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Zhang Y, Cui X, Wang X, Feng X, Cheng W, Xiong R, Huang C. Biomass-based indole derived fluorescence sensor composited with cellulose paper: Detection of picric acid in food and environment samples. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126963. [PMID: 37722642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Picric acid (PA) is highly water-soluble, the fact makes it stand out as the most hazardous environment pollutant. Therefore, accurate determination of PA is of great significance for human health and environmental protection. Herein, a novel indole-based fluorescent sensor (H1) with good water solubility and fluorescence stability was reported. H1 exhibited 'turn-off' fluorescence response for PA with fast reaction rate (<30 s), unique specificity and excellent selectivity and high sensitivity (limit of detection = 34 nM). Further, H1 was successfully applied to detect PA in real samples (tap water, Yangtze River, Xuanwu Lake, soil, food, fish and shrimp) with satisfactory recoveries at three spiking levels ranging from 98.0 to 112.0 %. In addition, H1 displayed high biocompatibility in mung beans and fresh blood. Moreover, aiming to attain portable analysis, H1 was composited with biomass cellulose paper (H1-FP) and integrated with smartphone for construction as a solid-state fluorescence platform to achieve fast and visual detection of PA in suit with significant stability, high sensitively and selectivity. The establishment of this sensing approach is expected to offer new insight into rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of major pollutants for food and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoci Cui
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiuyuan Feng
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weixia Cheng
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China.
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Li M, An S, Wu Y, Yan Z, Chai Y, Yuan R. Self-Supplied Electron Photoelectrochemical Biosensor with PTB7-Th as a Photoelectric Material and Biotin as an Efficient Quencher. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53398-53404. [PMID: 36378492 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a self-supplied electron photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor for sensitive determination of Pb2+ was established by utilizing donor-acceptor (D-A)-type PTB7-Th (poly{4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl) thiophen-2-yl]benzo[1,2-b,4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl] thieno[3,4-b]-thiophene-4,6-diyl}) as a photoelectric material coupled with biotin as an efficient signal quencher. Impressively, compared with the traditional PEC signal quenchers, biotin was first applied as a PEC signal quencher in this work and it effectively avoided a cumbersome preparation process, complex DNA sequence design, and extra reagent assistance and greatly simplified experimental steps, which could achieve an efficient PEC signal quenching toward PTB7-Th. In addition, the execution of a DNAzyme-assisted Pb2+ recycling amplification reaction could release the quencher biotin, leading to the recovery of the PEC signal, thereby realizing the quantitative detection of Pb2+. Resultantly, the submitted self-supplied electron PEC biosensor presented an extensive coverage of assay Pb2+ (50 fM to 500 nM) along with a low determination limit (16.7 fM), which exhibited the advantages of high selectivity and excellent stability. Importantly, this work provided a powerful alternative to traditional heavy metal-ion assessment methods and possessed the potential for application in environment, biomedicine, and food-safety fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Siyu An
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Zhitao Yan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
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Chen Y, Ouyang L, Liu N, Li F, Li P, Sun M, Qin H, Li Y, Xiang X, Wu L. pH-responsive magnetic artificial melanin with tunable aggregation-induced stronger magnetism for rapid remediation of plastic fragments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128962. [PMID: 35472546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The global occurrence of plastic fragment pollutants in water resources has raised concerns about food safety, drinking water security, and long-term ecological impacts worldwide. The different chemical nature, the persistence, and the smaller size make micro-plastics accumulators for toxins that pose a potential threat to human health. Generally, the smaller the size of the plastic fragments is, the more difficult it is to remove them from the aquatic environment. Methods to remove plastics from water or other media are highly needed. Here, we develop core-shell superparamagnetic melanin nanoparticles, which can put magnetism on nano-/micro-plastics within 30 s and then rapidly remove them from water by applying an external magnetic field. The shell material (artificial nano-melanin) provides simultaneously attractive electrostatic, hydrophobic interaction, and van der Waals' forces to attract nano-/micro-plastics, which plays a key role in the rapid remediation of the plastic fragments. With this principle applied to a simple method, the average removal efficiency achieves 89.3%. We show a method for high-throughput remediation of various micro-plastics with simple materials and processes, which have the potential for rapid, green, and large-scale remediation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuange Chen
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Longling Ouyang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Na Liu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Fang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Peiyi Li
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Haiyang Qin
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xueping Xiang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China.
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A biomass-derived Schiff base material composited with polylactic acid nanofiber membrane as selective fluorescent 'turn off/on' platform for Pb 2+ quantitative detection and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:414-425. [PMID: 35750098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a biomass-derived compound Z1 is synthesized via 'one pot' method for detection Pb2+ using fluorescence and visual dual-mode in aqueous solution. Z1 shows good response to Pb2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 13.4 nM. Importantly, the coordination mode of Z1 with Pb2+ is further evaluated by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy and a 1:1 stoichiometry is identified. Furthermore, Z1 can be applied to detection Pb2+ in practical samples with satisfactory recoveries in range of 96.0 %-112.0 % in real samples. Besides, Z1 is added into polylactic acid (PLA) solution and made as portable fluorescence nanofiber membrane for Pb2+ detection. Further, Z1 responds to Pb2+ with high selectivity and sensitivity and has been applied for tracking Pb2+ changes in soil samples, zebrafish, and plant tissues. These results indicated that Z1 had great application potential in accurate detection Pb2+.
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Kumar R, Aadil KR, Mondal K, Mishra YK, Oupicky D, Ramakrishna S, Kaushik A. Neurodegenerative disorders management: state-of-art and prospects of nano-biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1180-1212. [PMID: 34823433 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1993126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are highly prevalent among the aging population. It affects primarily the central nervous system (CNS) but the effects are also observed in the peripheral nervous system. Neural degeneration is a progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, which may ultimately involve cell death. Such patients suffer from debilitating memory loss and altered motor coordination which bring up non-affordable and unavoidable socio-economic burdens. Due to the unavailability of specific therapeutics and diagnostics, the necessity to control or manage NDs raised the demand to investigate and develop efficient alternative approaches. Keeping trends and advancements in view, this report describes both state-of-the-art and challenges in nano-biotechnology-based approaches to manage NDs, toward personalized healthcare management. Sincere efforts are being made to customize nano-theragnostics to control: therapeutic cargo packaging, delivery to the brain, nanomedicine of higher efficacy, deep brain stimulation, implanted stimulation, and managing brain cell functioning. These advancements are useful to design future therapy based on the severity of the patient's neurodegenerative disease. However, we observe a lack of knowledge shared among scientists of a variety of expertise to explore this multi-disciplinary research field for NDs management. Consequently, this review will provide a guideline platform that will be useful in developing novel smart nano-therapies by considering the aspects and advantages of nano-biotechnology to manage NDs in a personalized manner. Nano-biotechnology-based approaches have been proposed as effective and affordable alternatives at the clinical level due to recent advancements in nanotechnology-assisted theragnostics, targeted delivery, higher efficacy, and minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Keshaw Ram Aadil
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Kunal Mondal
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - David Oupicky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
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Zhang Z, Li D, Cao Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhang F, Zheng S. Biodegradable Hypocrellin B nanoparticles coated with neutrophil membranes for hepatocellular carcinoma photodynamics therapy effectively via JUNB/ROS signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107624. [PMID: 34343939 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an inflammation-induced and chemotherapy-resistant common liver cancer, and a major cause of death. Some natural products have been found to be used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of HCC. Due to its specific molecular structure diversities and biological activities, current status of HCC treatment with nature production remains unsatisfactory, owing largely to the toxicity, side effect and inefficiency to drug targeting. Herein, we show a nanoparticle-based broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory strategy that naïve neutrophil membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles (NM-HB NPs) were constructed for synchronous nearinfrared fluorescence (NIR FL) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for HCC. Moreover, NM-HB NPs inhibited the expression of JUNB and promoted the ROS production. JUNB depletion enhanced the anti-HCC effect of NM-HB NPs. Importantly, it was shown that NM-HB NPs are well targeted to the tumor site and overcomes the blood circulation and immune elimination in vivo and vitro. In a mouse model of HCC, the neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles (NM-HB NPs) show significant therapeutic efficacy by PDT and suppressing tumor tissue increase. All results demonstrated that NM coated HB NPs representing a viable and effective treatment option for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Yiming Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Feixia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Jiang X, Fan R, Zhou X, Zhu K, Sun T, Zheng X, Xing K, Chen W, Yang Y. Mixed functionalization strategy on indium-organic framework for multiple ion detection and H 2O 2 turn-on sensing. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7554-7562. [PMID: 33973607 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00889g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A special functional group mediated functionalization platform is introduced as a new and versatile platform tool to improve the fluorescence detection performance of metal-organic frameworks (MOF). The creation of a mixed-functionalization strategy on a MOF realizes the high sensitivity detection of heavy metal ions, anions and small molecules. In this work, we have first reported a novel amino functionalized 3D indium MOF [In(BDC-NH2)(OH)]n (In1-NH2) which not only has an excellent fluorescent characteristic but also shows highly sensitive identification of Fe3+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and ClO- in water with broad linear ranges and short response times. Subsequently, based on the remaining amino group site of In1-NH2, a post-synthetic modification strategy is utilized to introduce an active boronic acid group for hydrogen peroxide detection. The obtained PBA-In1 exhibits an efficient sensing performance for hydrogen peroxide with an LOD of 0.42 μM. Given this, PBA-In1 is expected to become an effective probe to monitor the formation of metabolites in humans. In1-NH2 successfully achieves multiple ion detection and the PBA-In1 sensing platform with boronic acid functionalization may have good application prospects in biochemical research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiqing Fan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Xuesong Zhou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Ke Zhu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Tiancheng Sun
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Xubin Zheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Xing
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
| | - Yulin Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. R. China.
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Kohri M. Progress in polydopamine-based melanin mimetic materials for structural color generation. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 21:833-848. [PMID: 33536837 PMCID: PMC7832497 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1852057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural color is a color derived from optical interaction between light and a microstructure and is often seen in nature. Natural melanin plays an important role in bright structural coloration. For example, the vivid colors of peacock feathers are due to structural colors. The periodic arrangement of melanin granules inside the feathers leads to light interference, and the black granules absorb scattered light well, resulting in bright structural color. In recent years, polydopamine (PDA) has attracted attention as a melanin mimetic material. This review article summarizes recent research on structural coloration using PDA-based artificial melanin materials. It also outlines possible applications using bright structural colors realized by artificial melanin materials and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Kohri
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Jacob JM, Rajan R, Kurup GG. Biologically synthesized ZnS quantum dots as fluorescent probes for lead (II) sensing. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:1328-1337. [PMID: 32510819 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a robust strategy for selective Pb(II) sensing based on a fluorescence turn-off mechanism using ZnS quantum dots (QDs) biosynthesized using Aspergillus sp. The biogenic nanoprobe displayed marked sensing efficiency in the presence of Pb ions over concentration ranges from 5 to 100 μM with limits of detection of around 2.45 μM. Performance optimization studies revealed that the maximum fluorescence quenching efficiency was obtained in the presence of [ZnS NPs] at 4 mg/ml, and alkaline pH of 10 recorded under stable ambient temperature for approximately 5 min for the quenching process. Advanced morphological analysis indicated that the bio-sensing mechanism was essentially a surface-based phenomenon in which the Pb ions were in very close proximity to the QDs and formed stable ground-state Pb-ZnS complexes, resulting in a quenched fluorescence of the QDs. Simultaneously, a larger fraction of Pb ions interacted via collisions with the excited ZnS QDs and resulted in an effective energy transfer from the excited QDs to the Pb ions, therefore resulting in an obvious decrease in QD fluorescence. These insights were well supported by theoretical analysis using Stern-Volmer plots and sphere-of-action models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mary Jacob
- Department of Biotechnology & Biochemical Engineering, Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Reju Rajan
- Department of Biotechnology & Biochemical Engineering, Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Gayathri G Kurup
- Department of Biotechnology & Biochemical Engineering, Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
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