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Xia L, Deb R, Yanagisawa N, Dutta D. Application of an electrokinetic backflow for enhancing pressure-driven charge based separations in sub-micrometer deep channels. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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A Novel Planar Grounded Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detector for Microchip Electrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030394. [PMID: 35334684 PMCID: PMC8953769 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the microchip electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, the stray capacitance of the detector causes high background noise, which seriously affects the sensitivity and stability of the detection system. To reduce the effect, a novel design of planar grounded capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (PG-C4D) based on printed circuit board (PCB) is proposed. The entire circuit plane except the sensing electrodes is covered by the ground electrode, greatly reducing the stray capacitance. The efficacy of the design has been verified by the electrical field simulation and the electrophoresis detection experiments of inorganic ions. The baseline intensity of the PG-C4D was less than 1/6 of that of the traditional C4D. The PG-C4D with the new design also demonstrated a good repeatability of migration time, peak area, and peak height (n = 5, relative standard deviation, RSD ≤ 0.3%, 3%, and 4%, respectively), and good linear coefficients within the range of 0.05–0.75 mM (R2 ≥ 0.986). The detection sensitivity of K+, Na+, and Li+ reached 0.05, 0.1, and 0.1 mM respectively. Those results prove that the new design is an effective and economical approach which can improve sensitivity and repeatability of a PCB based PG-C4D, which indicate a great application potential in agricultural and environmental monitoring.
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Ha NS, de Raad M, Han LZ, Golini A, Petzold CJ, Northen TR. Faster, better, and cheaper: harnessing microfluidics and mass spectrometry for biotechnology. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1331-1351. [PMID: 34704041 PMCID: PMC8496484 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening technologies are widely used for elucidating biological activities. These typically require trade-offs in assay specificity and sensitivity to achieve higher throughput. Microfluidic approaches enable rapid manipulation of small volumes and have found a wide range of applications in biotechnology providing improved control of reaction conditions, faster assays, and reduced reagent consumption. The integration of mass spectrometry with microfluidics has the potential to create high-throughput, sensitivity, and specificity assays. This review introduces the widely-used mass spectrometry ionization techniques that have been successfully integrated with microfluidics approaches such as continuous-flow system, microchip electrophoresis, droplet microfluidics, digital microfluidics, centrifugal microfluidics, and paper microfluidics. In addition, we discuss recent applications of microfluidics integrated with mass spectrometry in single-cell analysis, compound screening, and the study of microorganisms. Lastly, we provide future outlooks towards online coupling, improving the sensitivity and integration of multi-omics into a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel S Ha
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Markus de Raad
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
| | - La Zhen Han
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Amber Golini
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
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Dispas A, Emonts P, Fillet M. Microchip electrophoresis: A suitable analytical technique for pharmaceuticals quality control? A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jones J, Ha NS, Barajas AG, Chatziioannou AF, van Dam RM. Integration of High-Resolution Radiation Detector for Hybrid Microchip Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3483-3491. [PMID: 31986878 PMCID: PMC7410349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For decades, there has been immense progress in miniaturizing analytical methods based on electrophoresis to improve sensitivity and to reduce sample volumes, separation times, and/or equipment cost and space requirements, in applications ranging from analysis of biological samples to environmental analysis to forensics. In the field of radiochemistry, where radiation-shielded laboratory space is limited, there has been great interest in harnessing the compactness, high efficiency, and speed of microfluidics to synthesize short-lived radiolabeled compounds. We recently proposed that analysis of these compounds could also benefit from miniaturization and have been investigating capillary electrophoresis (CE) and hybrid microchip electrophoresis (hybrid-MCE) as alternatives to the typically used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We previously showed separation of the positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) from its impurities in a hybrid-MCE device with UV detection, with similar separation performance to HPLC, but with improved speed and lower sample volumes. In this paper, we have developed an integrated radiation detector to enable measurement of the emitted radiation from radiolabeled compounds. Though conventional radiation detectors have been incorporated into CE systems in the past, these approaches cannot be readily integrated into a compact hybrid-MCE device. We instead employed a solid-state avalanche photodiode (APD)-based detector for real-time, high-sensitivity β particle detection. The integrated system can reliably separate [18F]FLT from its impurities and perform chemical identification via coinjection with nonradioactive reference standard. This system can quantitate samples with radioactivity concentrations as low as 114 MBq/mL (3.1 mCi/mL), which is sufficient for analysis of radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Jones
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental
Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Noel S. Ha
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of
Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA 90095, USA
| | - Alec G. Barajas
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental
Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental
Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of
Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Patinglag L, Esfahani MMN, Ragunathan K, He P, Brown NJ, Archibald SJ, Pamme N, Tarn MD. On-chip electrochemical detection of glucose towards the miniaturised quality control of carbohydrate-based radiotracers. Analyst 2020; 145:4920-4930. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01881f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have developed two microfluidic platforms for the electrochemical detection of glucose, using either a screen-printed electrode or wire electrodes, towards the quality control testing of carbohydrate-based radiotracers used in medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Patinglag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | | | | | - Ping He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
| | | | - Stephen J. Archibald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - Mark D. Tarn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
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Knapp KA, Nickels ML, Manning HC. The Current Role of Microfluidics in Radiofluorination Chemistry. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:463-475. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Antuganov D, Antuganova Y, Zykova T, Krasikova R. Use of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of impurities in preparations of fluorine-18 labelled PET radiopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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YANG MP, HUANG Z, XIE Y, YOU H. Development of Microchip Electrophoresis and Its Applications in Ion Detection. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ly J, Ha NS, Cheung S, van Dam RM. Toward miniaturized analysis of chemical identity and purity of radiopharmaceuticals via microchip electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2423-2436. [PMID: 29470664 PMCID: PMC6482050 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized synthesis of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers is poised to offer numerous advantages including reduced tracer production costs and increased availability of diverse tracers. While many steps of the tracer production process have been miniaturized, there has been relatively little development of microscale systems for the quality control (QC) testing process that is required by regulatory agencies to ensure purity, identity, and biological safety of the radiotracer before use in human subjects. Every batch must be tested, and in contrast with ordinary pharmaceuticals, the whole set of tests of radiopharmaceuticals must be completed within a short-period of time to minimize losses due to radioactive decay. By replacing conventional techniques with microscale analytical ones, it may be possible to significantly reduce instrument cost, conserve lab space, shorten analysis times, and streamline this aspect of PET tracer production. We focus in this work on miniaturizing the subset of QC tests for chemical identity and purity. These tests generally require high-resolution chromatographic separation prior to detection to enable the approach to be applied to many different tracers (and their impurities), and have not yet, to the best of our knowledge, been tackled in microfluidic systems. Toward this end, we previously explored the feasibility of using the technique of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a replacement for the "gold standard" approach of using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) since CE offers similar separating power, flexibility, and sensitivity, but can readily be implemented in a microchip format. Using a conventional CE system, we previously demonstrated the successful separation of non-radioactive version of a clinical PET tracer, 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT), from its known by-products, and the separation of the PET tracer 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-cytosine (D-FAC) from its α-isomer, with sensitivity nearly as good as HPLC. Building on this feasibility study, in this paper, we describe the first effort to miniaturize the chemical identity and purity tests by using microchip electrophoresis (MCE). The fully automated proof-of-concept system comprises a chip for sample injection, a separation capillary, and an optical detection chip. Using the same model compound (FLT and its known by-products), we demonstrate that samples can be injected, separated, and detected, and show the potential to match the performance of HPLC. Addition of a radiation detector in the future would enable analysis of radiochemical identity and purity in the same device. We envision that eventually this MCE method could be combined with other miniaturized QC tests into a compact integrated system for automated routine QC testing of radiopharmaceuticals in the future. Graphical abstract Miniaturized quality control (QC) testing of batches of radiopharmaceuticals via microfluidic analysis. The proof-of-concept hybrid microchip electrophoresis (MCE) device demonstrated the feasibility of achieving comparable performance to conventional analytical instruments (HPLC or CE) for chemical purity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Ly
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7227, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-8352, USA
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Noel S Ha
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7227, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-8352, USA
| | - Shilin Cheung
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-8352, USA
- Trace-ability, Inc., 6160 Bristol Parkway Ste. 200, Culver City, CA, 90230, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7227, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-8352, USA.
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Ha NS, Sadeghi S, van Dam RM. Recent Progress toward Microfluidic Quality Control Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E337. [PMID: 30400527 PMCID: PMC6190332 DOI: 10.3390/mi8110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals labeled with short-lived positron-emitting or gamma-emitting isotopes are injected into patients just prior to performing positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) scans, respectively. These imaging modalities are widely used in clinical care, as well as in the development and evaluation of new therapies in clinical research. Prior to injection, these radiopharmaceuticals (tracers) must undergo quality control (QC) testing to ensure product purity, identity, and safety for human use. Quality tests can be broadly categorized as (i) pharmaceutical tests, needed to ensure molecular identity, physiological compatibility and that no microbiological, pyrogenic, chemical, or particulate contamination is present in the final preparation; and (ii) radioactive tests, needed to ensure proper dosing and that there are no radiochemical and radionuclidic impurities that could interfere with the biodistribution or imaging. Performing the required QC tests is cumbersome and time-consuming, and requires an array of expensive analytical chemistry equipment and significant dedicated lab space. Calibrations, day of use tests, and documentation create an additional burden. Furthermore, in contrast to ordinary pharmaceuticals, each batch of short-lived radiopharmaceuticals must be manufactured and tested within a short period of time to avoid significant losses due to radioactive decay. To meet these challenges, several efforts are underway to develop integrated QC testing instruments that automatically perform and document all of the required tests. More recently, microfluidic quality control systems have been gaining increasing attention due to vastly reduced sample and reagent consumption, shorter analysis times, higher detection sensitivity, increased multiplexing, and reduced instrumentation size. In this review, we describe each of the required QC tests and conventional testing methods, followed by a discussion of efforts to directly miniaturize the test or examples in the literature that could be implemented for miniaturized QC testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel S Ha
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Saman Sadeghi
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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