monitoring buoys, especially for the marine environment. This work has developed a first model of a low-pressure micro-SPE (m-SPE) for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that can be simply applied to in situ monitoring in the marine environment. This system reduces the volumes of sample and solvents required in the laboratory in comparison with conventional SPE. In the future, it could be used in automated or robotic systems in marine technologies such as marine gliders and oceanographic buoys. This system has been optimised and validated to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in seawater samples, but it could also be applied to other kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and emerging pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Sánchez-Almeida
- Chemistry Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C (ULPGC), Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - D. Vega-Moreno
- Chemistry Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C (ULPGC), Las Palmas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
López-López JA, Ogalla-Chozas E, Lara-Martín PA, Pintado-Herrera MG. Solvent bar micro-extraction (SBME) based determination of PAHs in seawater samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:58-63. [PMID: 28437771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the impact of PAHs in seawater samples is often difficult due to the low concentrations in which they appear and the complexity of the sample matrix. Traditional methods for sample preparation such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction require the use of excessive amounts of solvents and reagents, and sample handling. In this work, hollow fiber liquid phase micro-extraction (HFLPME), in the configuration of solvent bar micro-extraction (SBME), was proposed as an environmentally friendly and more effective tool, for the extraction of the 16 priority PAHs from seawater samples. Extraction was conducted using hexane as a solvent. Enrichment factors from 45 to 163 were obtained after 60min at a stirring rate of 500rpm in the sample. Moreover, a negative linear relationship was observed between the enrichment factor and the molecular weight of the PAHs. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection were in the range from 0.21 to 0.82ngL-1, the method showed a linear response up to 500μgL-1, and the average relative standard deviation for seawater samples spiked with 5ngL-1 was 11.6%. After calibration, the SBME was applied to extract PAHs in seawater samples from the Bay of Cadiz (SW Spain), showing an average recovery of 99%. In conclusion, the SBME is an environmentally friendly, one-step alternative for sample preparation in the determination of PAHs in seawater samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A López-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Esther Ogalla-Chozas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cargnin RS, Nascimento PCD, Ferraz LM, Barichello MM, Brudi LC, Rosa MBD, de Carvalho LM, do Nascimento DB, Cravo MC, do Nascimento LAH. Investigation of Extraction and Collection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Aqueous Solutions at Different Temperatures. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1353529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rejane S. Cargnin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luis M. Ferraz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia M. Barichello
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia C. Brudi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B. da Rosa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Recycling polymer residues to synthesize magnetic nanocomposites for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction. Talanta 2017; 170:451-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Magnetic solid phase extraction of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples with metal organic framework MIL-101 (Cr) modified zero valent iron nano-particles. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
10
|
Molaei S, Saleh A, Ghoulipour V, Seidi S. Polytetrafluoroethylene physisorption‐assisted emulsification microextraction as a cleanup and preconcentration step in the gas chromatography determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:885-892. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolfazl Saleh
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science Tehran Iran
| | | | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry K. N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Castro-Grijalba A, Reyes-Gallardo EM, Wuilloud RG, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Synthesis of magnetic polymeric ionic liquid nanocomposites by the Radziszewski reaction. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07947h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of the Radziszewski reaction is proposed for the first time for the synthesis of magnetic polymeric ionic liquids. After their characterization, the sorption ability of the nanocomposites towards acidic compounds have been evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Castro-Grijalba
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Research and Development (QUIANID)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), UNCUYO-CONICET
- (5500) Mendoza
| | - Emilia M. Reyes-Gallardo
- Departamento de Química Analítica
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUIQFN
- Universidad de Córdoba
- E-14071 Córdoba
- Spain
| | - Rodolfo G. Wuilloud
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Research and Development (QUIANID)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), UNCUYO-CONICET
- (5500) Mendoza
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Departamento de Química Analítica
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUIQFN
- Universidad de Córdoba
- E-14071 Córdoba
- Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Departamento de Química Analítica
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUIQFN
- Universidad de Córdoba
- E-14071 Córdoba
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fiscal-Ladino JA, Obando-Ceballos M, Rosero-Moreano M, Montaño DF, Cardona W, Giraldo LF, Richter P. Ionic liquids intercalated in montmorillonite as the sorptive phase for the extraction of low-polarity organic compounds from water by rotating-disk sorptive extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 953:23-31. [PMID: 28010739 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Montmorillonite (MMT) clays were modified by the intercalation into their galleries of ionic liquids (IL) based on imidazolium quaternary ammonium salts. This new eco-materials exhibited good features for use as a sorptive phase in the extraction of low-polarity analytes from aqueous samples. Spectroscopic analyses of the modified clays were conducted and revealed an increase in the basal spacing and a shifting of the reflection plane towards lower values as a consequence of the effective intercalation of organic cations into the MMT structure. The novel sorbent developed herein was assayed as the sorptive phase in rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE), using polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), representative of low-polarity pollutants, as model analytes. The final determination was made by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Among the synthetized sorptive phases, the selected system for analytical purposes consisted of MMT modified with the 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (HDMIM-Br) IL. Satisfactory analytical features were achieved using a sample volume of 5 mL: the relative recoveries from a wastewater sample were higher than 80%, the detection limits were between 3 ng L-1 and 43 ng L-1, the precision (within-run precision) expressed as the relative standard deviation ranged from 2% to 24%, and the enrichment factors ranged between 18 and 28. Using RDSE, the extraction efficiency achieved for the selected MMT-HDMIM-Br phase was compared with other commercial solid phases/supports, such as polypropylene, polypropylene with 1-octanol (as a supported liquid membrane), octadecyl (C18) and octyl (C8), and showed the highest response for all the studied analytes. Under the optimized extraction conditions, this new device was applied in the analysis of the influent of a wastewater treatment plant in Santiago (Chile), demonstrating its applicability through the good recoveries and precision achieved with real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Fiscal-Ladino
- Grupo de Investigación en Cromatografía y Técnicas Afines GICTA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Mónica Obando-Ceballos
- Grupo de Investigación en Cromatografía y Técnicas Afines GICTA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Milton Rosero-Moreano
- Grupo de Investigación en Cromatografía y Técnicas Afines GICTA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Diego F Montaño
- Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Escuela de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A, 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wilson Cardona
- Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Escuela de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A, 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F Giraldo
- Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Escuela de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A, 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Pablo Richter
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Nacham O, Clark KD, Pino V, Anderson JL, Ayala JH, Afonso AM. Magnetic ionic liquids as non-conventional extraction solvents for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:106-13. [PMID: 27506350 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the applicability of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) in the analytical determination of a group of heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Three different MILs, namely, benzyltrioctylammonium bromotrichloroferrate (III) (MIL A), methoxybenzyltrioctylammonium bromotrichloroferrate (III) (MIL B), and 1,12-di(3-benzylbenzimidazolium) dodecane bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)]imide bromotrichloroferrate (III) (MIL C), were designed to exhibit hydrophobic properties, and their performance examined in a microextraction method for hydrophobic analytes. The magnet-assisted approach with these MILs was performed in combination with high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The study of the extraction performance showed that MIL A was the most suitable solvent for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and under optimum conditions the fast extraction step required ∼20 μL of MIL A for 10 mL of aqueous sample, 24 mmol L(-1) NaOH, high ionic strength content of NaCl (25% (w/v)), 500 μL of acetone as dispersive solvent, and 5 min of vortex. The desorption step required the aid of an external magnetic field with a strong NdFeB magnet (the separation requires few seconds), two back-extraction steps for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons retained in the MIL droplet with n-hexane, evaporation and reconstitution with acetonitrile. The overall method presented limits of detection down to 5 ng L(-1), relative recoveries ranging from 91.5 to 119%, and inter-day reproducibility values (expressed as relative standard derivation) lower than 16.4% for a spiked level of 0.4 μg L(-1) (n = 9). The method was also applied for the analysis of real samples, including tap water, wastewater, and tea infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química (Área de Química Analítica), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Omprakash Nacham
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Kevin D Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Verónica Pino
- Departamento de Química (Área de Química Analítica), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Juan H Ayala
- Departamento de Química (Área de Química Analítica), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Ana M Afonso
- Departamento de Química (Área de Química Analítica), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|