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Milby-Blackledge A, Farnell Y, Zhao D, Berghman L, Laino C, Muller M, Byrd JA, Farnell M. Serum cytokine profile of neonatal broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1359722. [PMID: 38465263 PMCID: PMC10920336 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1359722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The avian immune system responds to Salmonella infection by expressing cytokines and chemokines. We hypothesized that the immune status of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) challenged neonatal broilers would differ from the uninfected treatment. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate 12 cytokines. Day of hatch male chicks were randomly allocated into a control or ST challenged group. At day three of age, sterile diluent or 5.0 × 108 CFU of ST was given orally to each chick. Blood was obtained 24 h post challenge and serum separated for later analysis (n = 30 chicks/treatment). Significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines-interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-16, and IL-21; anti-inflammatory cytokines- IL-10; chemokines-regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), and MIP-3α; colony stimulating factors-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF); and growth factors-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were observed in the serum of the challenged chicks when compared to the control. No significant differences were observed in IL-2, interferon gamma (IFNγ), and IFNα. These data indicate the detection of mucosal immune responses in broiler chickens following ST infection. The heightened levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and colony stimulating factors align with known inflammatory mechanisms, like the influx of immune cells. However, the elevation of IL-10 was unexpected, due to its immunoregulatory properties. Notably, the rise in VEGF levels is compelling, as it suggests the possibility of tissue repair and angiogenesis in ST infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhua Farnell
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Poultry Science, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Dan Zhao
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Poultry Science, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Luc Berghman
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Poultry Science, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Craig Laino
- Millipore Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - J. Allen Byrd
- United States Department of Agriculture, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Morgan Farnell
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Poultry Science, College Station, TX, United States
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2
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Shi F, Peng M, Zhu H, Li H, Li J, Hu X, Zeng J, Yang Z. Functional Zonation Strategy of Heterodimer Nanozyme for Multiple Chemiluminescence Imaging Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14516-14520. [PMID: 37672313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Although nanozymes with intrinsic enzyme-like characteristics have aroused great interest in the biosensing field, the challenge is to keep high enzyme-like activity of the nanozyme after the modification of biomolecules onto nanozymes. Herein, a functional zonation strategy of a heterodimer nanozyme was proposed to tackle the challenge and further construct a multiple chemiluminescence (CL) imaging immunoassay. Here Fe3O4-Au as a heterodimer nanozyme model was divided into two zones, in which Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were regarded as a nanozyme zone and AuNPs were defined as an antibody immobilization zone. A signal amplification probe (Fe3O4-Au-Ab2) was prepared by modifying the secondary antibody (Ab2) on AuNPs of the Fe3O4-Au heterodimer owing to the Au-S bond. The exposed Fe3O4 of the Fe3O4-Au-Ab2 probe shows very high peroxidase-like activity and can efficiently catalyze H2O2-luminol to produce strong CL imaging signals for multiple antigens detection. Using chicken interleukin-4 (ChIL-4) and chicken gamma interferon (ChIFN-γ) as models, the proposed CL imaging immunoassay shows wide linear ranges (0.005-0.10 ng/mL for both ChIL-4 and ChIFN-γ) and low detection limits (0.58 pg/mL for ChIL-4, 0.47 pg/mL for ChIFN-γ) with the characteristics of high sensitivity, high specificity, and good stability. This work provides a promising functional zonation concept for nanozymes to construct new types of nanozyme probes for immunoassay of multiple biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Maoying Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Haibing Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Jingbin Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P.R. China
| | - Zhanjun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
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3
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Zhou Y, Liu J, Dong H, Liu Z, Wang L, Li Q, Ren J, Zhang Y, Xu M. Target-induced silver nanocluster generation for highly sensitive electrochemical aptasensor towards cell-secreted interferon-γ. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Jang JW, Kim H, Kim I, Lee SW, Jung HG, Hwang KS, Lee JH, Lee G, Lee D, Yoon DS. Surface Functionalization of Enzyme-Coronated Gold Nanoparticles with an Erythrocyte Membrane for Highly Selective Glucose Assays. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6473-6481. [PMID: 35438972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorimetric glucose sensors using enzyme-coronated gold nanoparticles have been developed for high-throughput assays to monitor the blood glucose levels of diabetic patients. Although those sensors have shown sensitivity and wide linear detection ranges, they suffer from poor selectivity and stability in detecting blood glucose, which has limited their practical use. To address this limitation, herein, we functionalized glucose-oxidase-coronated gold nanoparticles with an erythrocyte membrane (EM-GOx-GNPs). Because the erythrocyte membrane (EM) selectively facilitates the permeation of glucose via glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), the functionalization of GOx-GNPs with EM improved the stability, selectivity (3.3- to 15.8-fold higher), and limit of detection (LOD). Both membrane proteins, GLUT1 and aquaporin-1 (AQP1), on EM were shown to be key components for selective glucose detection by treatment with their inhibitors. Moreover, we demonstrated the stability of EM-GOx-GNPs in high-antioxidant-concentration conditions, under long-term storage (∼4 weeks) and a freeze-thaw cycle. Selectivity of the EM-GOx-GNPs against other saccharides was increased, which improved the LOD in phosphate-buffered saline and human serum. Our results indicated that the functionalization of colorimetric glucose sensors with EM is beneficial for improving selectivity and stability, which may make them candidates for use in a practical glucose sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Jang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Insu Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyo Gi Jung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Dongtak Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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5
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Wang R, Zong C, Li G, Wang J, Kong T, Li F, Chang J. High-throughput immunosensor chip coupled with a fluorescent DNA dendrimer for ultrasensitive detection of cardiac troponin T. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27523-27529. [PMID: 35480665 PMCID: PMC9037839 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03420k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fluorescence (FL) imaging platform was established for ultrasensitive and rapid detection of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), based on a high-throughput immunosensor chip and a DNA dendrimer capped with a large number of fluorescent dyes (FDD@Cy5). Through an enzyme-free and step-by-step strategy, FDD@Cy5 was self-assembled facilely. After the formation of a sandwich immunocomplex and biotin–streptavidin conjugation, FDD@Cy5 could be captured on the chip. FL signals emerged from Cy5 under external light and the enrichment of Cy5 on the dendrimer led to signal amplification. A FL image containing 90 spots could be collected instantaneously by laser confocal scanning microscopy and the brightness of all the spots corresponded to the concentrations of target cTnT. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor chip coupled with FDD@Cy5 exhibited an excellent detection limit of 0.10 pg L−1, a wide linear range from 0.20 pg L−1 to 2.0 ng L−1, a sample consumption down to 3.0 μL and a maximum throughput of 45 tests per h. The proposed approach was also applied to cTnT quantitation in serum samples with acceptable accuracy, providing a new avenue for early diagnosis and the prognosis evaluation of acute myocardial infarction. A novel fluorescence imaging platform based on a high-throughput immunosensor chip and a DNA dendrimer capped with plenty of fluorescent dyes was proposed for ultrasensitive quantitation of cardiac troponin T.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830011 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Chen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Gairu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830011 P. R. China
| | - Junhong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital Nanjing 210029 P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital Urumqi 830063 P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830011 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Junmin Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830011 P. R. China
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6
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Zong C, Jiang F, Wang X, Li P, Xu L, Yang H. Imaging sensor array coupled with dual-signal amplification strategy for ultrasensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay of multiple mycotoxins. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Sun Y, Tao L, Ma Y, Yang S, Zhang X, Jin B, Zhang Z, Yang K. Development of an Approach of High Sensitive Chemiluminescent Assay for Cystatin C Using a Nanoparticle Carrier. Front Chem 2020; 8:802. [PMID: 33134263 PMCID: PMC7505105 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C is an important cysteine protease inhibitor in the human body and is proposed as a new indicator of glomerular filtration rate for the detection of kidney damage. In this article, we report an ultra-sensitive, simple, and rapid chemiluminescence immunoassay method for cystatin C detection using functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. After a three step hydrolysis, the amino-functionalized MSN encapsulating dye resulted in a hydrophobic environment for fixing the dye and amino groups for biological modification. The NaIO4 immobilization method maintained the activity of the antibody notably well. The sandwich immunoassay using two monoclonal antibodies was chosen for its selectivity. The analysis demonstrated that the detection upper was 0.0029 ng/mL and linear relationship within the range of 0.0035-0.5 ng/mL (R 2 = 0.9936). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 11 parallel measurements of 0.25 ng/mL CysC was 4.7%. The automated chemiluminescence analyzer could detect 96 wells continuously. The results demonstrated that this method is ultra-sensitive, simple, and rapid for detecting cystatin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Sun
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuya Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Jiang F, Li P, Zong C, Yang H. Surface-plasmon-coupled chemiluminescence amplification of silver nanoparticles modified immunosensor for high-throughput ultrasensitive detection of multiple mycotoxins. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1114:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Zhang D, Cai L, Bian F, Kong T, Zhao Y. Label-Free Quantifications of Multiplexed Mycotoxins by G-Quadruplex Based on Photonic Barcodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2891-2895. [PMID: 32013396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed quantification of mycotoxins is of great significance in food safety. Here, novel photonic crystal (PhC) barcodes with G-quadruplex aptamer encapsulated for label-free multiplex mycotoxins quantification are developed. The probes are immobilized on PhC barcodes to form a molecular beacon (MB), which contains the sequences of mycotoxin aptamers and a G-quadruplex. In the presence of the target, the hairpin structure of MB would open and the region of the G-quadruplex is exposed, which subsequently combines with Thioflavin T (ThT) to produce fluorescence. The relative fluorescence intensity increased as the mycotoxins concentration increased in a linear range from 1.0 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL. Moreover, the multiplexed mycotoxins quantification could be achieved by tuning the structural color of the PhC barcodes. We demonstrate that this method with high accuracy and specificity for multiplexed detection of mycotoxins, with the sensitivity of the detection as low as 0.70 pg/mL. Our results show that G-quadruplex-encapsulated PhC barcodes offer a novel simple and label-free pathway toward the multiplex screen assay of mycotoxins for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Lijun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Feika Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
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10
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Jones A, Dhanapala L, Kankanamage RNT, Kumar CV, Rusling JF. Multiplexed Immunosensors and Immunoarrays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:345-362. [PMID: 31726821 PMCID: PMC7202053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lasangi Dhanapala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rumasha N. T. Kankanamage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Challa V. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06232, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland H91 TK33
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11
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Zhong Y, Li J, Lambert A, Yang Z, Cheng Q. Expanding the scope of chemiluminescence in bioanalysis with functional nanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:7257-7266. [PMID: 31544920 PMCID: PMC8371923 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-enabled chemiluminescence (CL) detection has become a growing area of interest in recent years. We review the development of nanomaterial-based CL detection strategies and their applications in bioanalysis. Much progress has been achieved in the past decade, but most attempts still remain in the proof-of-concept stage. This review highlights recent advances in nanomaterials in CL detection and organizes them into three groups based on their role in detection: as a sensing platform, as a signal probe, and applications in homogeneous systems. Furthermore, we have discussed the critical challenges we are facing and future prospects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhong
- Guangling College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China.
| | - Juan Li
- Guangling College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China.
| | - Alexander Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Zhanjun Yang
- Guangling College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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12
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Gold Nanoparticle Size-Dependent Enhanced Chemiluminescence for Ultra-Sensitive Haptoglobin Biomarker Detection. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080372. [PMID: 31416293 PMCID: PMC6723178 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis (BM) is a frequent disease in the dairy industry that causes staggering economical losses due to decreased milk production and increased health care costs. Traditionally, BM detection depends on the efficacy and reliability of analytical techniques that measure somatic cell counts (SCC), detect pathogens, and reveal inflammatory status. Herein, we demonstrate the detection of bovine haptoglobin, a well-documented acute phase protein for evaluating BM clinical status, by utilizing hemoglobin-binding capacity within luminol chemiluminescence (CL) system. The resulting haptoglobin–hemoglobin complex reduces the CL signal proportionally to inherent haptoglobin concentrations. Different sizes of cross-linked gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were examined for enhanced CL (eCL) signal amplification, presenting over 30-fold emitted radiation enhancement for optimized size within real milk samples with respect to nanoparticle-free assay. The eCL values were proportionally related to nanoparticle size and content, influenced by SCC and pathogen type (e.g., Escherichia coli and coagulase-negative staphylococci). The optimized bioassay showed a broad linear response (1 pg mL−1–10 µg mL−1) and minute detection limit of 0.19 pg mL−1, while presenting quantitative performance in agreement with commercial ELISA kit. Finally, the resulting optimized eCL concept offers an efficient label-free detection of haptoglobin biomarker, offering means to diagnose the severity of the associated diseases.
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