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Seo J, Ha S, Kim SJ. Investigation of Operational Parameters for Nanoelectrokinetic Purification and Preconcentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:16443-16453. [PMID: 39048092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This work reports on experimental investigations into the operational parameters of nanoelectrokinetic purification and preconcentration, especially utilizing on ion concentration polarization (ICP). ICP as a nanoscale electrokinetic phenomenon has demonstrated promising advances in various fields utilizing an ion depletion zone (IDZ) with a steep electric field gradient inside the ICP layer. However, the inevitable electrokinetic instability occurring within the IDZ has posed a challenge in operating the ICP system stably. To address the need for a stable and efficient ICP operation in various devices and applications, we propose an operational strategy along with conducted research to determine optimal operating ranges. In order to investigate the operational parameters, a unit voltage (VTH) is introduced as the threshold for initiating ICP. We examined the applicability of VTH across various operating ranges to ensure its effectiveness and versatility. In ICP purification, we categorize three modes (steady, burst, and unsteady) based on IDZ expansion and stability under varying VTH and flow rate conditions, presenting optimal operational conditions that minimize the voltage margin. In ICP preconcentration, a systematic investigation is conducted to observe the influence of background electrolyte concentration and voltage conditions on preconcentration efficiency, offering insights into the correlation between preconcentration factor, electrical conditions, and preconcentration time. Therefore, this research would contribute to the practical understanding of nanoelectrokinetics, providing insight into experimental designs. These findings are expected to offer valuable guidance to researchers aiming to utilize ICP's potential across a spectrum of applications, from purification to preconcentration, in the realm of micro/nanofluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joowon Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Ha
- ProvaLabs, Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Park S, Kaufman D, Ben-Yoav H, Yossifon G. On-Chip Electrochemical Sensing with an Enhanced Detecting Signal Due to Concentration Polarization-Based Analyte Preconcentration. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6501-6510. [PMID: 38593185 PMCID: PMC11044107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Here, we integrated two key technologies within a microfluidic system, an electrokinetic preconcentration of analytes by ion Concentration Polarization (CP) and local electrochemical sensors to detect the analytes, which can synergistically act to significantly enhance the detection signal. This synergistic combination, offering both decoupled and coupled operation modes for continuous monitoring, was validated by the intensified fluorescent intensities of CP-preconcentrated analytes and the associated enhanced electrochemical response using differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The system performance was evaluated by varying the location of the active electrochemical sensor, target analyte concentrations, and electrolyte concentration using fluorescein molecules as the model analyte and Homovanillic acid (HVA) as the target bioanalyte within both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and artificial sweat solution. The combination of on-chip electrochemical sensing with CP-based preconcentration renders this generic approach adaptable to various analytes. This advanced system shows remarkable promise for enhancing biosensing detection in practical applications while bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel Kaufman
- Nanobioelectronics
Laboratory (NBEL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Hadar Ben-Yoav
- Nanobioelectronics
Laboratory (NBEL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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3
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Bhattacharya A, Chakraborty S. Modulating selective ionic enrichment and depletion zones in straight nanochannels via the interplay of surface charge modulation and electric field mediated fluid-thickening. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:752-763. [PMID: 38143284 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the possibilities of achieving highly controlled segregation of ion-enriched and ion-depleted regions in straight nanochannels. This is achieved via harnessing the interplay of an axial gradient of the induced transverse electric field on account of electrical double layer phenomenon and the localized thickening of the fluid because of intensified electric fields due to the large spatial gradients of the electrical potential in extreme confinements. By considering alternate surface patches of different charge densities over pre-designed axial spans, we illustrate how these effects can be exploited to realize selectively ion-enriched and ion-depleted zones. Physically, this is attributed to setting up of an axial concentration gradient that delves on the ionic advection due to the combined effect of an externally applied electric field and induced back-pressure gradient along the channel axis and electro-migration due to the combinatorial influences of the applied and the induced electrostatic fields. With an explicit handle on the pertinent parameters, our results offer insights on the possible means of imposing delicate controls on the solute-enrichment and depletion phenomena, a paradigm that remained unexplored thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhattacharya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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4
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Rahn KL, Osman SY, Pollak QG, Anand RK. Electrokinetic focusing of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via ion concentration polarization in a paper-based lateral flow assay. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 16:91-104. [PMID: 38086621 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of designing sensitive and selective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic sensors for early and rapid detection of infection. Paper-based lateral flow assays (LFAs) are easy to use, inexpensive, and rapid, but they lack sensitivity. Preconcentration techniques can improve the sensitivity of LFAs by increasing the local concentration of the analyte before detection. Here, ion concentration polarization (ICP) is used to focus the analyte, SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S-protein), directly over a test line composed of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) capture probes. ICP is the enrichment and depletion of electrolyte ions at opposing ends of an ion-selective membrane under a voltage bias. The ion depleted zone (IDZ) establishes a steep gradient in electric field strength along its boundary. Enrichment of charged species (such as a biomolecule analyte) occurs at an axial location along this electric field gradient in the presence of a fluid flow that counteracts migration of those species - a phenomenon called ICP focusing. In this paper, running buffer composition and pretreatment solutions for ICP focusing in a paper-based LFA are evaluated, and the method of voltage application for ICP-enrichment is optimized. With a power consumption of 1.8 mW, S-protein is concentrated by a factor of 21-fold, leading to a 2.9-fold increase in the signal from the LFA compared to a LFA without ICP-enrichment. The described ICP-enhanced LFA is significant because the preconcentration strategy is amenable to POC applications and can be applied to existing LFAs for improvement in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA.
| | - Sommer Y Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA.
| | - Quinlan G Pollak
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA.
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA.
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5
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Kowacz M, Withanage S, Niestępski S. Voltage and concentration gradients across membraneless interface generated next to hydrogels: relation to glycocalyx. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7528-7540. [PMID: 37750247 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Next to many hydrophilic surfaces, including those of biological cells and tissues, a layer of water that effectively excludes solutes and particles can be generated. This interfacial water is the subject of research aiming for practical applications such as removal of salts, pathogens or manipulation of biomolecules. However, the exact mechanism of its creation is still elusive because its persistence and extension contradict hydrogen-bond dynamics and electric double layer predictions. The experimentally recorded negative voltage of this interfacial water remains to be properly explained. Even less is known about the nature of such water layers in biological systems. We present experimental evidence for ion and particle exclusion as a result of separation of ionic charges with distinct diffusion rates across a liquid junction at the gel/water interface and the subsequent repulsion of ions of a given sign by a like-charged gel surface. Gels represent features of biological interfaces (in terms of functional groups and porosity) and are subject to biologically relevant chemical triggers. Our results show that gels with -OSO3- and -COO- groups can effectively generate ion- and particle-depleted regions of water reaching over 100 μm and having negative voltage up to -30 mV. Exclusion distance and electric potential depend on the liquid junction potential at the gel/water interface and on the concentration gradient at the depleted region/bulk interface, respectively. The voltage and extension of these ion- and particle-depleted water layers can be effectively modified by CO2 (respiratory gas) or KH2PO4 (cell metabolite). Possible implications pertain to biologically unstirred water layers and a cell's bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowacz
- Department of Reproductive Immunology & Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sinith Withanage
- Department of Reproductive Immunology & Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Niestępski
- Department of Reproductive Immunology & Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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6
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Alanis K, Siwy ZS, Baker LA. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy of Nafion-Modified Nanopores. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 170:066510. [PMID: 38766570 PMCID: PMC11101168 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/acdd29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Single nanopores in silicon nitride membranes are asymmetrically modified with Nafion and investigated with scanning ion conductance microscopy, where Nafion alters local ion concentrations at the nanopore. Effects of applied transmembrane potentials on local ion concentrations are examined, with the Nafion film providing a reservoir of cations in close proximity to the nanopore. Fluidic diodes based on ion concentration polarization are observed in the current-voltage response of the nanopore and in approach curves of SICM nanopipette in the vicinity of the nanopore. Experimental results are supported with finite element method simulations that detail ion depletion and enrichment of the nanopore/Nafion/nanopipette environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States of America
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States of America
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7
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Berzina B, Peramune U, Kim S, Saurabh K, Claus EL, Strait ME, Ganapathysubramanian B, Anand RK. Electrokinetic Enrichment and Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids by Conduction of Ions along the Surface of Bioconjugated Beads. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1173-1182. [PMID: 36800317 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a method to integrate the electrokinetic pre-enrichment of nucleic acids within a bed of probe-modified microbeads with their label-free electrochemical detection. In this detection scheme, hybridization of locally enriched target nucleic acids to the beads modulates the conduction of ions along the bead surfaces. This is a fundamental advancement in that this mechanism is similar to that observed in nanopore sensors, yet occurs in a bed of microbeads with microscale interstices. In application, this approach has several distinct advantages. First, electrokinetic enrichment requires only a simple DC power supply, and in combination with nonoptical detection, it makes this method amenable to point-of-care applications. Second, the sensor is easy to fabricate and comprises a packed bed of commercially available microbeads, which can be readily modified with a wide range of probe types, thereby making this a versatile platform. Finally, the sensor is highly sensitive (picomolar) despite the modest 100-fold pre-enrichment we employ here by faradaic ion concentration polarization (fICP). Further gains are anticipated under conditions for fICP focusing that are known to yield higher enrichment factors (up to 100,000-fold enrichment). Here, we demonstrate the detection of 3.7 pM single-stranded DNA complementary to the bead-bound oligoprobe, following a 30 min single step of enrichment and hybridization. Our results indicate that a shift in the slope of a current-voltage curve occurs upon hybridization and that this shift is proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of target DNA. Finally, we investigate the proposed mechanism of sensing by developing a numerical simulation that shows an increase in ion flux through the bed of insulating beads, given the changes in surface charge and zeta potential, consistent with our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Berzina
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Umesha Peramune
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Sungu Kim
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, United States
| | - Kumar Saurabh
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, United States
| | - Echo L Claus
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Madison E Strait
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Baskar Ganapathysubramanian
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, United States
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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8
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Lee S, Hong S, Park J, Koh Y, Lee H, Yang J, Seo SW, Kim SJ. dCas9-Mediated PCR-Free Detection of Oncogenic Mutation by Nonequilibrium Nanoelectrokinetic Selective Preconcentration. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5045-5052. [PMID: 36893461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Cutting-edge nanoelectrokinetic technology in this work provides a breakthrough for the present clinical demands of molecular diagnosis to detect a trace amount of oncogenic mutation of DNA in a short time without an erroneous PCR procedure. In this work, we combined the sequence-specific labeling scheme of CRISPR/dCas9 and ion concentration polarization (ICP) mechanism to separately preconcentrate target DNA molecules for rapid detection. Using the mobility shift caused by dCas9's specific binding to the mutant, the mutated DNA and normal DNA were distinguished in the microchip. Based on this technique, we successfully demonstrated the dCas9-mediated 1-min detection of single base substitution (SBS) in EGFR DNA, a carcinogenesis indicator. Moreover, the presence/absence of target DNA was identified at a glance like a commercial pregnancy test kit (two lines for positive and one line for negative) by the distinct preconcentration mechanisms of ICP, even at the 0.1% concentration of the target mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Seo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Mistry G, Popat K, Patel J, Panchal K, Ngo HH, Bilal M, Varjani S. New outlook on hazardous pollutants in the wastewater environment: Occurrence, risk assessment and elimination by electrodeionization technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115112. [PMID: 36574803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the decades, water contamination has increased substantially and has become a severe global issue. Degradation of natural resources is taking place at an alarming rate as a result of the use of chemicals like dyes, heavy metals, fertilizers, pesticides, and many more, necessitating the development of long-term pollution remediation methods/technologies. As a new development in the field of environmental engineering, electrodeionization incorporates both traditional ion exchange and electrodialysis. This communication provides an overview of hazardous contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as their converted forms, which are present in water. It highlights the risks of water pollutants to public health and the environment. Various electrochemical methods with a focus on electrodeionization for the treatment of wastewater and removal of hazardous contaminants are outlined in this review. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and the future outlook for the development in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Mistry
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India; Institute of Advanced Research, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar, 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Kartik Popat
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India; Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar, 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Jimit Patel
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India; Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar, 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashish Panchal
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India; Institute of Advanced Research, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar, 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India.
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10
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Zolti O, Suganthan B, Ramasamy RP. Lab-on-a-Chip Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection: A Review of Common Standards and Recent Progress. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:215. [PMID: 36831981 PMCID: PMC9954316 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are an important diagnostic target for the food, beverage, and health care industries due to their prevalence and the adverse effects they can cause to public health, food safety, and the economy. The standards that determine whether a given type of food is fit for consumption are set by governments and must be taken into account when designing a new diagnostic tool such as a biosensor platform. In order to meet these stringent detection limits, cost, and reliability standards, recent research has been focused on developing lab-on-a-chip-based approaches for detection devices that use microfluidic channels and platforms. The microfluidics-based devices are designed, developed, and used in different ways to achieve the established common standards for food pathogen testing that enable high throughput, rapid detection, low sample volume, and minimal pretreatment procedures. Combining microfluidic approaches with electrochemical biosensing could offer affordable, portable, and easy to use devices for food pathogen diagnostics. This review presents an analysis of the established common standards and the recent progress made in electrochemical sensors toward the development of future lab-on-a-chip devices that will aid 'collection-to-detection' using a single method and platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramaraja P. Ramasamy
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Thompson JR, Crooks RM. Electrokinetic separation techniques for studying nano- and microplastics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12616-12624. [PMID: 36519045 PMCID: PMC9645370 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, microplastics have been found in seawater, soil, food, and even human blood and tissues. The ubiquity of microplastics is alarming, but the health and environmental impacts of microplastics are just beginning to be understood. Accordingly, sampling, separating, and quantifying exposure to microplastics to devise a total risk assessment is the focus of ongoing research. Unfortunately, traditional separation methods (i.e., size- and density-based methods) unintentionally exclude the smallest microplastics (<10 μm). Limited data about the smallest microplastics is problematic because they are likely the most pervasive and have distinct properties from their larger plastic counterparts. To that end, in this Perspective, we discuss using electrokinetic methods for separating the smallest microplastics. Specifically, we describe three methods for forming electric field gradients, discuss key results within the field for continuously separating microplastics, and lastly discuss research avenues which we deem critical for advancing electrokinetic separation platforms for targeting the smallest microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
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12
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Simultaneous enrichment and separation based on ion concentration polarization effect on a paper based analytical device. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Flores‐Galicia F, Eden A, Pallandre A, Pennathur S, Haghiri‐Gosnet A. Predicting ion concentration polarization and analyte stacking/focusing at nanofluidic interfaces. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:741-751. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Flores‐Galicia
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies Palaiseau France
| | - Alexander Eden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Antoine Pallandre
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS Institut de Chimie Physique Orsay France
| | - Sumita Pennathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
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14
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Berzina B, Kim S, Peramune U, Saurabh K, Ganapathysubramanian B, Anand RK. Out-of-plane faradaic ion concentration polarization: stable focusing of charged analytes at a three-dimensional porous electrode. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:573-583. [PMID: 35023536 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization (ICP) accomplishes preconcentration for bioanalysis by localized depletion of electrolyte ions, thereby generating a gradient in electric field strength that facilitates electrokinetic focusing of charged analytes by their electromigration against opposing fluid flow. Such ICP focusing has been shown to accomplish up to a million-fold enrichment of nucleic acids and proteins in single-stage preconcentrators. However, the rate at which the sample volume is swept is limited, requiring several hours to achieve these high enrichment factors. This limitation is caused by two factors. First, an ion depleted zone (IDZ) formed at a planar membrane or electrode may not extend across the full channel cross section under the flow rate employed for focusing, thereby allowing the analyte to "leak" past the IDZ. Second, within the IDZ, large fluid vortices lead to mixing, which decreases the efficiency of analyte enrichment and worsens with increased channel dimensions. Here, we address these challenges with faradaic ICP (fICP) at a three-dimensional (3D) electrode comprising metallic microbeads. This 3D-electrode distributes the IDZ, and therefore, the electric field gradient utilized for counter-flow focusing across the full height of the fluidic channel, and its large area, microstructured surface supports smaller vortices. An additional bed of insulating microbeads restricts flow patterns and supplies a large area for surface conduction of ions through the IDZ. Finally, the resistance of this secondary bed enhances focusing by locally strengthening sequestering forces. This easy-to-build platform lays a foundation for the integration of enrichment with user-defined packed bed and electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Berzina
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
| | - Sungu Kim
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, USA
| | - Umesha Peramune
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
| | - Kumar Saurabh
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, USA
| | - Baskar Ganapathysubramanian
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, USA
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
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Krishnamurthy A, Anand RK. Recent advances in microscale extraction driven by ion concentration polarization. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lemay SG, Moazzenzade T. Single-Entity Electrochemistry for Digital Biosensing at Ultralow Concentrations. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9023-9031. [PMID: 34167291 PMCID: PMC8264825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying ultralow analyte concentrations is a continuing challenge in the analytical sciences in general and in electrochemistry in particular. Typical hurdles for affinity sensors at low concentrations include achieving sufficiently efficient mass transport of the analyte, dealing with slow reaction kinetics, and detecting a small transducer signal against a background signal that itself fluctuates slowly in time. Recent decades have seen the advent of methods capable of detecting single analytes ranging from the nanoscale to individual molecules, representing the ultimate mass sensitivity to these analytes. However, single-entity detection does not automatically translate into a superior concentration sensitivity. This is largely because electrochemical transducers capable of such detection are themselves miniaturized, exacerbating mass transport and binding kinetic limitations. In this Perspective, we discuss how these challenges can be tackled through so-called digital sensing: large arrays of separately addressable single-entity detectors that provide real-time information on individual binding events. We discuss the advantages of this approach and the barriers to its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Taghi Moazzenzade
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Rapid Prototyping of a Nanoparticle Concentrator Using a Hydrogel Molding Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071069. [PMID: 33805297 PMCID: PMC8037731 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) concentration is crucial for liquid biopsies and analysis, and various NP concentrators (NPCs) have been developed. Methods using ion concentration polarization (ICP), an electrochemical phenomenon based on NPCs consisting of microchannels, have attracted attention because samples can be non-invasively concentrated using devices with simple structures. The fabrication of such NPCs is limited by the need for lithography, requiring special equipment and time. To overcome this, we reported a rapid prototyping method for NPCs by extending the previously developed hydrogel molding method, a microchannel fabrication method using hydrogel as a mold. With this, we fabricated NPCs with both straight and branched channels, typical NPC configurations. The generation of ICP was verified, and an NP concentration test was performed using dispersions of negatively and positively charged NPs. In the straight-channel NPC, negatively and positively charged NPs were concentrated >50-fold and >25-fold the original concentration, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of NP concentration via ICP in a straight-channel NPC. Using a branched-channel NPC, maximum concentration rates of 2.0-fold and 1.7-fold were obtained with negatively and positively charged NPs, respectively, similar to those obtained with NPCs fabricated through conventional lithography. This rapid prototyping method is expected to promote the development of NPCs for liquid biopsy and analysis.
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Sensale S, Ramshani Z, Senapati S, Chang HC. Universal Features of Non-equilibrium Ionic Currents through Perm-Selective Membranes: Gating by Charged Nanoparticles/Macromolecules for Robust Biosensing Applications. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1906-1915. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sensale
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zeinab Ramshani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Satyajyoti Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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