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Sena-Torralba A, Banguera-Ordoñez YD, Mira-Pascual L, Maquieira Á, Morais S. Exploring the potential of paper-based electrokinetic phenomena in PoC biosensing. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1299-1313. [PMID: 37150668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to decentralize health care, the development of point-of-care (PoC) assays has gained significant attention in recent decades. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has emerged as a promising bioanalytical method due to its low cost and single-step detection process. However, its limited sensitivity and inability to detect disease biomarkers at clinically relevant levels have hindered its application for early diagnosis. This review explores the potential of merging different electrokinetic phenomena into paper-based assays to enhance their analytical performance, offering a versatile and affordable approach for PoC testing. The review exposes the challenges faced in integrating electrokinetic phenomena with paper-based biosensing and concludes by discussing the issues that need to be improved to maximize the potential of this technology for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo Sena-Torralba
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Yulieth D Banguera-Ordoñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laia Mira-Pascual
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergi Morais
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Takayanagi T, Miyake K, Seto M, Mizuguchi H, Okabe H, Matsuda N. Conjugation monitoring of gold nanoparticles with alkanedithiols by capillary zone electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2023:10.1007/s44211-023-00299-4. [PMID: 36811184 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Alkanedithiols were used for the conjugation of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) prepared by a solution plasma process. Capillary zone electrophoresis was utilized for the monitoring of the conjugated AuNP. When 1,6-hexanedithiol (HDT) was used as a linker, a resolved peak from the AuNP was detected in the electropherogram; the resolved peak was attributed to the conjugated AuNP. The resolved peak was developed with increasing concentrations of HDT, while the peak of the AuNP decreased complementary. The resolved peak also tended to develop along with the standing time at least up to 7 weeks. The electrophoretic mobility of the conjugated AuNP was almost identical over the HDT concentrations examined, suggesting that the conjugation of the AuNP did not proceed further, such as aggregate/agglomerate formation. The conjugation monitoring was also examined with some dithiols and monothiols. Resolved peak of the conjugated AuNP was also detected with 1,2-ethanedithiol and 2-aminoethanethiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Takayanagi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Koji Miyake
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Minamo Seto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizuguchi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Okabe
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 807-1 Shukumachi, Tosu, 841-0052, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuda
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 807-1 Shukumachi, Tosu, 841-0052, Japan.
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3
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Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis (2018 - March 2022). J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463337. [PMID: 35868155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review brings a survey of papers on analytical capillary and microchip isotachophoresis published since 2018 until the first quarter of 2022. Theoretical papers extending fundamental knowledge include those on computer simulations that remain an important research tool useful in the design of electrolyte systems. Many papers are focused on instrumental aspects where new media including microfluidic devices and their hyphenation to various detection techniques bring remarkable results. Papers reporting analytical applications demonstrate the potential of contemporary analytical isotachophoresis. Although it is not being used on a mass scale, its special features are attracting continued interest resulting in applications of isotachophoresis both as a stand-alone analytical method and as a part of multidimensional separation techniques.
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Takayanagi T, Miyake K, Iwasaki S, Uehara D, Mizuguchi H, Okabe H, Matsuda N. Highly stable gold nanoparticles in an aqueous solution without any stabilizer prepared by a solution plasma process evaluated through capillary zone electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1199-1206. [PMID: 35788911 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were prepared by a solution plasma process in the presence of H2O2, and they were dispersed in an aqueous solution without any stabilizer generally used. The dispersion stability of the AuNP in an aqueous solution was evaluated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). An anionic broad peak was detected with the AuNP by CZE based on its wide variations in size and net charge. The broad peak also suggests that the AuNP were well dispersed in an aqueous solution. The dispersion stability of AuNP was evaluated from the viewpoints of long-term dispersion, salt concentration, and organic co-solvent. The anionic broad peak attributed to the dispersed AuNP was successfully detected for at least 55 weeks from the preparation with less shot signals of the aggregates. The AuNP was also well dispersed in aqueous NaCl solutions with its concentrations up to 30 mmol L-1, as well as with ethanol co-solvent up to 40%(v/v). The AuNP prepared by the solution plasma process was proved to be highly stable in an aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Takayanagi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Koji Miyake
- Raduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Sohta Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Daiki Uehara
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizuguchi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyousanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Okabe
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 807-1 Shukumachi, Tosu, Saga, 841-0052, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuda
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 807-1 Shukumachi, Tosu, Saga, 841-0052, Japan.
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Steć A, Jońca J, Waleron K, Waleron M, Płoska A, Kalinowski L, Wielgomas B, Dziomba S. Quality Control of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles with Total Protein Content Assay, Nanoparticles Tracking Analysis, and Capillary Electrophoresis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084347. [PMID: 35457164 PMCID: PMC9028362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from Pectobacterium zantedeschiae culturing media using direct ultracentrifugation (UC), iodixanol cushion ultracentrifugation (ICUC), and iodixanol density gradient ultracentrifugation (IDGUC) techniques. The isolates were characterized with total protein content assay (bicinchoninic acid assay, BCA), nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). A satisfactory correlation (R2 > 0.94) between quantitative results obtained with BCA, NTA and CE was achieved only for isolates obtained with the IDGUC. The correlation between protein content and CE was proved to be related to the isolates’ purity. The NTA was found unable to provide reliable information on EVs quantity in samples isolated with UC and ICUC, due to the co-isolated particulate impurities. Moreover, the work reports polysaccharides, used as culturing media components, as a potential source of bias of quantitation with total protein content assay and NTA. The study demonstrates the advantageous selectivity of CE in quality control of EVs and its ability to differentiate subpopulations of EVs of Pectobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steć
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Joanna Jońca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (J.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (J.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Waleron
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, 58 Abrahama Street, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (L.K.)
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (L.K.)
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Shi H, Jiang S, Liu B, Liu Z, Reis NM. Modern microfluidic approaches for determination of ions. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Dziomba S, Wysocka M, Jońca J, Sola L, Steć A, Waleron K, Wielgomas B. Investigation of selected parameters of capillary zone electrophoresis method for analysis of isolates of outer membrane vesicles. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2010-2017. [PMID: 34015152 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has recently been proposed by our group as a novel technique for outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) characterization (J. Chromatography 1621 (2020) 461047). In present work the impact of selected parameters of CZE method on OMVs isolates analysis was assessed. It was shown that the extension of sample injection plug length significantly improves the detectability of macromolecular aggregates in CZE. Moreover, a negligible adsorption of OMVs to both uncoated and polymer-modified (poly(DMA-GMA-MAPS)) capillary walls was proven. Finally, the relaxation effect as well as deformation/polarization of vesicles were demonstrated to affect OMVs electrophoretic mobility. The significance of these findings was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Jońca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Laura Sola
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta", CNR, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Steć
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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8
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Adelantado C, Zougagh M, Ríos Á. Contributions of Capillary Electrophoresis in Analytical Nanometrology: A Critical View. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1094-1111. [PMID: 33427485 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1859983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An overview on the increasing role of capillary electrophoresis in characterization and direct analysis of nanomaterials is herein presented. The niche of electrophoretic approaches in nanometrology is so relevant that nonmetallic, metal, metal oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots have been analyzed to be targeted via capillary electrophoresis with conventional detection systems or coupling arrangements aimed at increasing selectivity and sensitivity toward either pristine or conjugated nanoparticles. Moreover, parameters altering intrinsic properties of nanoparticles may be optimized to gather the desired results and identify nanomaterials according to their size, shape, or associations with binding agents. The usefulness and quickness of capillary electrophoresis for quantifying or screening ultrasmall-sized particles enables this technique to set an example for analysis of standards or previously synthesized nanostructures in research or routine laboratories. Abundant evidence of the suitability of electrophoretic approaches for characterization and direct determination of nanomaterials in actual samples has been provided in this review, together with a discussion about hyphenation with state-of-the art detectors and comparison between capillary electrophoresis with other separation approaches. This permits scientific community to be optimistic in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Adelantado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mohammed Zougagh
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Ciudad Real, Spain
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9
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Morani M, Mai TD, Krupova Z, Defrenaix P, Multia E, Riekkola ML, Taverna M. Electrokinetic characterization of extracellular vesicles with capillary electrophoresis: A new tool for their identification and quantification. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Capillary zone electrophoresis of bacterial extracellular vesicles: A proof of concept. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Dziomba S, Ciura K, Dawid M. The on-line preconcentration of nanoparticles in electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:360332. [PMID: 31262513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electromigration techniques have recently emerged as an alternative analytical tool for nanoparticles characterization. Due to the high throughput capability and separation efficiency their application for detection/quantification of nanomaterials in samples of various origin has attracted much attention. While the electromigration techniques are known to suffer from insufficient detection sensitivity, a number of papers investigating on-line preconcentration of nanoparticles in capillary electrophoresis was addressed to the issue. In this work the available literature on nanoparticles stacking in electrodriven separation techniques was reviewed. The discussion was supported by theoretical background. A special emphasis was put on the stability of nanoparticles dispersion during electrophoretic process. The considerations on future perspectives were included in final remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Dawid
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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12
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Liu S, Lämmerhofer M. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for sample preparation: A review. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2438-2461. [PMID: 31056767 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial step for the reliable and accurate analysis of both small molecule and biopolymers which often involves processes such as isolation, pre-concentration, removal of interferences (purification), and pre-processing (e.g., enzymatic digestion) of targets from a complex matrix. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-assisted sample preparation and pre-concentration has been extensively applied in many analytical procedures in recent years due to the favorable and unique properties of GNPs such as size-controlled synthesis, large surface-to-volume ratio, surface inertness, straightforward surface modification, easy separation requiring minimal manipulation of samples. This review article primarily focuses on applications of GNPs in sample preparation, in particular for bioaffinity capture and biocatalysis. In addition, their most common synthesis, surface modification and characterization methods are briefly summarized. Proper surface modification for GNPs designed in accordance to their target application directly influence their functionalities, e.g., extraction efficiencies, and catalytic efficiencies. Characterization of GNPs after synthesis and modification is worthwhile for monitoring and controlling the fabrication process to ensure proper quality and functionality. Parameters such as morphology, colloidal stability, and physical/chemical properties can be assessed by methods such as surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential determinations, transmission electron microscopy, Taylor dispersion analysis, and resonant mass measurement, among others. The accurate determination of the surface coverage appears to be also mandatory for the quality control of functionality of the nanoparticles. Some promising applications of (functionalized) GNPs for bioanalysis and sample preparation are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Wan T, Tang F, Yin Y, Zhang M, Choi MMF, Yang X. Size‐dependent electrophoretic migration and separation of water‐soluble gold nanoclusters by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1345-1352. [PMID: 30680763 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChina West Normal University Nanchong P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Tang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChina West Normal University Nanchong P. R. China
| | - Yanru Yin
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChina West Normal University Nanchong P. R. China
| | - Maoxue Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChina West Normal University Nanchong P. R. China
| | - Martin M. F. Choi
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Xiupei Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChina West Normal University Nanchong P. R. China
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