1
|
Cheng XD, Zhang Z, Dai XX, Li YP. Retention behavior of nucleosides and nucleobases on a 3 μm undecylenic acid-functionalized silica column in per aqueous liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation modes. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464833. [PMID: 38555828 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A 3 μm undecylenic acid-functionalized stationary phase (UAS) was prepared for the separation of nucleosides and nucleobases using per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). The retention behaviors of nucleosides and nucleobases in PALC and HILIC modes were explored by adjusting parameters such as water content, buffer concentration, pH of the mobile phase and column temperature. The experimental data and separation chromatogram demonstrated that PALC could provide retention comparable to that of HILIC for nucleosides and nucleobases. Comparative studies using diluted adenosine solutions evaluated theoretical plates and peak shape for the same retention factors (between 0.25 and 5.0) in PALC and HILIC. There was no buffer component in the mobile phases used to operate the comparisons. HILIC mode is more efficient for adenosine than PALC mode at low retention factors. It's the exact opposite phenomenon for high retention factors. It is proposed that the mass transfer of adenosine between the UAS, the water-rich layer and the ACN-rich mobile phase in HILIC is relatively slow. Given the significant use of toxic ACN in HILIC, PALC emerges as a safer and more effective alternative for separating nucleosides and nucleobases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan 430015, China; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xue-Xin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Yun-Ping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng XD, Zhang Z, Li YP. A facile approach to undecylenic acid-functionalized stationary phases for per aqueous liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1265:341337. [PMID: 37230580 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Green chromatography techniques using low-toxic mobile phase are getting increasingly attention in recent years. The core is developing stationary phases that possess adequate retention and separation under the mobile phase of high content water. Using thiol-ene click chemistry, an undecylenic acid-bonded silica stationary phase (UAS) was prepared in a facile manner. Elemental analysis (EA), solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) confirmed the successful preparation of UAS. The synthesized UAS was employed for per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC), which uses little organic solvent during separation. Due to the hydrophilic carboxy, thioether group and hydrophobic alkyl chains of the UAS, various categories of compounds (including nucleobases, nucleosides, organic acids and basic compounds) with different properties can achieve enhanced separation under the mobile phase of high content water compared with commercial C18 and silica stationary phases. Overall, our present UAS stationary phase shows excellent separation ability toward highly polar compounds and meets the requirements of green chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan, 430015, China; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yun-Ping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chapel S, Rouvière F, Guillarme D, Heinisch S. Reversed HILIC Gradient: A Powerful Strategy for On-Line Comprehensive 2D-LC. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093907. [PMID: 37175317 PMCID: PMC10179806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of reversed hydrophilic interaction chromatography (revHILIC) mode in liquid chromatography (LC). This chromatographic mode consists of combining a highly polar stationary phase (bare silica) with a gradient varying from very low (1-5%) to high (40%) acetonitrile content (reversed gradient compared to HILIC). The retention behavior of revHILIC was first compared with that of reversed-phase LC (RPLC) and HILIC using representative mixtures of peptides and pharmaceutical compounds. It appears that the achievable selectivity can be ranked in the order RPLC > revHILIC > HILIC with the two different samples. Next, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) conditions were evaluated by combining RPLC, revHILIC, or HILIC with RPLC in an on-line comprehensive (LC × LC) mode. evHILIC × RPLC not only showed impressive performance in terms of peak capacity and sensitivity, but also provided complementary selectivity compared to RPLC × RPLC and HILIC × RPLC. Indeed, both the elution order and the retention time range differ significantly between the three techniques. In conclusion, there is no doubt that revHILIC should be considered as a viable option for 2D-LC analysis of small molecules and also peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zeng L, Xie W, Jiang L, Yao X, Li H, Shi B, Lei F. Fabrication and evaluation of dodecyl imide maleopimaric acid glycidyl methacrylate ester modified silica with multiple retention mechanisms for reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463747. [PMID: 36621106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As green, less toxic, and abundant ligands with rich functional groups, natural products are widely used in synthesis of chromatographic stationary phases. In this work, dodecyl imide maleopimaric acid glycidyl methacrylate ester (C12-MPAGN) was prepared from maleopimaric acid through the imidization and ring-opening based esterification reaction. By using "thiol-ene" click chemistry, it was chemically bonded to the silica and (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) was used as the coupling agent to obtain dodecyl imide maleopimaric acid glycidyl methacrylate ester bonded silica stationary phase (Sil-C12-MPAGN). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopies (SEM), and elemental analysis (EA) were utilized to verify that the Sil-C12-MPAGN stationary phase was successfully prepared with C12-MPAGN immobilized on the silica surface. In order to evaluate the chromatographic performance and retention mechanisms of the Sil-C12-MPAGN column and compared with C18 column, a variety of compounds were used, including stander mixture of Tanaka, alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols and flavonoids. Based on these multiple interactions, including hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding, and π-π interactions, high selectivity and superior separation performance were demonstrated by the Sil-C12-MPAGN column for probe molecules what had previously been mentioned. In addition, the quantitative determination of paclitaxel content in Yew bark extract was conducted with this column, which was found that the concentration was 83.67 mg/L, respectively. In short, the present study proposes a new strategy for introducing rosin to liquid chromatography with high selectivity and separation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China
| | - Wenbo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China
| | - Xingdong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China
| | - Boan Shi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carbon quantum dots–functionalized silica stationary phase for pharmaceutical analysis by a green liquid chromatography mode. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:175. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Metal-organic framework-based core-shell composites for chromatographic stationary phases. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Li H, Xie W, Zeng L, Li W, Shi B, Lei F. Development and evaluation of a hydrogenated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester-bonded silica stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography separation of paclitaxel from yew bark. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462815. [PMID: 35038614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a complex diterpenoid anticancer drug whose separation from yew biomass poses a significant challenge. In this study, a new stationary phase comprising hydrogenated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester (HRE)-bonded silica (HRE@SiO2) is developed to separate and purify PTX from crude yew-bark extract using high-performance liquid chromatography. In HRE@SiO2, HRE molecules, which are functional ligands, are bonded to the surface of a silica gel matrix using a coupling agent, (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane. The proposed HRE@SiO2 stationary phase was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction granulometry, and nitrogen gas adsorption. The HRE@SiO2 column exhibited excellent chromatographic performance, satisfactory performance reproducibility, and typical reversed-phase chromatographic behavior. An HRE@SiO2 column was used to separate PTX and its analogs, achieving resolutions exceeding 7.43 for consecutively eluted species. Stoichiometric displacement theory for retention (SDT-R), the van Deemter equation, and van 't Hoff plots were used to analyze the separation mechanism and properties of the HRE@SiO2 column. The results showed that hydrophobic interactions determine the analyte retention and the separation of PTX and its analogs on an HRE@SiO2 column is an exothermic process driven by enthalpy. Furthermore, an HRE@SiO2 column was employed to separate and purify PTX from crude yew-bark extract, increasing PTX purity from 6% to 82%. The findings of this study provide insights for developing rosin-based stationary phases for the separation of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Wenbo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Boan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chu Z, Zhu M, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Gong X, Jiang Y, Wu L, Zhai R, Dai X, Fang X. Layer-by-layer coating and chemical cross-linking of multilayer polysaccharides on silica for mixed-mode HPLC application. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12956-12959. [PMID: 34792073 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile, controllable and environmentally friendly method for fabricating a novel polysaccharide-silica composite stationary phase (SiO2@(HA-CS)12) was developed in this report. Two natural polysaccharides (hyaluronan acid and chitosan) were controllably coated on the silica surface using a layer-by-layer assembly technique, and then the polysaccharide shell was chemically cross-linked to improve the stability. The column efficiency of the SiO2@(HA-CS)12 column reached 74 000 plates per m in HILIC mode and 20 100 plates per m in IEC mode, which indicates great potential for separating polar and charged samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Chu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Manman Zhu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyun Gong
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - You Jiang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Liqing Wu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Zhai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A new ionic liquid bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas stationary phase for per aqueous liquid chromatography and its application in the detection of biogenic amines. Talanta 2021; 235:122795. [PMID: 34517653 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of using a large proportion of acetonitrile on the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns that was not environmentally friendly, and the poor acid and base resistance of traditional bonded silica columns, we reported a novel stationary phase of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) covalently bonded to ionic liquid (ILs) bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) hydrophilic microspheres (PMO-ILs-Au NPs) for per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC). The PMO hydrophilic microspheres were prepared by condensation of 1,3-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)imidazoliumchloride and 1, 2-Bis (triethoxysilyl) ethane and then modified with Au NPs the surface. The obtained materials were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectra, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The retention behavior was evaluated by investigating the effect of various chromatographic factors on the retention of different types of solutes. The retention mechanism of the stationary phases in PALC was a mixed type of anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction. Compared with C18-SiO2 column, the acid and base resistance of the stationary phase were greatly improved. Compared with the HILIC column and C18 column, some hydrophilic compounds such as six organic acids and eight biogenic amines were baseline separated with the enhanced resolution of the PMO-ILs-Au NPs column under the PALC mode. The efficiency of the new column was significantly higher than that of the HILIC column. Furthermore, the analysis of PALC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous detection of eight biogenic amines. This method could improve detection efficiency, save reagent and reduce environmental pollution. PALC as a green chromatography analytical method was suitable for the replacement of HILIC.
Collapse
|
10
|
Si T, Wang S, Zhang H, Lu X, Wang L, Liang X, Guo Y. An alternative strategy to construct uniform MOFs-Grafted silica core-shell composites as mixed-mode stationary phase for chromatography separation. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1183:338942. [PMID: 34627530 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)@silica core-shell microspheres as the stationary phases mainly relied on the method of electrostatic interaction between the metal ions of MOFs and the silanol groups. Herein, the ligands of MOFs were preferentially modified to the surface of silica as connection points and seed crystals to connect or form the MOFs. In this way, the evenness of the MOFs particles on the silica surface was effectively improved, and the prepared composites possessed excellent reproducibility and stability, including acid-base stability. The relative standard deviation of the retention time for repeatability ranged from 0.1% to 0.26% and for stability retention time from 0.3% to 0.6%. Compared with commercial columns, the prepared stationary phase showed enhanced separation selectivity for separation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds containing alkaloids, nucleosides, antibiotics and alkylbenzenes, etc. The obtained column was used as a matrix for fast separation and analysis of antibiotics in actual samples. In short, the composites showed superior reproducibility, stability and satisfactory separation performance towards a variety of compounds in the studied conditions. It also provided another way to improve the evenness of MOFs particles on the surface of silica and enhance the stability of them under polar conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Yong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan F, Wang L, Lu X, Liang X, Guo Y. Synthesis and application of smart gel material modified silica microspheres for pH-responsive hydrophilicity in liquid chromatography. Analyst 2021; 146:6262-6269. [PMID: 34546229 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by porous smart gel materials, we designed pH-responsive polymer-modified silica microspheres as liquid chromatography stationary phase materials by a one-step strategy. The free radicals generated by the oxidation of dopamine are used to initiate the cross-linking polymerization of functional monomers. At the same time, the good adhesion of dopamine enables the polymer to be modified on silica. The hydrophilicity of this new stationary phase can change in response to the pH of the mobile phase and the stationary phase has weaker hydrophilicity under acidic (pH = 3.78) mobile phase conditions and stronger hydrophilicity under neutral mobile phase conditions. The hydrophilicity difference of the stationary phase leads to the selectivity difference in separation. To evaluate the chromatographic performance of this new stationary phase, 10 oligosaccharides and 9 nucleosides/bases were separated on this stationary phase. This paper will provide good guidance for us to achieve more pH-responsive hydrophilic/hydrophobic stationary phases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Fan
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yong Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen T, Xu L, Song G, Li Y, Xu H, Zhou H, Xiao Z, Li P. Preparation and application of Au nanoparticles-decorated SO3H-cofunctionalized silica stationary phase for per aqueous liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Hu C, Mao Z, Li Z, Li Q, Chen Z. Benzoic acid-modified monolithic column for separation of hydrophilic compounds by capillary electrochromatography with high content of water in mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462166. [PMID: 33957344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic column combined with mobile phase containing high content of water is a green method for the separation of polar compounds, but there are few related studies, and the separation efficiency and performance of existing columns still needs to be improved. In this work, a novel monolithic column for separation of hydrophilic compounds under both high water content and HILIC condition, was prepared by in-situ polymerization using 4-vinylbenzoic acid (VBA) and 1-(Acryloyloxy)-3-(methacryloyloxy)-2-propanol (AMAP) as functional monomers. The poly(VBA-co-AMAP) monolithic column showed good separation performance towards various polar compounds under different chromatographic conditions based on the π-interaction, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions provided by 4-vinylbenzoic acid functional monomer. The highest column efficiency for adenine was over 2.15 × 105 plates m-1 (theoretical plate, N). In addition, the monolith showed good stability and reproducibility, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention times within days (n = 5), between days (n = 5), between columns (n = 3) and between batches (n = 3) were 0.47-1.13%, 1.20-2.68%, 0.59-1.78% and 1.54-3.60%, respectively. This novel type of monolith has great application potential in the separation of hydrophilic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zhenkun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zhentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tang T, Guo D, Huang S. Preparation and chromatographic evaluation of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography stationary phase based on nucleosides or nucleotides. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:419-425. [PMID: 33427266 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of novel hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases were prepared by grafting nucleosides or nucleotides on the surface of silica gel. Firstly, the silica was modified with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). And then nucleosides or nucleotides were bonded on the surface of GPTMS-modified silica through the epoxy-amine ring-opening reaction to provide four HILIC materials. These obtained stationary phases were successfully characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and elemental analysis (EA), respectively. Effects of column temperature, water content of the mobile phase, pH and buffer concentration on the retention behavior of these HILIC materials and the corresponding separation mechanism were evaluated using various nucleosides and nucleobases, respectively. In addition, polar and hydrophilic compounds such as amino acids and water-soluble vitamins were successfully separated using the corresponding columns, showing application potential for the separation of bioactive substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingfeng Tang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Castilho LDMB, Gama VDS, Santos ALRD, Faria AMD. Polar polymer-immobilized stationary phase for aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1862868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Verônica dos Santos Gama
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences of Pontal, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Brazil
| | | | - Anizio Marcio de Faria
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences of Pontal, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chu Z, Zhang W, Li D, Zhang L, Zhu M, Ge Z. Synthesis and chromatographic evaluation of poly(pentabromostyrene)-silica composite: A versatile stationary phase for separating both polar and non-polar aromatic compounds. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
Sobańska AW. Emerging or Underestimated Silica-Based Stationary Phases in Liquid Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:631-655. [PMID: 32482079 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1760782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several newly synthesized or forgotten silica-based stationary phases proposed for liquid chromatography are described, including non-endcapped, short-chain alkyl phases; hydrophilic and polar-endcapped stationary phases; polar-embedded alkyl phases; long-chain alkyl phases. Stationary phases with aromatic, cyanopropyl, diol and aminopropyl functionalities are also reviewed. Stationary phases of particular interest are biomolecular materials - based on immobilized cholesterol, aminoacids, peptides, proteins or lipoproteins. Packing materials involving macrocyclic chemistry (crown ethers; calixarenes; aza-macrocycles; oligo-and polysaccharides including these of marine origin - chitin- or chitosan-based; macrocyclic antibiotics) are discussed. Since many stationary phases developed for one type of applications (e.g. chiral separation) have been found useful in solving other analytical problems (e.g. drug's plasma protein binding ability), it seemed reasonable to discuss particular chemistries behind the stationary phases presented in this review rather than specific types of interactions or chromatographic modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna W Sobańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bo C, Jia Z, Dai X, Wei Y. Facile preparation of polymer-brush reverse-phase/hydrophilic interaction/ion-exchange tri-mode chromatographic stationary phases by controlled polymerization of three functional monomers. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460966. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Hu Y, Cai T, Zhang H, Chen J, Li Z, Zhao L, Li Z, Qiu H. Two copolymer-grafted silica stationary phases prepared by surface thiol-ene click reaction in deep eutectic solvents for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
21
|
Si T, Wang L, Lu X, Liang X, Wang S, Guo Y. An alternative approach for the preparation of a core–shell bimetallic central metal–organic framework as a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phase. Analyst 2020; 145:3851-3856. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new type of core–shell composite material was prepared and applied as a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) stationary phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Licheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Shuai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Yong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sun Y, Li P, Wang T, Qin L, Cheng G, Shen L, Yao X, Wei S, Jiang J, Lei F. Alkaloid purification using rosin-based polymer-bonded silica stationary phase in HPLC. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3646-3652. [PMID: 31613051 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are important natural products that exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. To efficiently separate and purify them, a rosin-based polymer-bonded silica stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography was synthesized via the surface radical polymerization of ethylene glycol maleic rosinate acrylate and methacrylic acid onto functionalized silica. The stationary phases, columns, optimization of chromatographic conditions for alkaloids, and thermodynamic behavior of the analytes on the column were fully studied. Under the optimized conditions, the prepared column efficiently purified natural camptothecine, caffeine, and evodiamine with the corresponding purities of 92, 96, and 97%. With this work, we have developed an efficient approach to isolate alkaloids and promoted the research on rosin-based materials in biomedicine and analytical chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Liting Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Gege Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Xingdong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Shaoping Wei
- Guangxi Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forests Products, Nanning, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Preparation and evaluation of surface-bonded phenylglycine zwitterionic stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5941-5950. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
24
|
Chu Z, Zhang L, Zhang W. Preparation and evaluation of maltose modified polymer-silica composite based on cross-linked poly glycidyl methacrylate as high performance liquid chromatography stationary phase. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:179-186. [PMID: 30253830 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new maltose modified polymer-silica composite was fabricated and applied as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stationary phase. The cross-linked poly glycidyl methacrylate (pGMA) layer was chemically bonded to the outer surface as well as pore inner surface of silica beads via in-situ polymerization, and then maltose was modified onto the polymer layer via a [3 + 2] "click" reaction. The porous spherical silica (4 μm diameter) with 300 Å pore size was selected as the matrix so that the 3.25 nm-thick polymer layer fabricated on the pore inner surface would not affect its permeability. The typical 'U-shape' retention curves indicated a mixed-mode retention mechanism of the as-synthesized stationary phase. Both polar and non-polar analytes could be well separated on the stationary phase with column efficiency reaching 123809 plates/m for guanosine in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode and 46808 plates/m for fluorene in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mode, respectively. Nucleotides and their bases were baseline separated with good peak shape without any buffer salt in mobile phase, suggesting the effective shielding of the silanol groups. The packing material also showed excellent chromatographic repeatability with intraday RSDs of the retention time of five nucleosides less than 0.048% (n = 3) and interday RSDs less than 0.33% (n = 7) and great pH stability (from 1.5 to 10.2). Finally, the stationary phase was applied to the separation of ginseng extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|