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Guo R, Zhong Q, Liu J, Bai P, Wang Z, Kou J, Chen P, Zhang J, Zhang B. Polarity-extended liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for simultaneous hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolite analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1277:341655. [PMID: 37604610 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Although various metabolomic methods have been reported in recent years, simultaneous detection of hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites in a single analysis remains a technical challenge. In this study, based on the combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), an online two-dimensional liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method (2D-LC/TQMS) was developed for the simultaneous analysis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites of various biological samples. The method can measure 417 biologically important metabolites (e.g., amino acids and peptides, pyrimidines, purines, monosaccharides, fatty acids and conjugates, organic dicarboxylic acids, and others) with logP values ranging from -10.3 to 21.9. The metabolites are involved in a variety of metabolic pathways (e.g., purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, galactose metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and TCA cycle). The developed method has good intra- and inter-day reproducibility (RSD of retention time <2%, RSD of peak area <30%), good linearity (R2 > 0.9) and wide linear range (from 0.0025 μg/mL to 5 μg/mL). The applicability of the method was tested using different biological samples (i.e., plasma, serum, urine, fecal, seminal plasma and liver) and it was found that 208 (out of 417) identical metabolites were detected in all biological samples. Furthermore, the metabolomic method was applied to a case/control study of urinary of bladder cancer. Thirty differential metabolites were identified that were involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Guangzhou Analytical Center Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510656, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Guangzhou Analytical Center Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510656, China
| | - Peiming Bai
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Zongpeng Wang
- Jinjiang Jingchun Technology Ltd., Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Jieling Kou
- ScienceLife (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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2
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Oliveira Lago L, Swit P, Moura da Silva M, Telles Biasoto Marques A, Welke J, Montero L, Herrero M. Evolution of anthocyanin content during grape ripening and characterization of the phenolic profile of the resulting wine by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1704:464131. [PMID: 37315446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The typical phenolic profile in grapes is characterized by its complexity both in terms of number of diverse chemical structures and their variation during ripening. Besides, the specific phenolic composition of grapes directly influences the presence of those components in the resulting wine. In this contribution, a new method based on the application of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry has been developed to obtain the typical phenolic profile of Malbec grapes cultivated in Brazil. Moreover, the method has been demonstrated to be useful to study how the phenolic composition in grapes evolved during a 10-week ripening period. Main detected compounds in grapes and in the wine derived from them were anthocyanins, although a good number of polymeric flavan-3-ols were also tentatively identified, among other compounds. Results show how the amount of anthocyanins present in grapes was increased during ripening up to 5-6 weeks and then decreased towards week 9. The two-dimensional approach applied was demonstrated to be useful for the characterization of the complex phenolic profile of these samples, involving more than 40 different structures and has the potential to be further applied to the study of this important fraction is different grapes and wines systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira Lago
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Zip Code 91501970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pawel Swit
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mairon Moura da Silva
- Department of Agronomy, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UAG-UFRPE), Garanhuns, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Juliane Welke
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Zip Code 91501970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lidia Montero
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research - CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Herrero
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research - CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Martín-Pozo L, Arena K, Cacciola F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Development and validation of a multi-class analysis of pesticides in corn products by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464064. [PMID: 37201430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growing trend of organic food, there is still concern over the use of chemicals and pesticides in agriculture. In recent years, several procedures have been validated for the control of pesticides in food. In the present research, a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is proposed for the first time for a multi-class analysis of 112 pesticides in corn-based products. Notably, a "reduced" QuEChERS-based method as extraction and clean-up procedure prior to the analysis, was successfully employed. Limits of quantification values were lower than the ones fixed by the European legislation; intra-day and inter-day precision were lower than 12.9% and 15.1%, respectively (at the 500 μg/kg concentration levels). Over 70% of the analytes provided recoveries between 70% and 120% range (at 50, 500 and 1000 µg/kg concentration levels) with standard deviation values below 20%. In addition, matrix effect values were in the range between 13% to 161%. The method was applied to the analysis of real samples, and three pesticides were detected at trace levels in both samples. The findings of this work pave the way for the treatment of complex matrices such as corn products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Pozo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Chapel S, Rouvière F, Guillarme D, Heinisch S. Reversed HILIC Gradient: A Powerful Strategy for On-Line Comprehensive 2D-LC. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093907. [PMID: 37175317 PMCID: PMC10179806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of reversed hydrophilic interaction chromatography (revHILIC) mode in liquid chromatography (LC). This chromatographic mode consists of combining a highly polar stationary phase (bare silica) with a gradient varying from very low (1-5%) to high (40%) acetonitrile content (reversed gradient compared to HILIC). The retention behavior of revHILIC was first compared with that of reversed-phase LC (RPLC) and HILIC using representative mixtures of peptides and pharmaceutical compounds. It appears that the achievable selectivity can be ranked in the order RPLC > revHILIC > HILIC with the two different samples. Next, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) conditions were evaluated by combining RPLC, revHILIC, or HILIC with RPLC in an on-line comprehensive (LC × LC) mode. evHILIC × RPLC not only showed impressive performance in terms of peak capacity and sensitivity, but also provided complementary selectivity compared to RPLC × RPLC and HILIC × RPLC. Indeed, both the elution order and the retention time range differ significantly between the three techniques. In conclusion, there is no doubt that revHILIC should be considered as a viable option for 2D-LC analysis of small molecules and also peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Optimizing transfer and dilution processes when using active solvent modulation in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341040. [PMID: 36935135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is becoming increasingly popular for the analysis of complex samples, which is partly due to the recent introduction of commercial 2D-LC systems. To deal with the mobile phase incompatibility between highly orthogonal retention mechanisms, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC (RPLC), several strategies have been introduced over the years. One of these strategies is active solvent modulation (ASM), a valve-based approach allowing the on-line dilution of the effluent eluting from the first dimension before transfer to the second dimension. This strategy has gained a lot of attention and holds great potential, however, no clear guidelines are currently in place for its use. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how the ASM process can be optimized when using highly incompatible LC combinations, such as HILIC and RPLC, in a simplified selective comprehensive 2D-LC set-up (sHILIC x RPLC) to suggest guidelines for future users. Using a representative sample, the dilution factor (DF), the duration of the ASM phase, the filling percentage of the sample loops, and their unloading configuration are investigated and optimized. It is observed that a DF of 10 with an optimal ASM phase duration, a sample loop filling of maximum 25%, and an unloading configuration in backflush mode, result in the best peak shapes, intensities, and recoveries for early eluting compounds, while keeping the total analysis time minimal. Based on these results, some general recommendations are made that could also be applied in other 2D-LC modes, such as comprehensive 2D-LC (LC x LC), heart-cutting 2D-LC (LC-LC), and other chromatographic combinations with mobile phase incompatibility issues.
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6
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An updated review of extraction and liquid chromatography techniques for analysis of phenolic compounds in honey. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Arena K, Trovato E, Cacciola F, Spagnuolo L, Pannucci E, Guarnaccia P, Santi L, Dugo P, Mondello L, Dugo L. Phytochemical Characterization of Rhus coriaria L. Extracts by Headspace Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography, Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography, and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:1727. [PMID: 35268827 PMCID: PMC8912007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), commonly known as sumac, has been used since ancient times for many different applications, and nowadays is used mostly as a spice obtained from its in the Mediterranean and the Middle ground fruits and employed for flavoring and garnishing food, predominantly Eastern regions. Traditionally, sumac has been also used in popular medicine for the treatment of many ailments including hemorrhoids, wound healing, diarrhea, ulcers, and eye inflammation. Sumac drupes are indeed rich in various classes of phytochemicals including organic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and others, which are responsible of their powerful antioxidant capacity, from which treatment of many common diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer could benefit. In this work we evaluated the influence of fruit ripeness, conservation, and processing. To this aim, a phytochemical characterization of six different samples of Rhus coriaria L. was carried out. Specifically, headspace solid-phase micro extraction gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection, were employed. A total of 263 volatile compounds, including terpene hydrocarbons, acids, and aldehydes, as well as 83 polyphenolic compounds, mainly gallic acid derivatives, were positively identified. All samples showed a significant antioxidant activity by means of oxygen radical absorbance capacity, in line with their polyphenolic content and composition. Such findings set a solid ground to support the utilization of this plant as an attractive target for novel nutraceutical approaches and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.A.); (E.T.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Emanuela Trovato
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.A.); (E.T.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Ludovica Spagnuolo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (E.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Elisa Pannucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (E.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Paolo Guarnaccia
- Department of Agriculture, Food Science and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.A.); (E.T.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (K.A.); (E.T.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (E.P.); (L.D.)
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Dugo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (E.P.); (L.D.)
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8
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Feng J, Zhong Q, Kuang J, Liu J, Huang T, Zhou T. Simultaneous Analysis of the Metabolome and Lipidome Using Polarity Partition Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15192-15199. [PMID: 34739231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive metabolic profiling is a considerable challenge for systems biology since the metabolites in biological samples have significant polarity differences. A heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS) method-based polarity partition was established to analyze both the metabolome and lipidome in a single run. Based on the polarity partition strategy, metabolites with high polarity were retained and separated by one-dimensional hydrophilic chromatography, while low- and medium-polarity lipids were collected into a sample loop and injected into two-dimensional reversed-phase chromatography for separation. A simple online dilution strategy realized the online coupling of the 2D-LC-MS, which effectively solved band broadening and peak distortion caused by solvent incompatibility. Moreover, a dual gradient elution procedure was introduced to further broaden the coverage of low-polarity lipids. The metabolites' log P values, which this 2D-LC-MS method could analyze, ranged from -8.79 to 26.86. The feasibility of the 2D-LC-MS system was demonstrated by simultaneous analysis of the metabolome and lipidome in rat plasma related to depression. A total of 319 metabolites were determined within 40 min, including organic acids, nucleosides, carbohydrate derivatives, amino acids, lipids, and other organic compounds. Finally, 44 depression-related differential metabolites were screened. Compared with conventional LC-MS-based methods, the 2D-LC method covered over 99% of features obtained by two conventional methods. In addition, the selectivity and resolution of the hydrophilic metabolites were improved, and the matrix effects of the hydrophobic metabolites were reduced in the developed method. The results indicated that the established 2D-LC system is a powerful tool for comprehensive metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqing Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Guangzhou Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Jiangmeng Kuang
- Guangzhou Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Guangzhou Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Taohong Huang
- Shanghai Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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9
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Chapel S, Heinisch S. Strategies to circumvent the solvent strength mismatch problem in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:7-26. [PMID: 34525266 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a powerful technique for the separation of highly complex samples. Due to the addition of the second dimension of separation, impressive peak capacities can be obtained within a reasonable analysis time compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. In online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the separation power is maximized by selecting two separation dimensions as orthogonal as possible, which most often requires the combination of different mobile phases and stationary phases. The online transfer of a given solvent from the first dimension to the second dimension may cause severe injection effects in the second dimension, mostly due to solvent strength mismatch. Those injection effects may include peak broadening, peak distortion, peak splitting or breakthrough phenomenon. They are often found to reduce significantly the peak capacity and the peak intensity. To overcome such effects, arising specifically in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, different methods have been developed over the years. In this review, we focused on the most recently reported ones. A critical discussion, supported by a theoretical approach, gives an overview of their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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10
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Cacciola F, Arena K, Mandolfino F, Donnarumma D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Reversed phase versus hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography as first dimension of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems for the elucidation of the polyphenolic content of food and natural products. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462129. [PMID: 33864987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a well-established method for the unraveling of very complex real-world samples. With regard to food and natural products such a technique turned out to be a very promising approach due to its high resolving power and improved identification capability, especially in combination with mass spectrometry. In this context, polyphenols comprise a particular complex class of bioactive compounds, due to their nature and content in commonly consumed foodstuffs, making their analysis challenging. The present contribution shows an overview of the two commonly employed approaches used for polyphenol analysis, viz. RP-LC × RP-LC and HILIC × RP-LC. Furthermore, the latest implementations as well as limitations and future perspectives are critically reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Mandolfino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Donnarumma
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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11
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Chapel S, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Comparison of existing strategies for keeping symmetrical peaks in on-line Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography x Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography despite solvent strength mismatch. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462001. [PMID: 33684873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is very attractive due to the complementarity of their separation mechanisms. On-line comprehensive HILIC x RPLC is well-known to give rise to a large retention space coverage when dealing with ionisable compounds. However, method development in on-line HILIC x RPLC is challenging due to the reversed solvent strength between both dimensions, which can greatly affect the peak shapes in the second RPLC dimension, and thus the separation quality and the method sensitivity. In the present contribution, we compared four strategies designed to avoid this problem: (1) flow splitting, which consists in reducing the injection volume in the second dimension (2D), (2) on-line dilution with a make-up flow and (3) on-line dilution with Active Solvent Modulation (ASM), which both consist in reducing the solvent strength of the injected fractions, and (4) Total Breakthrough Strategy, which we recently proposed. Unlike the three preceding strategies, this latter one consists in injecting large volumes of strong solvent in 2D. The performance of each strategy was evaluated for sub-hour separations of a tryptic digest in on-line HILIC x RPLC. In this work, we considered the critical case for which the same column internal diameters (i.e. 2.1 mm here) are used in both dimensions. Peak capacity, peak shapes and peak intensities were considered for this evaluation. The highest peak capacity could be achieved with Total Breakthrough Strategy while the lowest one with on-line dilution using ASM. Peak intensities were usually higher with on-line dilution approaches (make-up flow and ASM). However, despite the presence of breakthrough, peak intensities were approximately 7-fold higher with Total Breakthrough Strategy than with flow splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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12
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Living with Breakthrough: Two-Dimensional Liquid-Chromatography Separations of a Water-Soluble Synthetically Grafted Bio-Polymer. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the use of various two-dimensional liquid chromatographic methods to characterize water-soluble, synthetically grafted bio-polymers, consisting of long poly(acrylic acid) chains and short maltodextrin grafts. The confirmation of the presence of grafting and the estimation of its extent is challenging. It is complicated by the limited solubility of polymers, their structural dispersity and chemical heterogeneity. Moreover, the starting materials (and other reagents, reaction products and additives) may be present in the product. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) were used to characterize the product, as well as the starting materials. Additionally, fractions were collected for off-line characterization by infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The one-dimensional separation methods were found to be inconclusive regarding the grafting question. Breakthrough (the early elution of polymer fractions due to strong injection solvents) is shown to be a perpetual problem. This issue is not solved by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC), but information demonstrating the success of the grafting reaction could be obtained. SEC × RPLC and HILIC × RPLC separations are presented and discussed.
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Cacciola F, Rigano F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography as a powerful tool for the analysis of food and food products. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Montero L, Herrero M. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches in Foodomics – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1083:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Chen Y, Montero L, Schmitz OJ. Advance in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography modulation technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Separation of di- and trisaccharide mixtures by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Application to prebiotic oligosaccharides. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1060:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Iguiniz M, Corbel E, Roques N, Heinisch S. Quantitative aspects in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for pharmaceutical applications. Talanta 2019; 195:272-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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18
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Urban M, Hann S, Rost H. Simultaneous determination of pesticides, mycotoxins, tropane alkaloids, growth regulators, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in oats and whole wheat grains after online clean-up via two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:98-111. [PMID: 30600768 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1531662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of pesticide residues and contaminants in whole wheat grains and oats. The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and water and were injected into the two-dimensional LC-MS/MS system without any further clean-up or sample preparation. Samples were analyzed with four different matrix matched calibrations. Matrix effects were evaluated by comparing analyte signals in the respective matrix matched standard with the neat solvent standards. The final method was validated according to the current Eurachem validation guide and SANTE document. The number of successfully validated analytes throughout all three validation levels in oats and wheat, respectively, were as follows: 330 and 316 out of 370 pesticides, 6 and 13 out of 18 pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 7 out of 9 regulated mycotoxins. Moreover, both plant growth regulators mepiquat and chlormequat as well as the tropane alkaloids atropine and scopolamine met the validation criteria. The majority of pesticides showed limits of detection below 1 µg kg-1, pyrrolizidine alkaloids below 0.7 µg kg-1, tropane alkaloids below 0.2 µg kg-1, growth regulators below 0.7 µg kg-1 and mycotoxins below 8 µg kg-1 in both matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Urban
- a Department of Residue Analysis , LVA GmbH , Klosterneuburg , Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Boku , Vienna , Austria
| | - Helmut Rost
- a Department of Residue Analysis , LVA GmbH , Klosterneuburg , Austria
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A multidimensional analytical approach based on time-decoupled online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of ginsenosides from white and red ginsengs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 163:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Toro-Uribe S, Montero L, López-Giraldo L, Ibáñez E, Herrero M. Characterization of secondary metabolites from green cocoa beans using focusing-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:204-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Wong YF, Cacciola F, Fermas S, Riga S, James D, Manzin V, Bonnet B, Marriott PJ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Untargeted profiling of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract with comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using multi-segmented shift gradients in the second dimension: Expanding the metabolic coverage. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1993-2000. [PMID: 29412471 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of Glycyrrhiza glabra using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) coupled with photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection is described. The separation was conducted under reversed-phase conditions, using a combination of first dimension (1 D) 150 mm microbore cyano column utilising 2.7 μm diameter (dp ) particles, and second dimension (2 D) 50 mm superficially porous octadecylsilica column with 2.7 μm dp particles. A multi-segmented shift gradient (MSG) for the 2 D separation was developed, and the orthogonality achieved was compared with other modes of gradients, such as full in-fraction, and shift gradient systems. Results demonstrated a significant expansion of metabolic coverage using MSG in 2 D, providing the highest measure of orthogonality compared to other gradient modes. Compound identifications were performed by employing complementary data from PDA and MS detection, with reference to structural group-type distribution in 2D space. A total of ca. 120 compounds were detected, and among them 37 were tentatively identified, distributed over the chemical families of glycosylated flavanones, triterpene saponins, and others. In comparison with one-dimensional LC, the total number of compounds detected was ca. 2-fold greater when LC × LC was employed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the MSG mode in LC × LC, representing a powerful strategy to expand the metabolic coverage for analysis of plant-derived extracts, containing a multitude of different phytochemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Foo Wong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Soraya Fermas
- Chemical Analysis Department, L'Oreal, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - Solange Riga
- Chemical Analysis Department, L'Oreal, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - Darryl James
- Analytical Sciences, L'Oréal R&I, Bangalore, India
| | - Valeria Manzin
- Chemical Analysis Department, L'Oreal, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - Brice Bonnet
- Chemical Analysis Department, L'Oreal, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - Philip John Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Braconi D, Bernardini G, Millucci L, Santucci A. Foodomics for human health: current status and perspectives. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:153-164. [PMID: 29271263 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1421072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the post-genomic era, the opportunity to combine and integrate cutting-edge analytical platforms and data processing systems allowed the birth of foodomics, 'a discipline that studies the Food and Nutrition domains through the application of advanced omics technologies to improve consumer's well-being, health, and confidence'. Since then, this discipline has rapidly evolved and researchers are now facing the daunting tasks to meet consumers' needs in terms of food traceability, sustainability, quality, safety and integrity. Most importantly, today it is imperative to provide solid evidence of the mechanisms through which food can promote human health and well-being. Areas covered: In this review, the complex relationships connecting food, nutrition and human health will be discussed, with emphasis on the relapses for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals, personalized nutrition approaches, and the study of the interplay among gut microbiota, diet and health/diseases. Expert commentary: Evidence has been provided supporting the role of various omic platforms in studying the health-promoting effects of food and customized dietary interventions. However, although associated to major analytical challenges, only the proper integration of multi-omics studies and the implementation of bioinformatics tools and databases will help translate findings from clinical practice into effective personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Lia Millucci
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
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23
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Song Q, Liu W, Yan Y, Li P, Li J, Tu P, Wang Y, Song Y. Polarity-extended quantitative analysis of bear bile and its analogues using serially coupled reversed phase-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tailored multiple reaction monitoring. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity-extended quantitative analysis of bear bile and its analogues was achieved using serially coupled reversed phase-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tailored multiple reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yu Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Taipa 999078
- China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Taipa 999078
- China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
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