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Deng H, Tang S, Yang F, Chen D, Bian Z, Wang Y, Tang G, Lee HK. Recent advances in the analysis of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols: Sample preparation and chromatographic characterization. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464495. [PMID: 37952386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) usage has risen dramatically worldwide in recent years. It has been publicized as a safer alternative to the conventional combustible cigarette. This, however, has not yet been supported by robust toxicological research evidence. Analysis of the chemical compositions of e-liquids and generated aerosols is an important step in evaluating the toxicity effects of e-cigarettes. Currently, a broad spectrum of analytical methods have been employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical compositions of e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. The aim of this article is to review the advances in the chromatographic characterization of chemical composition of the latter in the recent five years. In addition, sample preparation methods for e-liquids and aerosols are surveyed and discussed. A study of the relevant literature indicates that, expectedly, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with a variety of detection systems, particularly mass spectrometry, have been the main analytical techniques used in this field. Sample preparation procedures primarily include headspace sampling, dilute-and-shoot approach, liquid-liquid extraction and sorbent-based extraction for e-liquids and for aerosols (the latter usually with laboratory-built collection devices). Some challenges of current e-cigarette analytical research, and an overview on prospective work are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212003, China
| | - Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Yunnan Institute of Tobacco Quality Inspection & Supervision, Kunming 650106, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212003, China; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Jităreanu A, Cara IG, Sava A, Mârțu I, Caba IC, Agoroaei L. The Impact of the Storage Conditions and Type of Clearomizers on the Increase of Heavy Metal Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids Retailed in Romania. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030126. [PMID: 35324751 PMCID: PMC8950552 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing popularity of electronic cigarettes has raised several public health concerns, including the risks associated with heavy metals exposure via e-liquids and vapors. The purpose of this study was to determine, using atomic absorption spectrometry, the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Zn, and Co in some commercially available e-liquid samples from Romania immediately after purchase and after storage in clearomizers. Lead and zinc were found in all investigated samples before storage. The initial concentrations of Pb ranged from 0.13 to 0.26 mg L−1, while Zn concentrations were between 0.04 and 0.07 mg L−1. Traces of nickel appeared in all investigated e-liquids before storage but in very small amounts (0.01–0.02 mg L−1). Co was below the detection limits. We investigated the influence of the storage period (1, 3, and 5 days), storage temperature (22 °C and 40 °C), and type of clearomizer. In most cases, the temperature rise and storage period increase were associated with higher concentrations of heavy metals. This confirms that storage conditions can affect metal transfer and suggests that the temperature of storage is another parameter that can influence this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jităreanu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.J.); (I.-C.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Irina Gabriela Cara
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandru Sava
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Ioana Mârțu
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Ioana-Cezara Caba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.J.); (I.-C.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Luminița Agoroaei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.J.); (I.-C.C.); (L.A.)
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Lu L, Xiang M, Lu H, Tian Z, Gao Y. Progress in quantification of nicotine content and form distribution in electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:359-377. [PMID: 35037007 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01679b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Each electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is a battery-powered system which converts electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) into the inhalable phase by heating the solution when it is in use. After four generations of development, e-cigarettes tend to be more customized and user-operable. The main components in the e-liquid and the aerosol are vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, organic acid and some flavor ingredients. Among them, nicotine is closely associated with the irritation and physiological satisfaction caused by tobacco products, and it is the core functional substance of e-cigarettes. For this reason, the quantification of nicotine content and nicotine form distribution mainly focuses on the components of the e-liquid and the released aerosol. Up to now, various technologies and methods have been applied in the analysis and research of nicotine content and nicotine form distribution in the e-liquid and its aerosol. GC-MS is often used as the most viable tool for the analysis of volatile organic compounds and can be widely applied in the measurement of nicotine related chemicals; there are a number of quantitation strategies using LC-MS, LC-MS/MS or 1H NMR for the analysis of e-cigarette samples. We also reviewed the four main methods for determining the distribution of nicotine forms, which are pH value derivation, solvent extraction, SPME and NMR methods. These research methods are of great significance to the upgrading and development of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehua Lu
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute, Xiupu Road 3733, Shanghai 201315, China.
| | - Menghui Xiang
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Haoran Lu
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhixin Tian
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yihan Gao
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute, Xiupu Road 3733, Shanghai 201315, China.
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Silberring J, Ciborowski P. Jacek Namieśnik-Analytical Chemist and Dedicated Biker: From Wine Analysis to Toxic Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123536. [PMID: 34207930 PMCID: PMC8226495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jacek Namieśnik, who died at the age of 69, was one of the most influential analytical chemists in Poland at the second half of the 20th century and the first two decades of the 21st century [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 985800, USA
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (P.C.)
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Jiang T, Zeng G, Hu C, Meng C, Chen Y. Optimization of Processing Parameters for Particle Filtration Efficiency of Polypropylene Melt-blown Fabric. FIBERS AND POLYMERS 2021; 22:957-963. [PMCID: PMC7925137 DOI: 10.1007/s12221-021-0653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene melt-blown fabric as the core filter materials plays an important role in manufacturing civil and medical epidemic prevention products. The aim of this study was to optimize and control the particle filtration efficiency and apparent surface quality of the melt-blown fabric from the perspectives of electret masterbatch composition and processing parameters. Magnesium stearate and fumed silica were used as the electret to manufacture polypropylene melt-blown fabric. The layout and charge voltage of the electret device was taken as the variables to optimize and improve the particle filtration efficiency and bulkiness coefficient of the fabric. The temperature of the barrel and die was controlled to enhance the surface quality and corresponding particle filtration efficiency. The results showed that a combination of organic magnesium stearate and inorganic fumed silica could obtain a balance between particle filtration efficiency and smooth processing without being jammed. Increasing the charge voltage and rearranging the position of the charge wires could significantly enhance the particle filtration efficiency. A better particle filtration efficiency and reasonable bulkiness coefficient could be obtained by controlling the diameter of the filaments by regulating the temperature of the barrel and die as well as the suction intensity. The results obtained from this study can offer valuable references in optimization of electret master batch formulation and processing parameters for melt-blown fabric production with different resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijun Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomass Fiber Functional Materials, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Base of Biomass Fiber Materials and Application, School of Urban and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007 China
- Dongguan Mingfeng Packaging Corp. Ltd., Dongguan, 523049 China
| | - Guangsheng Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomass Fiber Functional Materials, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Base of Biomass Fiber Materials and Application, School of Urban and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007 China
| | - Can Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomass Fiber Functional Materials, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Base of Biomass Fiber Materials and Application, School of Urban and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007 China
| | - Cong Meng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomass Fiber Functional Materials, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Base of Biomass Fiber Materials and Application, School of Urban and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007 China
| | - Yi Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomass Fiber Functional Materials, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Base of Biomass Fiber Materials and Application, School of Urban and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007 China
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Reilly SM, Cheng T, DuMond J. Method Validation Approaches for Analysis of Constituents in ENDS. TOB REGUL SCI 2020; 6:242-265. [PMID: 32789155 PMCID: PMC7416875 DOI: 10.18001/trs.6.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed how many peer-reviewed publications reporting chemical quantities and/or yields from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have included adequate method validation characteristics in the publication for appropriate interpretation of data quality for informing tobacco regulatory science. METHODS We searched 5 databases (Web of Knowledge, PubMed, SciFinder, Embase, EBSCOhost) for ENDS publications between January 2007 and September 2018. Of the 283 publications screened, 173 publications were relevant for analysis. We identified the publications that report a certain degree of control in data quality, ie, the publications that report marginally validated methods (MVMs). MVMs refer to the methods that: (1) report 3 or more International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) method validation characteristics, (2) state the method was validated, (3) cite their own previous publication(s) that report MVMs, or (4) use a method within the accreditation scope of an accredited laboratory. RESULTS Overall, 97 publications (56%) report MVMs in their studies. This percentage also reflects the publication distribution for the majority of the 28 chemicals measured by MVMs. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for reporting sufficient validation characteristics following appropriate guidance to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the published analytical data for proper data interpretations that may support policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tianrong Cheng
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jenna DuMond
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Compounds Associated with Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1386710. [PMID: 31950030 PMCID: PMC6948324 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1386710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies, comparing the health associated risks of electronic cigarettes with conventional cigarettes focus mainly on the common chemical compounds found between them. Aim Review chemical compounds found exclusively in electronic cigarettes and describe their toxic effects, focusing on electronic-cigarette-only and dual electronic-cigarette and conventional cigarette users. Data Sources Literature search was carried out using PubMed. Study Eligibility Criteria Articles related exclusively to conventional and electronic cigarettes' chemical composition. Articles which reported to be financed from tobacco or electronic cigarettes industries, not reporting source of funding, not related to the chemical composition of electronic and conventional cigarettes and not relevant to tobacco research were excluded. Methods and Results Chemical compounds reported in the selected studies were tabulated using the Chemical Abstracts Service registry number for chemical substances information. A total of 50 chemical compounds were exclusively reported to be present in electronic cigarettes. Crucial health risks identified were: eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, with almost 50% of incidence, an increment of 10% in cytotoxic effects, when compared to compounds in common with conventional cigarettes and around 11% of compounds with unknown effects to human health. Limitations Articles reporting conflicts of interest. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Despite being considered as less harmful for human health, compounds found in electronic cigarettes are still a matter of research and their effects on health are yet unknown. The use of these devices is not recommended for first time users and it is considered hazardous for dual users.
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Byliński H, Aszyk J, Kubica P, Szopińska M, Fudala-Książek S, Namieśnik J. Differences between selected volatile aromatic compound concentrations in sludge samples in various steps of wastewater treatment plant operations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 249:109426. [PMID: 31450196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, one of the main wastes generated during wastewater treatment, constitutes an important source of emissions of volatile chemical compounds such as volatile aromatic compounds These substances may undergo various changes as a result of operations and unit processes, which affects their concentrations in sewage sludge. An important factor determining the potential hazardousness of volatile organic compounds is the quality of wastewater delivered to wastewater treatment plants and the technical and equipment solutions applied to wastewater. In this study, a rapid and sensitive headspace gas chromatography method, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using the standard addition method, was developed for the determination of selected volatile aromatic compounds in sewage sludge samples collected at different stages from three wastewater treatment plants located in Poland. This study attempted to assess the relationship between differences in the emissions of representative VACs and the given stage of the technological process within three analysed wastewater treatment plants. Toluene was detected with the highest frequency in analysed samples, at concentrations varying from 0.234 ± 0.035 ng/g of sludge to 28.3*102±3.2*102 ng/g of sludge. The highest concentration levels were determined for p-cresol, with concentrations ranging from 44.0*101±5.6*101 ng/g of sludge (sludge from aerobic chamber, wastewater treatment plant no.2) to 47.7*102±6.9*102 ng/g of sludge (sludge from aerobic chamber, wastewater treatment plant no.1), while the lowest concentration levels were observed for chlorobenzene, with concentrations ranging from 0.1300 ± 0.0030 ng/g of sludge (sludge from anaerobic chamber, wastewater treatment plant no.2), to 0.2606 ± 0.0046 ng/g of sludge (primary sludge, wastewater treatment plant no.1). The repeatability of the method was better than 10%, with accuracy levels in the ranges 89%-108%.Wastewater treatment technologies and residual sludge management in the selected wastewater treatment plantsinfluenced volatile aromatic compounds emission. Furthermore, the diversity of the wastewater quality, depending on the catchment area, is also an important factor determining the differentiation in volatile aromatic compounds emission. The microbial composition of raw wastewater highly influenced not only the treatment effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants but also the production of intermediate products, such as volatile aromatic compounds, which may contribute to odour emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Byliński
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szopińska
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Water and Waste-Water Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fudala-Książek
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Palazzolo D, Nelson JM, Hudson Z. The Use of HPLC-PDA in Determining Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Alkaloids from E-Liquids: A Comparison of Five E-Liquid Brands Purchased Locally. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3015. [PMID: 31438499 PMCID: PMC6747407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
E-liquid manufacturers are under scrutiny concerning the purity and concentration accuracy of nicotine and the minor nicotine-related alkaloids (NRAs) packaged in their products. In this communication we report concentrations of nicotine and five NRAs (nornicotine, cotinine, anabasine, anatabine, myosmine) from locally purchased E-liquids. METHODS Five brands of E-liquids (three bottles each) were purchased locally. Additionally, three bottles of reference E-liquid were prepared. Concentrations of nicotine and NRAs from each bottle were measured by HPLC. Concentrations of these alkaloids were also determined from electronic cigarette-generated aerosol and traditional cigarette smoke. RESULTS Nicotine concentrations in E-liquid brands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and in the reference E-liquid were 17.8 ± 4.1, 23.2 ± 0.7, 24.0 ± 0.9, 24.9 ± 0.2, 19.7 ± 0.3 and 20.4 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Concentrations normalized to 100% of product label were 74%, 97%, 100%, 104%, 109% and 102%, respectively. E-liquid brand 1 showed significance (p < 0.001) between bottles, while the reference showed the least variability. Similar results were obtained for the NRAs. Results also indicated the NRAs in aerosol of the reference E-liquid are lower than in cigarette smoke. CONCLUSIONS The amounts of NRAs present in E-liquids and E-liquid aerosol are less compared to cigarettes, however, inconsistencies and variation in nicotine concentrations supports the need for regulatory oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA.
| | - John M Nelson
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Zuri Hudson
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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