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Critch-Doran O, Jenkins K, Hashemihedeshi M, Mommers AA, Green MK, Dorman FL, Jobst KJ. Toward Part-per-Million Precision in the Determination of an Ion's Collision Cross Section Using Multipass Cyclic Ion Mobility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:775-783. [PMID: 38498916 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In cyclic ion mobility (cIMS), ions are permitted to travel multiple passes around the drift cell, increasing the distance traveled and the relative separation between ions. This study tests the hypothesis that multiple passes around the cell can also result in improved precision when measuring an ion's mobility and the collision cross section (TWCCS) derived therefrom. Experiments were performed with a diverse set of compounds, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using gas chromatographic atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and a set of drug molecules by direct infusion electrospray ionization. The average periodic drift time, viz., the average time required for the ion to travel around the cIMS cell once, shifts dramatically, approaching part-per-million (ppm) precision as the number of passes increases to ∼100. Extrapolation of the precision of the CCS values with respect to the number of passes led to the prediction that the precision will reach 1000 ppm after 50 passes, 100 ppm after 100 passes, and <10 ppm after 150 passes. Experiments wherein the number of passes exceeded 100 produced TWCCS values having within-run precisions ranging between 15 and 117 ppm. The improved precision with an increasing number of passes may be a consequence of mitigating space-charge effects by allowing the ions to occupy a larger region of the cIMS cell. A method is proposed to enable practical measurements of TWCCS with ppm precision and is demonstrated to characterize an unknown drug mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Critch-Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kevin Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Mahin Hashemihedeshi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Alexander A Mommers
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - M Kirk Green
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hannover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St., Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
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2
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Millbern Z, Trettin A, Wu R, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Synthetic dyes: A mass spectrometry approach and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:327-344. [PMID: 36353972 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are found in a wide variety of applications today, including but not limited to textiles, foods, and medicine. The analysis of these molecules is pertinent to several fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and quality control, all of which require the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis provided by mass spectrometry (MS). Recently, there has been an increase in the implementation of MS evaluation of synthetic dyes by various methods, with the majority of research thus far falling under electrospray ionization and moving toward direct ionization methods. This review covers an overview of the chemistry of synthetic dyes needed for the understanding of MS sample preparation and spectral results, current fields of application, ionization methods, and fragmentation trends and works that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Trettin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Amiri R, Bissram MJ, Hashemihedeshi M, Dorman FL, Megson D, Jobst KJ. Differentiating Toxic and Nontoxic Tricresyl Phosphate Isomers Using Ion-Molecule Reactions with Oxygen. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:640-648. [PMID: 36942790 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ortho-substituted isomers of tricresyl phosphates (TCPs) and their toxic metabolites (e.g., CBDP: cresyl saligenin phosphate) can cause neurotoxic effects in humans. When TCP is introduced to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source using gas chromatography, radical cations M•+ are formed by charge exchange. The mass spectrum of an ortho-substituted isomer displays two intense peaks that are absent in the spectra of non-ortho-substituted isomers, leading us to propose structure-diagnostic ion-molecule reactions between ions M•+ and oxygen species present in the source. However, the mechanisms of these reactions have not yet been established. In this study, we propose a mechanism and provide support through computational and experimental analyses using density functional theory and cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometry. The mechanism consists of a multistep reaction starting with the rearrangement of the molecular ion into a distonic isomer followed by an oxidation step and then decomposition into [CBDP-H]+. This proposal is consistent with the results obtained from a series of isotopically labeled analogues. Cyclic ion mobility experiments with a tri-o-cresyl phosphate standard reveal the presence of at least two hydrogen shift isomers of the product ion [CBDP-H]+ that are connected by a low-lying barrier. The selectivity of the ion-molecule reactions toward ortho-substituted cresyl TCP isomers provides us with an identification tool that can select potentially neurotoxic triaryl phosphate esters present in complex mixtures that are produced in large volume by industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C5S7
| | - Meera J Bissram
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C5S7
| | - Mahin Hashemihedeshi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C5S7
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - David Megson
- Department of Natural Science, Ecology and Environment Research Center, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C5S7
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4
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Steeves KL, Bissram MJ, Kleywegt S, Stevens D, Dorman FL, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ, Cahill LS, Jobst KJ. Nontargeted screening reveals fluorotelomer ethoxylates in indoor dust and industrial wastewater. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107634. [PMID: 36459821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation behaviour, and toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid have resulted in the creation of thousands of replacement perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This study reports on the discovery of fluorotelomer ethoxylates (FTEO) in indoor dust (9/15 samples), and industrial effluents (14/37 samples) using gas chromatographic cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometry (GC-cIMS). By filtering the detected unknowns by mass and collision-cross section, a series of FTEO homologues were revealed with the formula F-(CF2)n(C2H4O)xH, where n = 6,8,10, and x = 4-12. The highest concentrations were observed in samples collected from healthcare facilities, consistent with the potential use of these compounds in anti-fog products, sprays used to prevent condensation on eyeglasses. FTEOs were also detected in c. 40 % of industrial effluent samples, with the highest concentrations in electroplating facilities, manufacturers of cosmetics and personal care products, and linen cleaning services for healthcare and work uniforms. These results suggest that FTEOs may well be widespread pollutants that are more persistent than previously thought, underlining the need for further study of their occurrence and potential impact to human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Steeves
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Meera J Bissram
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Technical Assessment and Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 40 St. Clair Ave. W., Toronto, ON M4V 1P5, Canada
| | | | - Frank L Dorman
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St., Milford, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hannover, NH, USA
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aalizadeh R, Nikolopoulou V, Alygizakis NA, Thomaidis NS. First Novel Workflow for Semiquantification of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Samples Analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9766-9774. [PMID: 35760399 PMCID: PMC9280717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ionization efficiency
of emerging contaminants was modeled
for the first time in gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry
(GC-HRMS) which is coupled to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
source (APCI). The recent chemical space has been expanded in environmental
samples such as soil, indoor dust, and sediments thanks to recent
use of high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques; however, many
of these chemicals have remained unquantified. Chemical exposure in
dust can pose potential risk to human health, and semiquantitative
analysis is potentially of need to semiquantify these newly identified
substances and assist with their risk assessment and environmental
fate. In this study, a rigorously tested semiquantification workflow
was proposed based on GC-APCI-HRMS ionization efficiency measurements
of 78 emerging contaminants. The mechanism of ionization of compounds
in the APCI source was discussed via a simple connectivity index and
topological structure. The quantitative structure–property
relationship (QSPR)-based model was also built to predict the APCI
ionization efficiencies of unknowns and later use it for their quantification
analyses. The proposed semiquantification method could be transferred
into the household indoor dust sample matrix, and it could include
the effect of recovery and matrix in the predictions of actual concentrations
of analytes. A suspect compound, which falls inside the application
domain of the tool, can be semiquantified by an online web application,
free of access at http://trams.chem.uoa.gr/semiquantification/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Nikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos A Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.,Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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7
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Gas chromatography combined with flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters and saturated hydrocarbons. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Nontargeted Screening Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Trends and Emerging Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226911. [PMID: 34834002 PMCID: PMC8624013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is a powerful nontargeted screening technique that promises to accelerate the identification of environmental pollutants. Currently, most GC–HRMS instruments are equipped with electron ionization (EI), but atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion sources have attracted renewed interest because: (i) collisional cooling at atmospheric pressure minimizes fragmentation, resulting in an increased yield of molecular ions for elemental composition determination and improved detection limits; (ii) a wide range of sophisticated tandem (ion mobility) mass spectrometers can be easily adapted for operation with GC–API; and (iii) the conditions of an atmospheric pressure ion source can promote structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions that are otherwise difficult to perform using conventional GC–MS instrumentation. This literature review addresses the merits of GC–API for nontargeted screening while summarizing recent applications using various GC–API techniques. One perceived drawback of GC–API is the paucity of spectral libraries that can be used to guide structure elucidation. Herein, novel data acquisition, deconvolution and spectral prediction tools will be reviewed. With continued development, it is anticipated that API may eventually supplant EI as the de facto GC–MS ion source used to identify unknowns.
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Schreckenbach SA, Anderson JSM, Koopman J, Grimme S, Simpson MJ, Jobst KJ. Predicting the Mass Spectra of Environmental Pollutants Using Computational Chemistry: A Case Study and Critical Evaluation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1508-1518. [PMID: 33982573 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants can be identified by comparing their electron ionization (EI) mass spectra with those in libraries or obtained from authentic standards. Nevertheless, libraries are incomplete; standards may be unavailable or too costly, or their synthesis may be too time-consuming. This study evaluates the performance of quantum chemical electron ionization mass spectrometry (QCEIMS) vis-à-vis competitive fragmentation modeling (CFM) for suspect screening and unknown identification. EI mass spectra of 35 compounds, including halogenated organics, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and disinfection byproducts were computed. Computational results were compared with EI mass spectra compiled in the NIST Library as well as collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra obtained from radical cations M•+ generated by charge-exchange atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The results indicate that QCEIMS performs equivalently or better than CFM. Average match factors between computed and experimental (NIST) EI mass spectra were 656 vs 503 for the halogenated organics, and on average, QCEIMS predicted 55% of the products generated by CID vs 17% predicted by CFM. QCEIMS predicted 37% of the OPFR CID products whereas CFM predicted 29%. QCEIMS performed comparably to a commercial combinatorial fragmentation method for suspect screening of a dust sample, identifying 19/20 targets. Examples of unknown pollutants, whose reference spectra were unavailable at the time of discovery, are also presented. The computational results suggest that QCEIMS can help guide the analyst in obtaining authentic standards and raise the possibility that, with advances in computing, an unknown may eventually be confirmed in hours as opposed to the days or months required to obtain authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Schreckenbach
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - James S M Anderson
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Jeroen Koopman
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
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Gehm C, Schnepel K, Czech H, Miersch T, Ehlert S, Zimmermann R. Hyper-fast gas chromatography and single-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry with integrated electrical modulator-based sampling for headspace and online VOC analyses. Analyst 2021; 146:3137-3149. [PMID: 33949436 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel fast gas chromatography (fastGC) instrument with integrated sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and detection by single-photon ionisation (SPI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). A consumable-free electrical modulator rapidly cools down to -55 °C to trap VOCs and inject them on a short chromatographic column by prompt heating to 300 °C, followed by carrier gas exchange from air to helium. Due to the low thermal mass and optical heating, the fastGC is operated within total runtimes including cooling for 30 s and 15 s, referring to hyper-fast GC, and at a constantly increasing temperature ramp from 30 °C to 280 °C. The application of soft SPI-TOFMS allows the detection of co-eluting VOCs of different molecular compositions, which cannot be resolved by conventional GC (cGC) with electron ionisation (EI). Among other analytical figures of merit, we achieved limits of detection for toluene and p-xylene of 2 ppb and 0.5 ppb, respectively, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and a linear response over a range of more than five orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we demonstrate the performance of the instrument on samples from the fields of environmental research and food science by headspace analysis of roasted coffee beans and needles from coniferous trees as well as by quasi-real-time analysis of biomass burning emissions and coffee roast gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gehm
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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11
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Lacorte S, Moyano E, Santos FJ. Analysis of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in gull eggs by GC-HRMS using a novel atmospheric pressure photoionization source. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3421-3431. [PMID: 33728497 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, a new gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-APPI-HRMS) method combined with selective pressurized liquid extraction (sPLE) has been developed for the selective determination of Dechlorane Plus (DP) and its related compounds in gull egg samples used as a bioindicator of contamination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time these compounds have been analyzed by GC-MS using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). Negative ion dopant-assisted APPI using vapors of diethyl ether and a source temperature of 250 °C provided high ionization efficiencies and mass spectra characterized by intense in-source fragment ions as well as the presence of molecular ion and characteristic cluster ions containing oxygen atoms in their chemical structure. This made it possible to improve the selectivity in the determination of these compounds compared to that obtained with traditional GC-MS ion sources. Under optimized conditions, the sPLE GC-APPI-HRMS (Orbitrap) method provided high recoveries (> 91%), good precisions (RSD% < 12%), and low method limits of detection (0.1-3.5 pg g-1 wet weight). The developed methodology has been applied to the determination of DP and related compounds in eggs of two gull species (L. michahellis and L. audouinii) from several Spanish protected areas. The results obtained showed significant differences in the DP concentration profiles in eggs from different gull breeding locations and between gull species of the same protected area. These results demonstrated the good performance of the GC-APPI-HRMS system to achieve a selective and sensitive determination of DP and related compounds in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnacion Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Schreckenbach SA, Simmons D, Ladak A, Mullin L, Muir DCG, Simpson MJ, Jobst KJ. Data-Independent Identification of Suspected Organic Pollutants Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1498-1506. [PMID: 33355455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The identity of an unknown environmental pollutant is reflected by the mass and dissociation chemistry of its (quasi)molecular ion. Gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-APCI-MS) increases the yield of molecular ions (compared to conventional electron ionization) by collisional cooling. Scanning quadrupole data-independent acquisition (SQDIA) permits unbiased, unattended selection of (quasi)molecular ions and acquisition of structure-diagnostic collision-induced dissociation mass spectra, while minimizing interferences, by sequentially cycling a quadrupole isolation window through the m/z range. This study reports on the development of a suspect screening method based on industrial compounds with bioaccumulation potential. A comparison of false and correct identifications in a mixed standard containing 30 analytes suggests that SQDIA results in a markedly lower false-positive rate than standard DIA: 5 for SQDIA and 82 for DIA. Electronic waste dust was analyzed using GC and quadrupole time-of-flight MS with APCI and SQDIA acquisition. A total of 52 brominated, chlorinated, and organophosphorus compounds were identified by suspect screening; 15 unique elemental compositions were identified using nontargeted screening; 17 compounds were confirmed using standards and others identified to confidence levels 2, 3, or 4. SQDIA reduced false-positive identifications, compared to experiments without quadrupole isolation. False positives also varied by class: 20% for Br, 37% for Cl, 75% for P, and >99% for all other classes. The structure proposal of a previously reported halogenated compound was revisited. The results underline the utility of GC-SQDIA experiments that provide information on both the (quasi)molecular ions and its dissociation products for a more confident structural assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Denina Simmons
- Depertment of Biology, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Adam Ladak
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Lauren Mullin
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Sala B, Jobst KJ, Reiner EJ, Borrell A, Aguilar À, Eljarrat E. Temporal trends of halogenated and organophosphate contaminants in striped dolphins from the Mediterranean Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142205. [PMID: 33207472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs, HBCD, novel DBDPE, PBEB and HBB, dechloranes, OPFRs and natural MeO-PBDEs were monitored in muscle of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Mediterranean Sea collected in three time periods (1990, 2004-2009 and 2014-2018). PBDEs levels decreased about 60% in under three decades, from 5067 ± 2210 to 2068 ± 2642ngg-1 lw, evidencing the success of their ban. Most PBDEs were found in all the samples, with BDE-47, -99, -154, -100 and -153 as the main contributors. Found in 71.4% of the samples, α-HBCD was stable through time and usually <LOQ. DBDPE concentrations decreased by 89% from 1990 to 2004-2009 and have remained stable since. HBB occurred rarely and decreased by 94% to a current few ngg-1 lw. Dec 602 was the main dechlorane with stable concentrations around 1200 ngg-1 lw, but a declining trend might have started in the last years. OPFRs concentrations were stable and showed the highest concentrations of all FRs in 2014-2018: 6253 ± 11,293ngg-1 lw. TBOEP and TNBP contributed to most of the OPFR concentration, the former with decreasing levels by 96%. MeO-PBDEs showed mean concentrations between 600 and 700ngg-1 lw in all periods. Non-targeted analysis allowed the identification and semi-quantification of additional chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) (levels decreasing by 81% to a current 770 ngg-1 lw mean) and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) (decreasing by 83% to a current 3200ngg-1 lw) in Mediterranean marine mammals for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Sala
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP), Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP), Toronto, Canada
| | - Asunción Borrell
- Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Aguilar
- Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Lipok C, Moyano E, Schmitz OJ, Santos FJ. Atmospheric pressure ionization for gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes in marine sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127963. [PMID: 33297024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the performance of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and photoionization (APPI) was assessed to develop a new selective and sensitive gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) method for the determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediment samples. The capability of both APCI and APPI sources for the ionization of PCNs was investigated, showing the formation of the molecular ion and the [M‒Cl+O]‒ ion in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Positive ion APCI provided high responses using high corona ion current, while the use of high vapour pressure dopant-solvents, such as toluene in positive mode and diethyl ether in the negative mode, was required to achieve high ionization efficiencies in APPI. The performance of the two API sources in the PCN determination by GC-HRMS were compared and the best results were achieved using the GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) system. The GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) method was applied to the characterization of Halowax mixtures and the analysis of marine sediments collected near to the coastal area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), demonstrating a great detection capability with low method limits of detection (0.2-1.6 pg g-1 dry weight), good precision (RSD <15%) and trueness (relative error <13%). Total PCN concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 5.0 ng g-1 dry weight and the presence of related compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), was also detected by combining positive and negative ion modes, providing complementary information to better monitor of all PCN congener groups. The results presented here show the feasibility of the GC-APPI-HRMS method for the suitable determination of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Lipok
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - E Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - F J Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Saito-Shida S, Nagata M, Nemoto S, Akiyama H. Multi-residue determination of pesticides in green tea by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation using nitrogen as the carrier gas. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:125-135. [PMID: 33232630 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1846082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Helium is commonly used as a carrier gas in gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS); however, there are growing concerns regarding its global shortage and the resulting limited supply and high cost. Using nitrogen as an alternative carrier gas in GC-MS/MS with the widely used electron ionisation (EI) technique leads to a significantly lower sensitivity; thus, in this study, we explored the use of atmospheric-pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) as the ionisation method and examined the applicability of GC-(APCI)MS/MS with nitrogen gas for the determination of pesticide residues. GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen provided slightly wider peaks, and poorer isomeric separation compared to those using helium under identical conditions; however, the peak intensities were comparable. GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen was validated for 166 pesticides in green tea at a spiking level of 0.01 mg/kg and was compared with the conventional GC-(EI)MS/MS using helium gas. Except dimethomorph and resmethrin, GC-(APCI)MS/MS showed satisfactory results that were comparable to those of GC-(EI)MS/MS for most compounds, with trueness in the range of 73%-95% and relative standard deviations of <11%. The sensitivity and selectivity of GC-(APCI)MS/MS with nitrogen were superior to those of GC-(EI)MS/MS with helium. Therefore, GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen as the carrier gas, which has minimal concerns related to availability, could be a promising alternative to the conventional GC-(EI)MS/MS technique that employs helium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Nagata
- Application Laboratory, Nihon Waters K.K., Waters Corporation , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nemoto
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa, Japan
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16
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Niu Y, Liu J, Yang R, Zhang J, Shao B. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source as an advantageous technique for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Feasibility of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental and feed samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3703-3716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Saito-Shida S, Nagata M, Nemoto S, Akiyama H. Quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in tea by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1143:122057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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A novel methodology for the determination of neutral perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water by gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionisation-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Zhang X, Di Lorenzo RA, Helm PA, Reiner EJ, Howard PH, Muir DCG, Sled JG, Jobst KJ. Compositional space: A guide for environmental chemists on the identification of persistent and bioaccumulative organics using mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:104808. [PMID: 31182229 PMCID: PMC6754779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2001, twenty-eight halogenated groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been banned or restricted by the Stockholm Convention. Identifying new POPs among the hundreds of thousands of anthropogenic chemicals is a major challenge that is increasingly being met by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS). The first step to identification of a contaminant molecule (M) is the determination of the type and number of its constituent elements, viz. its elemental composition, from mass-to-charge (m/z) measurements and ratios of isotopic peaks (M + 1, M + 2 etc.). Not every combination of elements is possible. Boundaries exist in compositional space that divides feasible and improbable compositions as well as different chemical classes. This study explores the compositional space boundaries of persistent and bioaccumulative organics. A set of ~305,134 compounds (PubChem) was used to visualize the compositional space occupied by F, Cl, and Br compounds, as defined by m/z and isotope ratios. Persistent bioaccumulative organics, identified by in silico screening of 22,049 commercial chemicals, reside in more constrained regions characterized by a higher degree of halogenation. In contrast, boundaries surrounding non-halogenated chemicals could not be defined. Finally, a script tool (R code) was developed to select potential POPs from high resolution MS data. When applied to household dust (SRM 2585), this approach resulted in the discovery of previously unknown chlorofluoro flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Philip H Howard
- SRC, Environmental Science Center, 6502 Round Pond Road, North Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada.
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