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Aly AA, Górecki T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with reversed phase in both dimensions: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464824. [PMID: 38522405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), and in particular comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC), offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal; however, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity as it helps avoid difficulties related to mobile phase incompatibility and poor column efficiency. The remarkable advantages of using reversed phase in both dimensions (RPLC×RPLC) over other separation mechanisms made it a promising technique in the separation of complex samples. This review discusses some physical and practical considerations in method development for 2D-LC involving the use of RP in both dimensions. In addition, an extensive overview is presented of different applications that relied on RPLC×RPLC and 2D-LC with reversed phase column combinations to separate components of complex samples in different fields including food analysis, natural product analysis, environmental analysis, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A Aly
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Papatheocharidou C, Samanidou V. Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Powerful Tool for Bioanalysis: The Paradigm of Antibiotics. Molecules 2023; 28:5056. [PMID: 37446719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The technique of two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography has managed to gain the recognition it deserves thanks to the advantages of satisfactory separations it can offer compared to simple one-dimensional. This review presents in detail key features of the technique, modes of operation, and concepts that ensure its optimal application and consequently the best possible separation of even the most complex samples. Publications focusing on the separation of antibiotics and their respective impurities are also presented, providing information concerning the analytical characteristics of the technique related to the arrangement of the instrument and the chromatographic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Papatheocharidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Xu Y, Xu J, Chen X, Fan YL, Wu H. Structural confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids in seized electronic cigarette oil: A combined mass spectrometric and computational study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9485. [PMID: 36735629 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synthetic cannabinoids are some of the most used and abused new psychoactive substances, because they can produce a stronger intense pleasure than natural cannabis. Most of the new synthetic cannabinoids are structurally similar to existing synthetic cannabinoids and can be obtained by modifying partial structures of the latter without changing their effects. Therefore, the derivatization rules and common fragmentation patterns of synthetic cannabinoids could be used for rapid screening and structural identification of them. METHODS The derivatization rules of synthetic cannabinoids are summarized, and the common fragmentation pattern of synthetic cannabinoids including three typical cleavage pathways was explored and extended in this work based on combined mass spectrometry (MS) and density functional theory studies. Five synthetic cannabinoids in electronic cigarette oil from a drug case were separated and characterized using gas chromatography with MS and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole Orbitrap MS. RESULTS The structures of five synthetic cannabinoids in seized electronic cigarette oil were deduced from electron impact ion source (EI) MS and high-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) MSn data, along with the derivatization rules and common fragmentation pattern of synthetic cannabinoids. The proposed structures of these synthetic cannabinoids were further verified via reference substances. Computational study showed that selective cleavage of these compounds was mainly controlled by spin population in EI-MS, but a tunneling effect arose from proton transfer in ESI-MSn detection, which has been rarely reported in previous works. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that EI-MS was suitable for identifying synthetic cannabinoids with aromatic ketone structure, which could also be extended to adamantane linked group. Nevertheless, synthetic cannabinoids with carbamoyl linked group were better characterized by high-resolution ESI-MSn compared to EI-MS. This study demonstrated a method with promising potential for rapid and reliable screening of synthetic cannabinoids in mixtures with enhanced detection throughput and operation simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control of Zhejiang Province, National Anti-Drug Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control of Zhejiang Province, National Anti-Drug Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Green Pharmaceutical Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Dian Regional Forensic Science Institute·Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gao J, Wang F, Zhang X, Zhu B, Chen X, Li P, Zhou P, Zheng J, Wang J. Separation and characterization of the polymerized impurities in oxacillin sodium by 2D HPSEC and HPLC IT-TOF MS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9466. [PMID: 36597914 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The polymerized impurities in oxacillin sodium can induce allergic reaction, which can seriously threaten the health of patients. Gel filtration chromatography (GFC) is currently widely used for the analysis of polymerized impurities, but it has drawbacks. To effectively control the polymerized impurities in oxacillin sodium, a high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) method and a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method were established to replace the classical GFC method. METHODS By studying the chromatographic behavior of polymerized impurities and small molecular weight impurities in both methods with different chromatographic separation mechanisms, the polymerized impurities in oxacillin sodium were separated and detected effectively. Column-switching two-dimensional liquid chromatography was applied to eluted polymerized impurities from the HPSEC method for oxacillin sodium. Ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied to characterize the structures of polymerized impurities and unknown impurities eluted from the HPSEC/RP-HPLC method for oxacillin sodium. RESULTS The structures of 25 unknown impurities in oxacillin sodium were elucidated based on the high-resolution massn data. Thirteen polymerized impurities were found and characterized. The corresponding relationship of impurities between the two methods was established and the specificity of the two methods was compared. The RP-HPLC method for analysis of the polymerized impurities not only has higher column efficiency and more specificity than the HPSEC method, but also higher sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of the formation of degradation impurities in oxacillin sodium were studied. The newly established RP-HPLC methods could effectively separate and detect polymerized impurities and unknown impurities in oxacillin sodium. The study of the impurity profile in oxacillin sodium provided a scientific basis for the improvement of official monographs in pharmacopoeias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Gao
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinqi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
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Wang F, Gao J, Chen H, Zhu B, Li P, Wang J, Hong L. Impurity profile and spectrum characteristics of the isomers in cefamandole nafate using high- performance liquid chromatography/high-performance size exclusion chromatography tandem ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9399. [PMID: 36114650 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) methods were developed to effectively separate unknown impurities and polymerized impurities in cefamandole nafate. The liquid chromatography-tandem ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) was applied to characterize the structures of the impurities. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrum characteristics and mass spectrum characteristics of △3 -isomer and 7-epimer in cefamandole nafate were studied to distinguish the isomers. METHODS RPLC-IT-TOF-MS was used to characterize the structures of unknown impurities and polymerized impurities eluted from the C18 column. On this basis, the two-dimensional (2D) HPSEC-IT-TOF-MS was used to confirm the structures of polymerized impurities eluted from the TSK-gel G2000SWxl column. Complete fragmentation patterns of impurities were studied and used to obtain information about the structures of the impurities. RESULTS The structures of 19 unknown impurities in cefamandole nafate were elucidated based on the high-resolution MSn data with both positive and negative modes, assisted by the UV spectra and stress testing, of which 2 impurities were polymerized impurities. Cefamandole nafate produced a series of degradation impurities, and another principal component cefamandole acid also produced a series of similar degradation impurities. The disciplines between mass fragmentation pattern/UV spectrum and structure for △3 -isomer and 7-epimer were presented to distinguish their structures. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provided a scientific basis for the improvement of official monographs in pharmacopoeias to effectively control the impurities and ensure drug safety for the public. This study also revealed the formation mechanisms of degradation impurities in cefamandole nafate, which may guide industry to improve the manufacturing process and storage conditions to reduce the content of impurities in products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarui Gao
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Hong
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
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Gu X, Yang L, Tao Q, Ai J, Yan C, Zheng J, Hong L. Application of heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the characterization of highly polar impurities in calcium gluconate injection. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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ALSaeedy M, Al-Adhreai A, Öncü-Kaya EM, Şener E. An Overview of Advances in the Chromatography of Drugs Impurity Profiling. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1455-1471. [PMID: 35180027 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2032587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature survey published in several journals of pharmaceutical chemistry and of chromatography used to analyze impurities for most of the drugs that have been reviewed. This article covers the period from 2016 to 2020, in which almost of chromatographic techniques have been used for drug impurity analysis. These chromatography techniques are important in the analysis and description of drug impurities. Moreover, some recent developments in forced impurity profiling have been discussed, such as buffer solutions, mobile phase, columns, elution modes, and detectors are highlighted in drugs used for the study. This primarily focuses on thorough updating of different analytical methods which include hyphenated techniques for detecting and quantifying impurity and degradation levels in various pharmaceutical matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed ALSaeedy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Arwa Al-Adhreai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad of Arts, Science and Commerce, Aurangabad, India
| | - Elif Mine Öncü-Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Erol Şener
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Ren X, Liu G, Tang K, Zhou P, Wang J. Separation and structural elucidation of cefsulodin and its impurities in both positive and negative ion mode in cefsulodin sodium bulk material using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9125. [PMID: 34000097 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The structural identification of impurities in cephalosporins has been reported. However, to the best of our knowledge, there was no report on the impurities of cefsulodin sodium, which is necessary for the quality control. Thus, the aim of this study was to separate and characterize the impurities in cefsulodin sodium raw material using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). METHODS The analytes were separated on a Kromasil 100-5C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) using a gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 1% ammonium sulphate aqueous solution and acetonitrile in the first dimension. The separation in the second dimension was carried on a Shimadzu Shim-pack GISS C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate solution and methanol. RESULTS The fragmentation behaviors of cefsulodin and its impurities were studied and the structures of the impurities were deduced based on the MSn data. The structures of ten unknown impurities were proposed based on the work carried out in this study. The degradation behaviors of cefsulodin sodium were also studied. This revealed that cefsulodin sodium should be stored in a dry, cool and dark closed container. CONCLUSIONS Based on the characterization of impurities, this study not only revealed the mechanism by which impurities were produced, thus providing guidance to pharmaceutical companies for manufacturing process improvement and impurity control, but also provided a scientific basis for further improvement of official monographs in pharmacopoeias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ren
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guijun Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Kaixian Tang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
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Chen Y, Li R, Gu Y, Tian H, Huang Y, Chen J, Fang Y, Yang C. Green and efficient degradation of cefoperazone sodium by Bi 4O 5Br 2 leading to the production of non-toxic products: Performance and degradation pathway. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:203-215. [PMID: 33279033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic process represents a promising approach to overcome the pollution challenge associated with the antibiotics-containing wastewater. This study provides a green, efficient and novel approach to remove cephalosporins, particularly cefoperazone sodium (CFP). Bi4O5Br2 was chosen for the first time to systematically study its degradation for CFP, including the analysis of material structure, degradation performance, the structure and toxicity of the transformation products, etc. The degradation rate results indicated that Bi4O5Br2 had an excellent catalytic activity leading to 78% CFP removal compared with the pure BiOBr (38%) within 120 min of visible light irradiation. In addition, the Bi4O5Br2 presents high stability and good organic carbon removal efficiency. The effects of the solution pH (3.12 - 8.75) on catalytic activity revealed that CFP was mainly photocatalyzed under acidic conditions and hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Combined with active species and degradation product identification, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of CFP by Bi4O5Br2 was proposed, including hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and decarboxylation. Most importantly, the identified products were all hydrolysis rather than oxidation byproducts transformed from the intermediate of β-lactam bond cleavage in CFP molecule, quite different from the mostly previous studies. Furthermore, the final products were demonstrated to be less toxic through the toxicity analysis. Overall, this study illustrates the detailed mechanism of CFP degradation by Bi4O5Br2 and confirms Bi4O5Br2 to be a promising material for the photodegradation of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Ruiping Li
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yan Gu
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Hailin Tian
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yingping Huang
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
| | - Junsong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yanfen Fang
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Changying Yang
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
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Ren X, Zhou J, Hu F, Wang J. Study of the impurity profile and characteristic fragmentation of Δ 3 -isomers in cephapirin sodium using dual liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8948. [PMID: 32957160 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE According to the requirements of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), the structures of impurities in pharmaceutical products present at over 0.1% need to be confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to separate and identify the impurities in cephapirin sodium drug substances, so as to guide the industry to improve the production process and storage conditions and reduce the amount of impurities in the product. METHODS In the first chromatography dimension, a Boston Green ODS (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) column was used, with a mobile phase composed of 0.05 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution and acetonitrile. In the second dimension, the column was a Shimadzu Shim-pack GISS C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm), using 10 mM ammonium formate solution and methanol as the mobile phase. RESULTS The fragmentation behavior of cephapirin and its impurities and isomers was studied and the structures of impurities were deduced based on the MSn data. For six unknown impurities tentative structures were proposed. The degradation behavior of cephapirin sodium was also studied. Impurities 1 to 11 were found in commercial cephapirin sodium samples, indicating that cephapirin sodium should be stored in closed containers. CONCLUSIONS The contradiction between the non-volatile mobile phase and mass spectrometry was solved by means of multiple heart-cutting approaches and an on-line desalting technique. Twelve impurities and isomers were separated and characterized. These results could be used to improve the methods described in pharmacopoeias for the quality control of cephapirin sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ren
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jinjin Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feifeng Hu
- Zhejiang Drug Inspection Center, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
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Yue Y, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li S, Han J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Han F. Impurity profiling of Cefteram pivoxil based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fan Y, Zong X, Liu J, Ke X, Huang Z, Xu Y. Development of a fragmentation pattern of synthetic cannabinoids based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive ion mode to screen synthetic cannabinoids in illicit products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113723. [PMID: 33166839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To explore the MS fragmentation pattern of synthetic cannabinoids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, twenty-seven synthetic cannabinoids were systematically investigated by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry(LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS)with positive mode of electrospray ionization. Based on tandem multistage MS and high resolution MS data, MS fragmentation pattern of synthetic cannabinoids was summarized. The cleavage of CC bonds next to the oxygen at the side chain on the C-3 position of synthetic cannabinoids was the characteristic fragmentation pathway of synthetic cannabinoids in the positive mode of electrospray ionization. When the synthetic cannabinoids with a 3-carbamoylpropyl-indole/indazole structure, NH3, CO, NH2CHO and CH2(CH3)2 were easy to lose to form different ions. While when the synthetic cannabinoids with a 3-carboxamide-indole/indazole structure, the side chain on the C-3 position was susceptible to γ-cleavage. In addition, this MS fragmentation pattern was applied to quickly screen whether electronic cigarette oil and tobacco from drug cases contain synthetic cannabinoids. This kind of compounds had strong fragmentation pattern, which provided new evidence for the rapid structure identification of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Science & Green Pharmaceutical Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China
| | - Xingsen Zong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China
| | - Jiwu Liu
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China
| | - Xing Ke
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China
| | - Zhongping Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China.
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Jin Y, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Wang J. Characterization of four unknown impurities in azithromycin and erythromycin imino ether using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8772. [PMID: 32112476 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A simple and sensitive method was developed for the separation and characterization of four unknown impurities in azithromycin and erythromycin imino ether using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D LC/QTOFMS) with positive and negative electrospray ionization. METHODS The chromatographic separation in the first dimension was performed with a Waters Xbridge RP18 column in gradient mode using binary mobile phase: (A) phosphate buffer (pH 8.2)-acetonitrile (47:53, v/v) and (B) water-acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). In the second dimension, the chromatographic separation was performed using a Shimadzu Shim-pack GISS C18 column with volatile mobile phases: (A) ammonium formate solution (10 mM) and (B) methanol. RESULTS The molecular formulae and structures of the four impurities were deduced based on the LC/MS/MS data, and further confirmed using 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, 1 H-1 H COSY, HSQC and HMBC NMR spectra after semi-preparative isolation of impurities. In addition, the mechanism for the formation of the impurities was also proposed. CONCLUSIONS The contradiction between the non-volatile salt mobile phase and mass spectrometry was solved by means of a multiple heart-cutting 2D LC approach and on-line desalination technology. Four impurities were separated and characterized. These results could further improve the method of official monographs in pharmacopoeias and guides to improve the process of reducing impurity content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- Zhejiang Guobang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shangyu, 312300, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Jinjin Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Zhikui Zhou
- Zhejiang Guobang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shangyu, 312300, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310004, China
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
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Wang J, Ren X, Wen C, Xu Y, Chen Y. Separation and characterization of unknown impurities in rutin tablets using trap-free two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8739. [PMID: 31986235 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A new high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the determination of impurities in rutin tablets to improve on the method of the official monograph in national drug standards. Five impurities in rutin tablets were characterized using trap-free two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC/IT-TOFMS) in both positive and negative ion modes of electrospray ionization. METHODS In the first dimension, the LC column was a Thermo Acclaim 120™ C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm), and the mobile phase was composed of 0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution (pH adjusted to 4.4 with phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (80:20, v/v). In the second dimension, the column was a Shimadzu Shim-pack GISS C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm), and the mobile phase was composed of 10 mM ammonium formate solution and methanol. RESULTS The structures of five impurities in rutin tablets were deduced based on the MS n data in both positive and negative ion modes, in which two impurities were unknown. Impurity 1, impurity 2 and impurity 3 were proposed as flavonol 3,7-di-O-glycoside, flavonol mono-O-triglycoside and quercetin 3-O-glycoside, respectively, and impurity 4 and impurity 5 were proposed as kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The method established in this study was simple and reliable for the routine quality control of rutin tablets. The contradiction between non-volatile salt mobile phase and mass spectrometry was solved by means of a multiple heart-cutting 2D-LC approach and on-line desalination technology. Five impurities were separated and characterized. These results provide a scientific basis for further improving the national drug standard of rutin tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ren
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chunmei Wen
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
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15
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Wang J, Zhou J, Xu Y, Zhu B, Jin Y. Characterization of two unknown impurities in roxithromycin by 2D LC–QTOF/MS/MS and NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 184:113196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang J, Zhou J, Xu Y, Zhu B, Li H. Study of the impurity profile and polymerized impurity in mezlocillin sodium by multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1410-1419. [PMID: 31148276 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Eleven impurities and one polymerized impurity in mezlocillin were identified and their formation mechanisms were investigated in this study. The sources and reasons for the formation of impurities were revealed, which may guide industry to improve the manufacturing process and storage conditions and reduce the content of impurities in products. The results from this study also provided a scientific basis for the improvement of official monographs in pharmacopoeias. METHODS The impurity profiles and polymerized impurity in mezlocillin were studied by multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC/IT-TOF MS) in both positive and negative modes of electrospray ionization. Target eluents from the first dimensional chromatography with a non-volatile mobile phase were trapped and sent to the second dimensional chromatography with a volatile mobile phase by a switching valve. The structures of the impurities in the mezlocillin drug substance were deduced based on the high-resolution MSn data. RESULTS In the environment of water, oxygen, high temperature, acid and base, a series of degradation products could be easily produced from mezlocillin. Mezlocillin was hydrolyzed into impurities I, IV, V and X, and was degraded into impurity III by methanolysis. Mezlocillin was oxidized into sulfoxide by producing impurity XI. Furthermore, impurities VI, VII, VII and IX were all isomers of mezlocillin. The proposed formation pathways of these products were demonstrated in this study. CONCLUSIONS Eleven degradation impurities and one polymerized impurity in mezlocillin were separated and characterized. Based on characterization of impurities, this study discovered the mechanism of impurity production and provided guidance for manufacturers to improve the process and storage conditions and reduce levels of impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Jinjin Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Huiyi Li
- Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
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Zhang M, Zhu P, Chen Y, Ni W, Li Y, Hong L. Characterization of an Unknown Impurity in Glucosamine Sulfate Sodium Chloride by HPLC-Q-TOF MS and NMR. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190222160957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride (glucosamine-SP) is mainly used for the
treatment of osteoarthritis. During quality control of glucosamine-SP capsules, an unknown impurity
was detected. Another unknown degradation product was generated together with above-mentioned
impurity in heat condition.
Objective:
The study aimed to characterize an unknown impurity in glucosamine-SP capsules.
Methods:
A new volatile HPLC method compatible with mass spectrometry detection was set up. An
amino column at 35 °C with a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile (20: 80, v/v) was used
at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min at 297 nm. High-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-offlight
mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF MS) was used to identify the impurity with the electrospray
ionization (ESI) source in the positive ionization mode.
Results:
The results of HPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis indicated that the protonated molecule ions [M + H]+
of the unknown impurity and the novel degradation product were both at m/z 287. Preparative LC method
was put into practice with a Prep-C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile
(99: 1, v/v) at a flow rate of 20.0 ml/min at 297 nm. The assignment of the 1D and 2D NMR signals
was performed for the unknown impurity. In addition, the formation of impurities was also studied.
Conclusion:
An unknown impurity and a degradation product in glucosamine-SP capsules were characterized.
They were assigned as (1R, 2S, 3R)-1-(5-((S, E)-3, 4-dihydroxybut-1-en-1-yl) pyrazin-2-yl)
butane-1, 2, 3, 4-tetraol and (1R, 2S, 3R)-1-(5-((S, Z)-3, 4-dihydroxybut-1-en-1-yl) pyrazin-2-yl) butane-
1, 2, 3, 4-tetraol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Peixi Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Weifang Ni
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yu Li
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Liya Hong
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
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18
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Separation and Characterization of New Components and Impurities in Leucomycin by Multiple Heart-Cutting Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Combined with Ion Trap/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Multi-Steps Fragmentation-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Liquid Chromatography Diode Array System for Investigation of Olaparib Related Substances. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24050843. [PMID: 30818845 PMCID: PMC6429096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array-mass spectrometric (LC-DAD-MS) method was developed and validated to investigate the related substances of olaparib (OLA) in bulk form. OLA was exposed to acid–base hydrolysis, boiling, oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, and UV light followed by LC-DAD-MS analysis. OLA and OLA-related substances were simultaneously and quantitatively monitored by DAD at 278 nm and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QQQ-MS). The investigated compounds were auto-scanned by an ion trap MS which applied positive and negative modes separately. The fragmentation pathway was confirmed by applying multi-steps fragmentation to identify the resulted cleaved ions and their parent ion. OLA was found to be sensitive to the alkaline hydrolysis and less sensitive to UV light. Two major hydrolytic degradation products, including the protonated molar ions m/z 299 and m/z 367, were identified. Three potential impurities were also characterized. The LC-MS limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 and 0.05 ng/µL, respectively. The quantitative results obtained by LC-DAD was comparable with that of LC-QQQ-MS. The proposed method shows good intra-day and inter-day precision with relative standard deviation (RSD) <2%.
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W. J. Pirok
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Li X, Chu X, Wang X, Yin R, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Song A, Han F. An available strategy for elemental composition determination of organic impurities in commercial preparations based on accurate mass and peak ratio of isotopic fine structures (IFSs) by dual mode combined-FT-ICR-MS and fraction collection technology. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1039:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Wang J, Zheng S, Xu Y, Hu H, Shen M, Tang L. Development of a novel HPLC method for the determination of the impurities in desonide cream and characterization of its impurities by 2D LC-IT-TOF MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Xu Y, Wang D, Zhu B, Tang L, Wang J. Separation and characterization of allergenic polymerized impurities from cephalosporin for injection by trap free two-dimensional high performance size exclusion chromatography × reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:425-432. [PMID: 29579634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As requested by regulatory authorities, polymerized impurities are an important issue of quality control. In this study, we presented the utilization of a trap-free two-dimensional chromatography, which was consisted by a high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry with positive mode of electrospray ionization, to separate and characterize ten allergenic impurities in ceftazidime for injection, cefazolin sodium for injection, cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium for injection and cefamandole nafate for injection. An effective method for characterizing the polymerized impurities in β-lactam antibiotics was established on the basis of column-switching technique which effectively combined the advantages of HPSEC and the ability of RP-HPLC to identify the special impurities. In the first dimension, the column was the Xtimate SEC-120 analytical column (7.8 mm × 30 cm, 5 μm) and the flow rate was 1.0 mL min-1 with gradient elution using 0.005 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 and acetonitrile as mobile phase. In the second dimension, the analytical column was ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) using ammonium formate solution (10 mM) and ammonium formate (8 mM) in [acetonitrile-water (4:1, v/v)] solution as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1. Eluent associate with each peak separated in the first dimension was trapped by a 20 μL quantitative loop and then transferred (via a six-port valve) into the second dimension system with volatile mobile phase. Through the multiple heart-cutting 2D-LC approach and online desalting technique, the problem of incompatibility between non-volatile mobile phase and mass spectrometry was solved completely. The fragmentation behaviors of ten allergenic impurities were studied. The structures of ten allergenic impurities in cephalosporin drug substance were deduced based on the HPLC-MSn data, in which four impurities were polymerized impurities. The forming factors of polymerized impurity in cephalosporins were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Lan Tang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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