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Malik S, Singh J, Saini K, Chaudhary V, Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Akbar S, Baskoutas S. Paper-based sensors: affordable, versatile, and emerging analyte detection platforms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2777-2809. [PMID: 38639474 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02258g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based sensors, often referred to as paper-based analytical devices (PADs), stand as a transformative technology in the field of analytical chemistry. They offer an affordable, versatile, and accessible solution for diverse analyte detection. These sensors harness the unique properties of paper substrates to provide a cost-effective and adaptable platform for rapid analyte detection, spanning chemical species, biomolecules, and pathogens. This review highlights the key attributes that make paper-based sensors an attractive choice for analyte detection. PADs demonstrate their versatility by accommodating a wide range of analytes, from ions and gases to proteins, nucleic acids, and more, with customizable designs for specific applications. Their user-friendly operation and minimal infrastructure requirements suit point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and more. This review also explores various fabrication methods such as inkjet printing, wax printing, screen printing, dip coating, and photolithography. Incorporating nanomaterials and biorecognition elements promises even more sophisticated and sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Kajal Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Vivek Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
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Kaewarsa P, Schenkel MS, Rahn KL, Laiwattanapaisal W, Henry CS. Improving design features and air bubble manipulation techniques for a single-step sandwich electrochemical ELISA incorporating commercial electrodes into capillary-flow driven immunoassay devices. Analyst 2024; 149:2034-2044. [PMID: 38407468 PMCID: PMC10962017 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01704d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Integrating electrochemistry into capillary-flow driven immunoassay devices provides unique opportunities for quantitative point-of-care testing. Although custom electrodes can be inexpensive and are tunable, they require skilled fabrication. Here, we report the incorporation of a commercial electrode into a capillary-flow driven immunoassay (iceCaDI) device for a single end-user step sandwich electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The iceCaDI device is a pump-free portable microfluidic device with an integrated commercial screen-printed electrode and flow driven by capillary action. The iceCaDI device is composed of alternating polyester transparency film and double-sided adhesive film layers that are patterned with a laser cutter. This platform was designed to address known limitations of laminated device fabrication methods and operation. First, we developed a foldable laminated device fabrication using hinges for easy assembly and precise alignment. Second, reagent dispersing was achieved by incorporating a 1 mm wide arrow-shaped notch in the middle of the channel that trapped an air bubble and formed a baffle that facilitated reagent spreading to cover the detection area. Third, small vent holes were added to the top layer of the channels to prevent air bubbles from blocking flow. Finally, we fabricated a CRP immunosensor with a detection range of 0.625 to 10.0 μg mL-1 as a proof-of-concept to demonstrate an automatically driven sandwich electrochemical ELISA using the iceCaDI device. Three concentrations of CRP were successfully measured under flow conditions within 8 min. Our proposed device is a promising approach and a step forward in the development of point-of-care (POC) devices for techniques that traditionally require multiple user steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuritat Kaewarsa
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Melissa S Schenkel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State, University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Kira L Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State, University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Wanida Laiwattanapaisal
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cell and Innovative Testing Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State, University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
- Materials and Metallurgy Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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3
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Santos HI, Pinheiro KMP, Richter EM, Coltro WKT. Determination of scopolamine and butylscopolamine in beverages, urine and Buscopan® tablets samples using electrophoresis microchip with integrated contactless conductivity detection. Talanta 2024; 266:124960. [PMID: 37487267 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The number of cases in which scopolamine (SCO) was used for both recreational and predatory purposes has increased dramatically in recent decades. Linked to this, there is a concern about obtaining SCO through thermal degradation of butylscopolamine (BSCO) - an active ingredient of Buscopan® - a drug sold without a medical prescription. In this study, mixtures containing SCO and BSCO were separated and detected on a microchip electrophoresis (ME) device with integrated capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) using a running buffer composed of 40 mmol L-1 of butyric acid and 25 mmol L-1 of sodium hydroxide (pH 5.0). The separation was performed within ca. 115 s with a resolution of 1.3 and separation efficiency ranging from 1.4 × 105 to 1.5 × 105 theoretical plates m-1. A detection limit of 1.1 μmol L-1 was achieved for both species and the developed method revealed satisfactory repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) values for forty-eight injections between 4.8 and 9.4% for peak areas and lower than 3.3% for migration times. Furthermore, inter-day precision was evaluated for sixteen injections (a sequence of four injections performed over four days), and RSD values were less than 6.6% for peak areas and 2.2% for migration times. Satisfactory recovery values (95-114%) were obtained for all evaluated beverage samples (cachaça, vodka, whiskey, beer, Coca-Cola, and grape juice) as well as for artificial urine samples (95-107%). Finally, the conversion of BSCO into SCO was observed after simple heating procedure of Buscopan® sample (not subject to medical prescription), which was successfully confirmed through analysis by capillary electrophoresis coupled to the mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Based on the reported results, the use of ME-C4D devices has demonstrated a huge potential for applications in the forensic chemistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen I Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kemilly M P Pinheiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Moreira NS, Baldo TA, Duarte LC, Lopes-Luz L, Oliveira KA, Estrela PFN, Simões AM, Bührer-Sékula S, Duarte GRM, Coltro WKT. Direct immunoassay on a polyester microwell plate for colorimetric detection of the spike protein in swab and saliva samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 16:74-82. [PMID: 38073521 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01755a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development of a polyester microplate for detecting the S-protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples using direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology. The polyester microplate was designed to contain 96 zones with a 3 mm diameter each, and a volume of 2-3 μL. The experimental conditions including reagent concentration and reaction time were optimized. The microplate image was digitized and analyzed using graphical software. The linear range obtained between protein S concentrations and pixel intensity was 0-10 μg mL-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and a limit of detection of 0.44 μg mL-1. The developed methodology showed satisfactory intraplate and interplate repeatability with RSD values lower than 7.8%. The results achieved through immunoassay performed on polyester microplates were consistent with those of the RT-PCR method and showed a sensitivity of 100% and 90% and specificity of 85.71% and 100% for saliva and nasopharyngeal samples, respectively. The proposed direct immunoassay on polyester microplates emerges as an alternative to conventional immunoassays performed on commercial polystyrene plates, given the low cost of the device, low consumption of samples and reagents, lower waste generation, and shorter analysis time. Moreover, the immunoassay has shown great potential for diagnosing COVID-19 with precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaele S Moreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Thaisa A Baldo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Inhumas, 75402-556, Inhumas, GO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lopes-Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Centro Multiusuário de Bioinsumos e Tecnologias em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Innovation Hub in Point-of-Care Technologies, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Karoliny A Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Paulo F N Estrela
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Amanda M Simões
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Samira Bührer-Sékula
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Centro Multiusuário de Bioinsumos e Tecnologias em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Innovation Hub in Point-of-Care Technologies, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R M Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Innovation Hub in Point-of-Care Technologies, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Innovation Hub in Point-of-Care Technologies, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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5
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Pradela-Filho LA, Veloso WB, Arantes IVS, Gongoni JLM, de Farias DM, Araujo DAG, Paixão TRLC. Paper-based analytical devices for point-of-need applications. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:179. [PMID: 37041400 PMCID: PMC10089827 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are powerful platforms for point-of-need testing since they are inexpensive devices fabricated in different shapes and miniaturized sizes, ensuring better portability. Additionally, the readout and detection systems can be accomplished with portable devices, allying with the features of both systems. These devices have been introduced as promising analytical platforms to meet critical demands involving rapid, reliable, and simple testing. They have been applied to monitor species related to environmental, health, and food issues. Herein, an outline of chronological events involving PADs is first reported. This work also introduces insights into fundamental parameters to engineer new analytical platforms, including the paper type and device operation. The discussions involve the main analytical techniques used as detection systems, such as colorimetry, fluorescence, and electrochemistry. It also showed recent advances involving PADs, especially combining optical and electrochemical detection into a single device. Dual/combined detection systems can overcome individual barriers of the analytical techniques, making possible simultaneous determinations, or enhancing the devices' sensitivity and/or selectivity. In addition, this review reports on distance-based detection, which is also considered a trend in analytical chemistry. Distance-based detection offers instrument-free analyses and avoids user interpretation errors, which are outstanding features for analyses at the point of need, especially for resource-limited regions. Finally, this review provides a critical overview of the practical specifications of the recent analytical platforms involving PADs, demonstrating their challenges. Therefore, this work can be a highly useful reference for new research and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - William B Veloso
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iana V S Arantes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana L M Gongoni
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Davi M de Farias
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araujo
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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6
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Rocha DS, de Campos RP, Silva-Neto HA, Duarte-Junior GF, Bedioui F, Coltro WK. Digital microfluidic platform assembled into a home-made studio for sample preparation and colorimetric sensing of S-nitrosocysteine. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1254:341077. [PMID: 37005016 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a versatile lab-on-a-chip platform that allows integration with several types of sensors and detection techniques, including colorimetric sensors. Here, we propose, for the first time, the integration of DMF chips into a mini studio containing a 3D-printed holder with previously fixed UV-LEDs to promote sample degradation on the chip surface before a complete analytical procedure involving reagent mixture, colorimetric reaction, and detection through a webcam integrated on the equipment. As a proof-of-concept, the feasibility of the integrated system was successfully through the indirect analysis of S-nitrosocysteine (CySNO) in biological samples. For this purpose, UV-LEDs were explored to perform the photolytic cleavage of CySNO, thus generating nitrite and subproducts directly on DMF chip. Nitrite was then colorimetrically detected based on a modified Griess reaction, in which reagents were prepared through a programable movement of droplets on DMF devices. The assembling and the experimental parameters were optimized, and the proposed integration exhibited a satisfactory correlation with the results acquired using a desktop scanner. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the obtained CySNO degradation to nitrite was 96%. Considering the analytical parameters, the proposed approach revealed linear behavior in the CySNO concentration range between 12.5 and 400 μmol L-1 and a limit of detection equal to 2.8 μmol L-1. Synthetic serum and human plasma samples were successfully analyzed, and the achieved results did not statistically differ from the data recorded by spectrophotometry at the confidence level of 95%, thus indicating the huge potential of the integration between DMF and mini studio to promote complete analysis of lowmolecular weight compounds.
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7
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Clark K, Schenkel MS, Pittman TW, Samper IC, Anderson LBR, Khamcharoen W, Elmegerhi S, Perera R, Siangproh W, Kennan AJ, Geiss BJ, Dandy DS, Henry CS. Electrochemical Capillary Driven Immunoassay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:584-594. [PMID: 36570470 PMCID: PMC9469961 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic focused attention on a pressing need for fast, accurate, and low-cost diagnostic tests. This work presents an electrochemical capillary driven immunoassay (eCaDI) developed to detect SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. The low-cost flow device is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and adhesive films. Upon addition of a sample, reagents and washes are sequentially delivered to an integrated screen-printed carbon electrode for detection, thus automating a full sandwich immunoassay with a single end-user step. The modified electrodes are sensitive and selective for SARS-CoV-2 N protein and stable for over 7 weeks. The eCaDI was tested with influenza A and Sindbis virus and proved to be selective. The eCaDI was also successfully applied to detect nine different SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee
M. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Melissa S. Schenkel
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Trey W. Pittman
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Isabelle C. Samper
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Loran B. R. Anderson
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wisarut Khamcharoen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot
University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Suad Elmegerhi
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot
University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Alan J. Kennan
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - David S. Dandy
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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8
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Sheng F, Jia RP. The design basis and application in urology of the tumor-on-a-chip platform. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:331-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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The Loan Trinh K, Ri Chae W, Yoon Lee N. Recent advances in the fabrication strategies of paper-based microfluidic devices for rapid detection of bacteria and viruses. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Versatile and Easily Designable Polyester-Laser Toner Interfaces for Site-Oriented Adsorption of Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073771. [PMID: 35409130 PMCID: PMC8998940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser toners appear as attractive materials for barriers and easily laminated interphases for Lab-on-a-Foil microfluidics, due to the excellent adhesion to paper and various membranes or foils. This work shows for the first time a comprehensive study on the adsorption of antibodies on toner-covered poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET@toner) substrates, together with assessment of such platforms in rapid prototyping of disposable microdevices and microarrays for immunodiagnostics. In the framework of presented research, the surface properties and antibody binding capacity of PET substrates with varying levels of toner coverage (0–100%) were characterized in detail. It was proven that polystyrene-acrylate copolymer-based toner offers higher antibody adsorption efficiency compared with unmodified polystyrene and PET as well as faster adsorption kinetics. Comparative studies of the influence of pH on the effectiveness of antibodies immobilization as well as measurements of surface ζ-potential of PET, toner, and polystyrene confirmed the dominant role of hydrophobic interactions in adsorption mechanism. The applicability of PET@toner substrates as removable masks for protection of foil against permanent hydrophilization was also shown. It opens up the possibility of precise tuning of wettability and antibody binding capacity. Therefore, PET@toner foils are presented as useful platforms in the construction of immunoarrays or components of microfluidic systems.
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11
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Ortiz-Martínez M, Flores-DelaToba R, González-González M, Rito-Palomares M. Current Challenges and Future Trends of Enzymatic Paper-Based Point-of-Care Testing for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:482. [PMID: 34940239 PMCID: PMC8699572 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A point-of-care (POC) can be defined as an in vitro diagnostic test that can provide results within minutes. It has gained enormous attention as a promising tool for biomarkers detection and diagnosis, as well as for screening of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is one of the metabolic disorders that has grown exponentially in recent years, becoming one of the greatest challenges to health systems. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of this disorder are essential to provide adequate treatments. However, efforts to reduce incidence should remain not only in these stages but in developing continuous monitoring strategies. Diabetes-monitoring tools must be accessible and affordable; thus, POC platforms are attractive, especially paper-based ones. Paper-based POCs are simple and portable, can use different matrixes, do not require highly trained staff, and are less expensive than other platforms. These advantages enhance the viability of its application in low-income countries and hard-to-reach zones. This review aims to present a critical summary of the main components required to create a sensitive and affordable enzymatic paper-based POC, as well as an oriented analysis to highlight the main limitations and challenges of current POC devices for diabetes type 2 monitoring and future research opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mirna González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico; (M.O.-M.); (R.F.-D.)
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico; (M.O.-M.); (R.F.-D.)
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12
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Didpinrum P, Siriangkhawut W, Ponhong K, Chantiratikul P, Grudpan K. A newly designed sticker-plastic sheet platform and smartphone-based digital imaging for protein assay in food samples with downscaling Kjeldahl digestion. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36494-36501. [PMID: 35494349 PMCID: PMC9043412 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A low-cost and reliable analytical method based on the combination of a newly designed sticker-plastic sheet platform, digital image-based colorimetry and down scaled Kjeldahl digestion is proposed for the determination of protein content in food samples. The yellowish-brown colloidal products, obtained from the reaction between the ammonium-nitrogen after digestion and the working Nessler's reagent on the miniaturized sticker-plastic sheet platform, were captured for imaging with a smartphone camera. The operational parameters and reaction conditions were optimized. A down scaled Kjeldahl digestion procedure was performed using the newly designed digestion block. The parameters influencing the digestion efficiency, including the mass of the sample, volume of acid, mass of the catalyst and digestion time, were evaluated. Under the selected conditions, a linear calibration in the range of 5-60 mg L-1 ammonium-nitrogen was obtained with limits of detection and quantification of 2.8 and 7.6 mg L-1, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility were 6.7% and 8.8%, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by applying the developed procedure for milk powder and feeding stuff reference materials and comparing it with the conventional Kjeldahl method. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of protein contents in soy foods and protein-based foods. The results agreed well with those obtained from the conventional Kjeldahl method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirom Didpinrum
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Watsaka Siriangkhawut
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand
| | - Kraingkrai Ponhong
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand
| | - Piyanete Chantiratikul
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand
| | - Kate Grudpan
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
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13
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Jang I, Kang H, Song S, Dandy DS, Geiss BJ, Henry CS. Flow control in a laminate capillary-driven microfluidic device. Analyst 2021; 146:1932-1939. [PMID: 33492316 PMCID: PMC7990706 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Capillary-driven microfluidic devices are of significant interest for on-site analysis because they do not require external pumps and can be made from inexpensive materials. Among capillary-driven devices, those made from paper and polyester film are among the most common and have been used in a wide array of applications. However, since capillary forces are the only driving force, flow is difficult to control, and passive flow control methods such as changing the geometry must be used to accomplish various analytical applications. This study presents several new flow control methods that can be utilized in a laminate capillary-driven microfluidic device to increase available functionality. First, we introduce push and burst valve systems that can stop and start flow. These valves can stop flow for >30 min and be opened by either pressing the channel or inflowing other fluids to the valve region. Next, we propose flow control methods for Y-shaped channels that enable more functions. In one example, we demonstrate the ability to accurately control concentration to create laminar, gradient, and fully mixed flows. In a second example, flow velocity in the main channel is controlled by adjusting the length of the inlet channel. In addition, the flow velocity is constant as the inlet length increases. Finally, the flow velocity in the Y-shaped device as a function of channel height and fluid properties such as viscosity and surface tension was examined. As in previous studies on capillary-driven channels, the flow rate was affected by each parameter. The fluidic control tools presented here will enable new designs and functions for low cost point of need assays across a variety of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhoon Jang
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
| | - Hyunwoong Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
| | - Simon Song
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, 04763
| | - David S. Dandy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, CO, USA, 80523
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14
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Della Pelle F, Rojas D, Compagnone D, Escarpa A. Xurography-Enabled Thermally Transferred Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors on Polyethylene Terephthalate-Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Films. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13565-13572. [PMID: 32869640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel benchtop approach to fabricate xurography-enabled thermally transferred (XTT) carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors is proposed. Filtered nanomaterial (NM) films were transferred from Teflon filters to polyethylene terephthalate-ethylene vinyl acetate (PET-EVA) substrates by a temperature-driven approach. Customized PET-EVA components were xurographically patterned by a cutting plotter. The smart design of PET-EVA films enabled us to selectively transfer the nanomaterial to the exposed EVA side of the substrate. Hence, the substrate played an active role in selectively controlling where nanomaterial transfer occurred allowing us to design different working electrode geometries. Counter and reference electrodes were integrated by a stencil-printing approach, and the whole device was assembled by thermal lamination. To prove the versatility of the technology, XTT materials were exclusively made of carbon black (XTT-CB), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (XTT-MWCNTs), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (XTT-SWCNTs). Their electrochemical behavior was carefully studied and was found to be highly dependent on the amount and type of NM employed. XTT-SWCNTs were demonstrated to be the best-performing sensors, and they were employed for the determination of l-tyrosine (l-Tyr) in human plasma from tyrosinemia-diagnosed patients. High analytical performance toward l-Tyr (linear range of 0.5-100 μM, LOD = 0.1 μM), interelectrode precision (RSD ip,a = 3%, n = 10; RSD calibration slope = 4%, n = 3), and accurate l-Tyr quantification in plasma samples with low relative errors (≤7%) compared to the clinical declared values were obtained. The proposed benchtop approach is cost-effective and straightforward, does not require sophisticated facilities, and can be potentially employed to develop pure or hybrid nanomaterial-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute Andres M. del Rio, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Jang I, Carrão DB, Menger RF, Moraes de Oliveira AR, Henry CS. Pump-Free Microfluidic Rapid Mixer Combined with a Paper-Based Channel. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2230-2238. [PMID: 32583663 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary forces are commonly employed to transport fluids in pump-free microfluidic platforms such as paper-based microfluidics. However, since paper is a porous material consisting of nonuniform cellulose fibers, it has some limitations in performing stable flow functions like mixing. Here, we developed a pump-free microfluidic device that enables rapid mixing by combining paper and plastic. The device was fabricated by laminating transparency film and double-sided adhesive and is composed of an overlapping inlet ending in a paper-based reaction area. The mixing performance of the developed device was confirmed experimentally using aqueous dyes and pH indicators. In addition, the absolute mixing index was evaluated by numerically calculating the concentration field across the microfluidic channels. To demonstrate the utility of the new approach, the detection of an organophosphate pesticide was carried out using a colorimetric enzymatic inhibition assay. The developed device and a smartphone application were used to detect organophosphate pesticide on food samples, demonstrating the potential for onsite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Daniel B. Carrão
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth F. Menger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Anderson R. Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090-901, SP, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT—DATREM), Unesp, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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