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Yang R, Su Y, Ren T, Li Y, Deng Y, Zheng C. Automatic and Matrix Interference-Free Acid-Base Titration by Coupling CO 2 Vapor Generation with Microplasma Carbon Optical Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17238-17245. [PMID: 37966796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base titration of complex samples is conducive to the rapid evaluation of the degree and risk of environmental pollution to some extent. However, the traditional titration methods usually suffer from serious interference. Herein, an automatic acid-base titration method coupling miniature point discharge optical emission spectrometry (μPD-OES) with CO2 vapor generation was described for the precise, sensitive, and matrix interference-free acid-base titration of complex samples, particularly those with high color intensity, salinity, and turbidity such as wastewater and soil samples. In this work, acid-base titration was carried out in a chemical vapor generator where CO2 was generated through the addition of HCl or NaHCO3, thus enabling efficient separation of CO2 from a complex matrix. The generated CO2 was subsequently swept into the miniaturized point discharge for excitation and further detection by μPD-OES, where the carbon atomic emission at 193.0 nm was monitored. According to the consumed volume and concentration of HCl, accurate and automatic measurements of OH-, CO32-, and HCO3- can be accomplished. The proposed method possesses a high sensitivity of μPD-OES for the detection of CO2 with a relative standard deviation of below 3.0%. Moreover, the proposed system not only retains several unique advantages of accuracy, simplicity, and elimination of the use of complicated, expensive, and high power-consumption instruments but also alleviates the color and turbid interference from complex samples such as dyeing wastewater samples, oilfield water samples, and soil samples. It retains a promising potential application for titration analysis of other samples such as sludge, sediment, and landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yubin Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Tian Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yurong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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2
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Cai Z, Wang Z. Evaluation of solution anode glow discharge as a vapor generator in ICP-OES procedures: Application to highly sensitive determination of Cd and Hg. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Liu Y, Zhu W, Wei X, Wang L, Chen H. Cyanine dye-assembled composite upconversion nanoparticles for the sensing and cell imaging of nitrite based on a single particle imaging method. Analyst 2022; 147:2793-2801. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00594h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An upconversion luminescence total internal reflection single particle imaging method was developed for the sensing and cell imaging of nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchun Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Wanru Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Xinru Wei
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Lun Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
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4
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Cai Z, Qian L, Peng X, Wang Z. Direct Ultratrace Detection of Lead in a Single Hair Using Portable Electromagnetic Heating Vaporization-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge-Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14701-14707. [PMID: 34704432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the first demonstration of direct ultratrace determination of lead in a single human hair by direct current-atmospheric pressure glow discharge-atomic emission spectrometry (DC-APGD-AES) coupled with electromagnetic heating vaporization (EMV) was described. Only the ultramicro mass of a human hair sample (about 0.15 mg, often a single human hair) was required during the analysis, and fast detection was implemented without tedious pretreatment processes, such as grinding and digestion. A limit of detection (LOD) of 30.8 μg kg-1 (4.8 pg) for Pb was obtained under optimized conditions, which was even equivalent to that of conventional LA-ICP-MS/ETV-ICP-MS/GFAAS. EMV-APGD-AES, meanwhile, can facilitate miniaturization and portability with low power and small size. The accuracy and practicality of the method were verified by the analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs) GBW09101b (human hair) and human hair samples from three volunteers. A simple, efficient, and low-cost method for detecting Pb in human hair has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiaoxu Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Qian L, Lei Z, Peng X, Yang G, Wang Z. Highly sensitive determination of cadmium and lead in whole blood by electrothermal vaporization-atmospheric pressure glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1162:338495. [PMID: 33926695 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a fast and simple method for highly sensitive detection of Cd and Pb elements based on atmospheric pressure glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry (APGD-AES) coupling with tungsten coil electrothermal vaporization (ETV) was proposed. A small amount of sample (10 μL) was dropped onto the tungsten coil, followed by drying, pyrolysis and vaporization procedures, and then the vaporized analyte was transported to APGD for excitation. The whole procedure took approximately 3 min. Multi-step heating of the ETV unit can separate matrices and solvents from the analyte, providing an advantage in detecting samples with complex matrix. Under the optimal experimental conditions, limits of detection of 0.4 μg L-1 (4 pg) for cadmium and 1.2 μg L-1 (12 pg) for lead were obtained, with relative standard deviations of 20 μg L-1 Cd and 100 μg L-1 Pb both being <5%. The accuracy of the ETV-APGD-AES system was verified by the determination of heavy metals in whole blood standard sample (GBW(E)090,251) and the practicability of the ETV-APGD-AES system were demonstrated by the determination of heavy metals in human whole blood. The results obtained by this instrument agree well with the standard values and those obtained by ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qian
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhendong Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaoxu Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Guangzhi Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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6
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Yang R, Lin Y, Yang J, He L, Tian Y, Hou X, Zheng C. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Following Chemical Vapor Generation for Ultrasensitive, Matrix Effect-Free Detection of Nitrite by Microplasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6972-6979. [PMID: 33926187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new chemical vapor generation method coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction miniaturized point discharge optical emission spectrometry (HS-SPME-μPD-OES) for the sensitive and matrix effect-free detection of nitrite in complex samples is described. In an acidic medium, the volatile cyclohexene was generated from cyclamate in the presence of nitrite, which was volatilized to the headspace of the container, efficiently separated, and preconcentrated by HS-SPME. Consequently, the SPME fiber was transferred to a laboratory-constructed thermal desorption chamber wherein the cyclohexene was thermally desorbed and swept into μPD-OES for its sensitive quantification via monitoring the carbon atomic emission line at 193.0 nm. As a result, the quantification of nitrite was accomplished through the determination of cyclohexene. The application of HS-SPME as a sampling technique not only simplifies the experimental setup of μPD-OES but it also preconcentrates and separates cyclohexene from N2 and sample matrices, thus eliminating the interference from water vapor and N2 and significantly improving the analytical performance on the determination of nitrite. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a limit of detection of 0.1 μg L-1 was obtained, which is much better than that obtained by conventional methods. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was better than 3.0% at a concentration of 10 μg L-1. The proposed method provides several advantages of portability, simplicity, high sensitivity, and low energy consumption and eliminates expensive instruments and matrix interference, thus retaining a promising potential for the rapid, sensitive, and field analysis of nitrite in various samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Liangbo He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Pattyn C, Maira N, Remy A, Roy NC, Iseni S, Petitjean D, Reniers F. Potential of N 2/O 2 atmospheric pressure needle-water DC microplasmas for nitrogen fixation: nitrite-free synthesis of nitrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24801-24812. [PMID: 33107887 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03858j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A needle-water DC microplasma system working at atmospheric pressure in N2/O2 gas mixtures is used to study the fundamental mechanisms of nitrate/nitrite synthesis in highly complex and yet little-known plasma-water systems. Plasma properties are investigated by means of optical emission spectroscopy while the activated water is analyzed following the treatment using ionic chromatography and UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. Experiments highlight that the energy efficiency and selectivity of the process are influenced by the oxygen content and the plasma-induced water heating, with strong differences when the water surface is the anode or the cathode electrode. Nitrates are successfully synthesized without residual nitrites in the solution with a comparatively higher energy efficiency when the water is the cathode. The possible reactions involved in the gas phase and aqueous phase chemistry are presented and future scope for the optimization of the system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pattyn
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry of Surfaces Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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8
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Huang C, Chen T, Wu J. Ultra-Weak Chemiluminescence Enhanced by Cerium-Doped LaF 3 Nanoparticles: A Potential Nitrite Analysis Method. Front Chem 2020; 8:639. [PMID: 32850655 PMCID: PMC7426363 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, cerium-doped LaF3 nanoparticles (LaF3:Ce NPs) were successfully synthesized and characterized. Its chemiluminescence (CL) property was studied, and it was amazingly found that it intensely enhanced the ultra-weak CL of the NaNO2-H2O2 system. The CL mechanism was systematically investigated and suggested to be the recombination of electron-injected and hole-injected LaF3:Ce NPs. The new CL system was developed to be a facile, original, and direct method for nitrite analysis. Experimental conditions were optimized and then a satisfactory linear relationship between CL intensity and nitrite concentration was obtained. This work introduced a new pathway for the research and application of traditional fluoride NPs doped with RE3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanran Wang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyou Chen
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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9
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Liu S, Yu YL, Wang JH. An atomic fluorescence spectrometer for monitoring nitrogen nutrients via NO vapor generation. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Li M, Li K, He L, Zeng X, Wu X, Hou X, Jiang X. Point Discharge Microplasma Optical Emission Spectrometer: Hollow Electrode for Efficient Volatile Hydride/Mercury Sample Introduction and 3D-Printing for Compact Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7001-7006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of MOE and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Kai Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Lin He
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zeng
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of MOE and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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11
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García M, Honores J, Celis F, Fuenzalida F, Arce R, Aguirre MJ, Aracena A. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids as stabilizers for electrode modification with water-soluble porphyrin. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05455j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolium-based ionic liquids were used as stabilizing agents for a cationic porphyrin in order to obtain novel modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena García
- Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educación
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
- Departamento de Química, Leopoldo Carvallo 270
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - Jessica Honores
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Electroquímica
- Avenida Vicuña Mackenna #4860
- Macul
| | - Freddy Celis
- Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educación
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
- Departamento de Química, Leopoldo Carvallo 270
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - Francesca Fuenzalida
- Universidad de las Américas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales
- Manuel Montt 948
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Roxana Arce
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia
- Universidad San Sebastián
- Lota 2465
- Providencia
| | - María J. Aguirre
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile
- Facultad de Química y Biología
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales
- Laboratorio de Polímeros Conductores
- Santiago
| | - Andrés Aracena
- Universidad de las Américas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales
- Manuel Montt 948
- Santiago
- Chile
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12
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Yang C, Chan GCY, He D, Liu Z, Deng Q, Zheng H, Hu S, Zhu Z. Highly Sensitive Determination of Arsenic and Antimony Based on an Interrupted Gas Flow Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Excitation Source. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1912-1919. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - George C.-Y. Chan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhifu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qisi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongtao Zheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shenghong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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13
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Li M, Huang S, Xu K, Jiang X, Hou X. Miniaturized point discharge-radical optical emission spectrometer: A multichannel optical detector for discriminant analysis of volatile organic sulfur compounds. Talanta 2018; 188:378-384. [PMID: 30029391 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we proposed a miniaturized point discharge-radical optical emission spectrometer (PD-RES) as a multichannel optical detector for discriminant analysis of various volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs). Under appropriate experimental conditions, the unique molecular emission of CS radical in the vicinity of 257.6 nm was recorded, as well as the atomic emission lines of C at 193.1 nm and 247.8 nm, the molecular emission of C2 radical around 231.5 nm and CN radical nearby 384.8 nm. They were utilized as five optical channels for precise qualification and discrimination. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) further demonstrated the robustness of this detector for discriminant analysis: 95 unknown samples from ten typical VOSCs were classified with accuracy of 98.9%. This proposed detector was further successfully applied to the discrimination of different concentrations of CS2 in air samples and two types of isomers (functional group isomer and carbon-chain isomer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Shixu Huang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Kailai Xu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China; Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
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