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Dong Y, Li J, Huang C. Antifouling binary liquid-infused membranes for biological sample pretreatment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4671-4674. [PMID: 38591695 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00612g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Hydrophobic membranes infused with mixed solvents including a low polar solvent and a specific solvent can efficiently separate analytes from blood upon applying a voltage. In contrast, membranes infused with a specific solvent alone show significantly reduced separation efficiencies for blood samples. Infusion of a low polar solvent is of importance for achieving antifouling ability of membranes for biological sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, 9 Yuexing Third Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Peace Avenue, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
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2
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Tseng LH, Liang PC, Chiu TC, Hsieh MM. Ultrasound and surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to poly(ethylene oxide)-mediated stacking in CE for highly sensitive determination of barbiturates in human fluids. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300557. [PMID: 37803927 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a facile, highly sensitive technique for extracting and quantifying barbiturates in serum samples. This method combined ultrasound and surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with poly(ethylene oxide)-mediated stacking in capillary electrophoresis. Factors influencing the extraction and stacking performance, such as the type and volume of extraction solvents, the type and concentration of surfactant, extraction time, salt additives, sample matrix, solution pH, and composition of the background electrolyte, were carefully studied and optimized to achieve the optimal detection sensitivity. Under the optimized extraction (injecting 140 μL C2 H4 Cl2 into 1 mL of sample with pH 4 (5 mM sodium phosphate containing 0.05 mM Tween 20 and sonication for 1 min) and separation conditions (150 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-borate with pH 8.5 containing 0.5% (m/v) poly(ethylene oxide)), the limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of five barbiturates ranged from 0.20 to 0.33 ng/mL, and the calculated sensitivity improvement ranged from 868- to 1700-fold. The experimental results revealed excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99), with relative standard deviations of 2.1%-3.4% for the migration time and 4.3%-5.7% for the peak area. The recoveries of the spiked serum samples were 97.1% -110.3%. Our proposed approach offers a rapid and practical method for quantifying barbiturates in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hsin Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Liang
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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3
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Liu Q, Li Y, Liu R, Chen Q, Chu Q. Hierarchical porous zeolitic imidazolate framework‑8 supported hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction of nine typical phenolic pollutants in water samples followed by electrophoretic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464264. [PMID: 37562106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical porous zeolitic imidazolate framework‑8 (HpZIF-8) have not only good chemical and thermal stability, but also pore structures of different sizes. In this work, HpZIF-8 supported hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HpZIF-8@HF-LPME) co-modified with tributyl phosphate and 2-nitroethyl benzene was firstly developed for purification and enrichment of nine typical phenolic pollutants followed by electrophoretic separation and amperometric detection (CE-AD). The key enrichment parameters were optimized by full factorial experimental and central composite designs. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum enrichment factors for the nine analytes were 479 (phenol), 249 (2-chlorophenol), 821 (4-chlorophenol), 1253 (3-methylphenol), 1376 (2,4-dichlorophenol), 1078 (2,4,6-trichlorophenol), 200 (pentachlorophenol), 614 (4-nitrophenol) and1827 times (bisphenol A), respectively. The limits of detection were 0.060-1.5 µg L-1 (S/N = 3) in real sample matrixes. This proposed method has been successfully applied to water samples with high ionic strength, and the average recoveries were in the range of 80.2-118.0%. This developed method of HpZIF-8@HF-LPME/CE-AD needs no desorption and derivatization, providing an alternative for monitoring typical phenolic pollutants in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuke Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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4
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Zaroudi F, Nasihatkon B, Hosseinzadeh R, Fakhari AR, Seidi S. Miniaturized on-chip electromembrane extraction with QR code-based red-green-blue analysis using a customized Android application for copper determination in environmental and food samples. Food Chem 2023; 414:135667. [PMID: 36808032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A miniaturized on-chip electromembrane extraction device with QR code-based red-green-blue analysis was designed to determine copper in water, food, and soil. The acceptor droplet consisted of ascorbic acid as the reducing agent and bathocuproine as the chromogenic reagent. The formation of a yellowish-orange complex was a sign of copper in the sample. Then, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dried acceptor droplet was done by the customized Android app that was developed based on image analysis concepts. In this application, principal component analysis was performed on the data for the first time to reduce the three dimensions, red, green, and blue, to one dimension. The effective extraction parameters were optimized. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.1 µg mL-1. Intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviations ranged between 2.0 and 2.3 % and 3.1-3.7 %, respectively. The calibration range was studied between 0.1 and 25 µg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9814).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Zaroudi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran; Nanomaterial, Separation and Trace Analysis Research Lab, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Nasihatkon
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. V., P.O. Box 1983963113 Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran; Nanomaterial, Separation and Trace Analysis Research Lab, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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New approach for barbiturates, phenytoin, methyprylon and glutethimide determination and fragmentation (UHPLC-MS/MS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115318. [PMID: 36868027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Barbiturates which are old pharmaceutical drugs are still widely used in medical treatment of epilepsy and for general anesthesia. To date, more than 2500 different barbituric acid analogs have been synthesized, and 50 of them were introduced into medical use over the last century. Due to their highly addictive properties, pharmaceuticals containing barbiturates are under strict control in many countries. However, by considering the worldwide problem with new psychoactive substances (NPS) the introduction of new designer barbiturate analogs into the dark market might serve a serious public health problem in the near future. For this reason there is an increasing need for application methods for barbiturates monitoring in biological samples. The UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for determination of 15 barbiturates, phenytoin, methyprylon and glutethimide was developed and fully validated. The biological sample volume was reduced to only 50 µL. A simple LLE (pH 3 with ethyl acetate) was successfully applied. The lower LOQ was 10 ng/mL. The method enables differentiation of structural isomers: hexobarbital and cyclobarbital; as well as amobarbital and pentobarbital. Chromatographic separation was achieved with the use of the alkaline mobile phase (pH 9) and Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column. Furthermore, the novel fragmentation mechanism of barbiturates was proposed, which may have a great impact in identification of novel barbiturates analogs introduced to illegal marketplaces. The presented technique has a great potential to be applied in forensic, clinical and veterinary toxicological laboratories, as was evidenced by the positive results of international proficiency tests.
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6
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Wan L, Gao H, Liu X, Gao S, Zhou L, Wang F, Chen M. Electromembrane extraction of clenbuterol from swine urine for monitoring illegal use in livestock. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3966-3973. [PMID: 36040857 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The illegal use of clenbuterol seriously endangers food safety and human health. Accurate monitoring the illegal use of clenbuterol in livestock can efficiently prevent the clenbuterol residue pork products from entering the consumer market. Thus, in this study, a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of clenbuterol in swine urine was developed using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. It should be noted that the electromembrane extraction method presented many advantages of simple operation, fast mass transfer rate, good sample clean-up capability and less organic solvent consumption. The effect of important factors on the extraction efficiency of clenbuterol was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, good linearity was achieved for clenbuterol over the range of 1-1000 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9996). The recoveries of clenbuterol in swine urine at three spiked levels ranged from 83.7 to 110.0% with relative standard deviation values lower than 9.7% (n = 4). Limits of detection and quantification for clenbuterol were 0.07 and 0.25 ng/mL, respectively. These results suggested that the proposed method has great potential on the extraction and determination of trace analyte in complex sample matrix for monitoring the illegal use in livestock. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wan
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Haidong Gao
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shucai Gao
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fayun Wang
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, PR China
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7
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Dolatabadi R, Mohammadi A, Walker RB. A novel 3D printed device with conductive elements for electromembrane extraction combined with HPLC and UV detector. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3187-3196. [PMID: 35762108 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on proposing for a new design and setup for electromembrane extraction. A new cap was designed and conductive vials of different shape were fabricated using three-dimensional printing. The new cap holds three fibers to enhance electromembrane extraction recovery. Conductive vials can simultaneously perform as electrodes therefore, there is no need to include an electrode in sample solutions. Phenobarbital and phenytoin were used as model compounds to assess the setup performance. Under optimal conditions, these analytes were extracted from the sample solution at pH = 9 to the acceptor solution at pH = 13 with a voltage of 40 V for 20 min, while 1-octanol was employed as the supported-liquid-membrane. The influence of conductive vials geometry on the recovery was examined and effects of different shapes were studied by performing numerical simulation to establish electric potential distribution. Of the vials tested with circular, triangular and floral-like cross-sections the latter exhibited the best voltage distribution. The circular vial had the highest recovery attributed to its better hydrodynamic shape, which allows rapid fluid sample transport and therefore enhanced system recovery. The extraction recovery and RSD of circular vial with three fibers was 33.0 and 7.6 for phenobarbital and 42.2 and 10.4 for phenytoin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Dolatabadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roderick B Walker
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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8
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Almofti N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Girela-López E. Analysis of conventional and nonconventional forensic specimens in drug-facilitated sexual assault by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 250:123713. [PMID: 35779361 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has dramatically increased in the last decades. Forensic analytical scientists continuously seek new methods and specimens to prove the incidence of intoxication for the judiciary system. Factors influencing sample selection include the ease of obtaining the samples and the window of detection of the drugs, among others. Both conventional (blood, urine) and non-conventional specimens (hair, nails, fluids) have been proposed as suitable in DFSA cases. Reported sample treatments include a variety of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction as well as dilute-and-shoot procedures and microextraction techniques. Regarding analysis, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as the preferred confirmatory technique, due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and wide-scope applicability. In this review, we critically discuss the most common specimens and sample treatments/analysis procedures (related to LC-MS/MS) that have been reported during the last ten years. As a final goal, we intend to provide a critical overview and suggest analytical recommendations for the establishment of suitable analytical strategies in DFSA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Almofti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain; Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - S Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Girela-López
- Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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9
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Santigosa E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Giménez-Gómez P, Muñoz M, Ramos-Payán M. A rapid and versatile microfluidic method for the simultaneous extraction of polar and non-polar basic pharmaceuticals from human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Hong C, Dong Y, Zhu R, Yan Y, Shen X, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Huang C. Effect of sample matrices on supported liquid membrane: Efficient electromembrane extraction of cathinones from biological samples. Talanta 2021; 240:123175. [PMID: 34972062 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of sample matrix on electromembrane extraction (EME) was investigated for the first time using cathinones (log P < 1.0) as polar basic model analytes. Ten supported liquid membranes (SLMs) were tested for EME from spiked buffer solutions, urine, and whole blood samples, respectively. For buffer solutions, SLMs containing aromatic solvents provided higher EME recovery than non-aromatic solvents, which confirmed the significance of cation-π interactions for EME of basic substances. Interestingly, when applied to urine and whole blood samples, aromatic SLMs were less efficient, while non-aromatic SLMs containing abundant hydrogen-bond acidity/basicity were efficient. These observations were explained by SLM fouling, and the antifouling property of the SLM was clearly dependent on the nature of the SLM solvent. Accordingly, a binary SLM containing aromatic 1-ethyl-2-nitrobenzene (ENB) and non-aromatic 1-undecanol (1:1 v/v) was developed. This binary SLM was not prone to fouling, and provided high recoveries of cathinones from urine and whole blood. EME based on this SLM was optimized and evaluated in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the linear ranges with R2 ≥ 0.9903 for cathinones in whole blood and urine were 5-200 ng/mL and 1-200 ng/mL, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of cathinones were ranged from 0.12 to 0.54 ng/mL and 0.38-1.78 ng/mL, respectively. The repeatability and accuracy bias at three levels were ≤11% and within 10%, respectively. In addition, the matrix effect ranged from 88% to 118% was also in compliance with guidelines for bioanalytical method validation provided by the European Medicines Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Hong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yibo Yan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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12
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Skaalvik TG, Øiestad EL, Trones R, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hegstad S. Determination of psychoactive drugs in serum using conductive vial electromembrane extraction combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1183:122926. [PMID: 34624684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conductive vial electromembrane extraction (EME) with prototype equipment was applied for the first time to extract lipophilic basic drugs from serum. With this equipment, traditional platinum electrodes were replaced with sample and acceptor vials made from a conductive polymer, making the electrodes fully integrated and disposable. EME was combined with UHPLC-MS/MS, and a method to determine selected psychoactive drugs (alimemazine, amitriptyline, atomoxetine, clomipramine, doxepin, duloxetine, fluvoxamine, levomepromazine, nortriptyline and trimipramine) and metabolites (desmethyl clomipramine and desmethyl doxepin) in serum was developed, optimized, and validated. Extractions were carried out with 50 V for 15 min from serum samples (100 µL) diluted 1:3 with formic acid (0.1% v/v), using 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as the supported liquid membrane (SLM), and formic acid (0.1% v/v, 300 µL) as acceptor phase. Using conductive vial EME, the extraction of lipophilic drugs reached exhaustive or near-exhaustive conditions, with recoveries in the range 75-117%. The method demonstrated excellent accuracy and precision, with bias within ± 6%, and intra- and inter-day CVs ranging 0.9 - 6% and 2 - 6%, respectively. In addition, acceptor phases were completely free of glycerophosphocholines. EME-UHPLC-MS/MS was successfully applied in determination of psychoactive drugs in 30 patient samples, and the results were in agreement with the current hospital routine method at St. Olav University Hospital (Trondheim, Norway). Obtaining comparable results to well-established routine methods is highly important for future implementation of EME into routine laboratories. These results thus serve as motivation for further advancing the EME technology. Until now, EME has been carried out with laboratory-build equipment, and the introduction of commercially available standardized equipment is expected to have a positive impact on future research activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Gottenberg Skaalvik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Professor Brochs gate 6, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger Trones
- Extraction Technologies Norway, Verkstedveien 29, 1424 Ski, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solfrid Hegstad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Professor Brochs gate 6, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
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13
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Wan L, Gao H, Gao H, Du R, Wang F, Wang Y, Chen M. Selective extraction and determination of steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato tissues by electromembrane extraction combined with LC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2021; 367:130724. [PMID: 34352691 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, electromembrane extraction (EME) combined LC-MS/MS was applied to extract and determine α-solanine and α-chaconine in different potato tissues using NPOE containing 20% (v/v) DEHP as supported liquid membrane (SLM). Under the optimal conditions, the proposed EME-LC-MS/MS method was evaluated using spiked fresh potato peel sample. The linear range for α-solanine and α-chaconine was 5-1000 ng mL-1 (R2 > 0.9991), with LOD and LOQ of 1.2-1.5 ng mL-1 and 4.1-5.2 ng mL-1, respectively. Repeatability for α-solanine and α-chaconine at three concentration levels was satisfactory (<4.9%), and recoveries ranged from 73% to 106%. Finally, the EME-LC-MS/MS method has been successfully employed to determine α-solanine and α-chaconine in sprouted potato peel and tuber samples, indicating that EME exhibited high selectivity and efficient sample clean-up capability. Consequently, EME showed great potential for extraction and purification of toxic and bioactive basic compounds from complex plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wan
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road #87, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, PR China.
| | - Haidong Gao
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road #87, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, PR China
| | - Huoliang Gao
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road #87, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, PR China
| | - Rui Du
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road #87, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, PR China
| | - Fayun Wang
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road #87, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road #87, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, PR China
| | - Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
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