Rapid untargeted screening for drug residues in animal tissues with liquid microjunction surface sampling probe mass spectrometry

Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023

The analytical approaches taken by laboratories to implement robust and efficient regulation of horseracing medication and doping control are complex and constantly evolving. Each laboratory's approach will be dictated by differences in regulatory, economic and scientific drivers specific to their local environment. However, in general, laboratories will all be undertaking developments and improvements to their screening strategies in order to meet new and emerging threats as well as provide improved service to their customers. In this paper, the published analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians will be reviewed. Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide economy, the normal 2-year period of this review was extended to over 5 years. As such, there was considerable ground to cover, resulting in an increase in the number of relevant publications included from 107 to 307. Major trends in publications will be summarised and possible future directions highlighted. This will cover developments in the detection of 'small' and 'large' molecule drugs, sample preparation procedures and the use of alternative matrices, instrumental advances/applications, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of 'endogenous' compounds and biomarker and OMICs approaches. Particular emphasis will be given to research into the potential threat of gene doping, which is a significant area of new and continued research for many laboratories. Furthermore, developments in analytical instrumentation relevant to equine medication and doping control will be discussed.

Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Sensors for Food Safety

Food contains a variety of poisonous and harmful substances that have an impact on human health. Therefore, food safety is a worldwide public concern. Food detection approaches must ensure the safety of food at every step of the food supply chain by monitoring and evaluating all hazards from every single step of food production. Therefore, early detection and determination of trace-level contaminants in food are one of the most crucial measures for ensuring food safety and safeguarding consumers’ health. In recent years, various methods have been introduced for food safety analysis, including classical methods and biomolecules-based sensing methods. However, most of these methods are laboratory-dependent, time-consuming, costly, and require well-trained technicians. To overcome such problems, developing rapid, simple, accurate, low-cost, and portable food sensing techniques is essential. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a type of porous materials that present high porosity, abundant functional groups, and tunable physical and chemical properties, demonstrates promise in large-number applications. In this regard, MOF-based sensing techniques provide a novel approach in rapid and efficient sensing of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, food illegal additives, toxins, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), veterinary drugs, and pesticide residues. This review focused on the rapid screening of MOF-based sensors for food safety analysis. Challenges and future perspectives of MOF-based sensors were discussed. MOF-based sensing techniques would be useful tools for food safety evaluation owing to their portability, affordability, reliability, sensibility, and stability. The present review focused on research published up to 7 years ago. We believe that this work will help readers understand the effects of food hazard exposure, the effects on humans, and the use of MOFs in the detection and sensing of food hazards.

Non-targeted screening of pyranosides in Rhodiola crenulata using an all ion fragmentation-exact neutral loss strategy combined with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

INTRODUCTION

Pyranosides as one kind of natural glycosides contain a pyran ring linked to an aglycone in the structure. They occur widely in plants and possess diverse biological activities. The discovery of new pyranosides not only contributes to research on natural products but also may promote pharmaceutical development.

OBJECTIVES

A non-targeted liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method coupled with an all ion fragmentation-exact neutral loss (AIF-ENL) strategy was developed for the screening of pyranosides in plants.

METHODS

Pyranosides in various types were collected as a model. The AIF-ENL strategy comprised three steps: AIF spectrum acquisition and generation, ENL-based searching and identification, and confirmation of structural type using target second-stage mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The strategy was systematically evaluated based on the matrix effects, fragmentation stability, scan rate and screening efficiency and finally applied to Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms) H. Ohba.

RESULTS

The method was proved to be an efficient tool for the screening of pyranosides. When it was applied to R. crenulata, a total of 24 pyranoside candidates were detected. Among them, six were tentatively identified on the basis of the agreement of their elemental composition with the reported. The other 18 were detected in R. crenulata for the first time.

CONCLUSION

The method offers a new platform for discovering pyranosides. In addition, the developed non-targeted strategy can also be used for other natural products, such as flavonoids and coumarins, as long as there is a common fragmentation behaviour in their MS/MS to generate characteristic neutral losses or fragments.

The liquid micro junction-surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP); a versatile ambient mass spectrometry interface

Ambient ionization methods have become important tools in mass spectrometry. The LMJ-SSP can significantly simplify/reduce lengthy sample preparation requirements associated with mass spectrometry analysis. Samples may be introduced through direct contact, insertion and droplet injection, enabling applications from drug discovery and surface analysis to tissue profiling and metabolic mapping. This review examines the underlying principles associated with the LMJ-SSP interface and highlights modifications of the original design that have extended its capability. We summarize different application areas that have exploited the method and describe potential future directions for the adaptable ambient ionization source.

Determination of eight kinds of glucocorticoids residues in chicken muscle with on-line clean up combined HPLC-MS/MS

A sensitive and rapid method using HPLC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of eight glucocorticoids residues in chicken muscle simultaneously by Turbo Flow. The eight glucocorticoids were prednisone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, beclomethasone and fludrocortisones. Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and on-line cleaned up through a Turbo Flow solid-phase extraction column without time-consuming pretreatment before HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Sample pretreatment conditions, Turbo Flow conditions and mass spectral parameters were optimized and obtained eight glucocorticoids calibration curves. These curves showed good linearity over the concentration from 0.2 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg with an average recovery from 71.63% to 117.36%. This method could be applied on real samples and provided simple, rapid, sensitive and highly selective analysis, which made it feasible to be adopted in food inspection organizations or carry out quantitative analysis for other banned substance.

Direct Liquid Extraction and Ionization Techniques for Understanding Multimolecular Environments in Biological Systems (Secondary Publication)

A combination of direct liquid extraction using a small volume of solvent and electrospray ionization allows the rapid measurement of complex chemical components in biological samples and visualization of their distribution in tissue sections. This review describes the development of such techniques and their application to biological research since the first reports in the early 2000s. An overview of electrospray ionization, ion suppression in samples, and the acceleration of specific chemical reactions in charged droplets is also presented. Potential future applications for visualizing multimolecular environments in biological systems are discussed.

Rapid and high-throughput screening of multi-residue pharmaceutical drugs in bovine tissue using solid phase microextraction and direct analysis in real time-tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-DART-MS/MS)

Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) has become a popular research area in food safety monitoring due to its unique characteristics that allow rapid and high-throughput screening of complex matrices with minimal sample preparation. The current research aimed to investigate the detection and quantitation capabilities of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and DART coupled to tandem mass spectrometry MS/MS for a large number of pharmaceutical drugs covering a wide range of physico-chemical properties (log P, -1.22-5.97) in complex animal-food matrices such as beef tissue. 53% of the 98 target analytes selected initially could be efficiently ionized by DART and quantified at or below the Canadian maximum residue limits (MRLs) and US regulatory tolerances in bovine muscle. Despite using only two internal standards for correction, promising results were obtained for these analytes, where 62% of the detected analytes achieved linear correlation coefficients >0.99 within the evaluated range of concentrations (0.25-3X, where X corresponds to the MRL for each target analyte). In addition, more than 92% of the detected analytes achieved average accuracies within the 70-120% range of their true concentrations and intraday repeatability RSDs ≤25% at the 0.5X, 1X, and 2X concentration levels. The fully automated sample preparation workflow allowed for total extraction and analysis times as short as 1 min time per sample. While DART has limited capabilities in terms of analyte coverage, this research highlights the potential usefulness of SPME-DART-MS/MS as a method for rapid analysis in food safety monitoring applications.

Optimization of Coated Blade Spray for Rapid Screening and Quantitation of 105 Veterinary Drugs in Biological Tissue Samples

Rapid and efficient determination of contaminants at trace levels in tissue samples has become an unmet need around the globe. Coated blade spray (CBS) extraction/ionization is a technology capable of performing, with a single device, enrichment of analytes present in complex matrices, as well as the direct interface and introduction of said analytes into the mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization. To facilitate the challenging rapid tissue screening, we describe for the first time the use of a very thin layer of biocompatible polyacrylonitrile as a CBS device undercoating to make metal surface biocompatible. This add-on is meant to protect the portion of the uncoated stainless-steel of the blade that is normally exposed to the matrix, consequently becoming susceptible to adhesion of matrix macromolecules, cells, and fat. In addition, we present for the first time the use of CBS in negative ionization mode for quantitative purposes. The optimized CBS workflow allows for rapid and high-throughput screening and quantitation of 105 veterinary drugs in homogenized bovine tissue in both negative and positive ionization mode in one single run using a single CBS device with analysis times as short as 1 min per sample when 96 extractions are simultaneously conducted. While only two internal standards were used for correction, one per ionization mode, excellent accuracy and precision were achieved, with more than 90% of analytes falling within the 70-120% range of their true concentrations and yielding RSD ≤ 25% at three validation levels. The majority of analytes achieved linear correlation coefficients >0.99, and all 105 analytes were able to meet both Canadian and U.S. regulatory levels.