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Zhao Y, Cheng X, Lei M, Zong L, Gao M, Du X, Liu X, Qiu D, Xing X. Construction of a novel near-infrared fluorescent Nile blue@MOF nanoprobe for imaging mitochondrial ATP in living cells. Analyst 2024; 149:2796-2800. [PMID: 38669149 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00380b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A near-infrared fluorescent nanoprobe consisting of Nile blue-capped ZIF-90 is first proposed for real-time imaging of mitochondrial ATP. Owing to the strong binding of ATP with Zn2+, the structure of the probe is disrupted, leading to the release of fluorescent NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xinfeng Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Minglin Lei
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Luyi Zong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Mengying Gao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - XianChao Du
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xueguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Henan of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, and Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473004, China.
| | - Dongfang Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xiaojing Xing
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
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Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Zhang H. Highly-ordered assembled organic fluorescent materials for high-resolution bio-sensing: a review. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2019-2032. [PMID: 38469672 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm02070c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Organic fluorescent materials (OFMs) play a crucial role in the development of biosensors, enabling the extraction of biochemical information within cells and organisms, extending to the human body. Concurrently, OFM biosensors contribute significantly to the progress of modern medical and biological research. However, the practical applications of OFM biosensors face challenges, including issues related to low resolution, dispersivity, and stability. To overcome these challenges, scientists have introduced interactive elements to enhance the order of OFMs. Highly-ordered assembled OFMs represent a novel material type applied to biosensors. In comparison to conventional fluorescent materials, highly-ordered assembled OFMs typically exhibit robust anti-diffusion properties, high imaging contrast, and excellent stability. This approach has emerged as a promising method for effectively tracking bio-signals, particularly in the non-invasive monitoring of chronic diseases. This review introduces several highly-ordered assembled OFMs used in biosensors and also discusses various interactions that are responsible for their assembly, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, and ion electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, it delves into the various applications of these biosensors while addressing the drawbacks that currently limit their commercial application. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance, highly-ordered assembled OFM biosensors suitable for practical applications. Additionally, it sheds light on the evolving trends in OFM biosensors and their application fields, offering valuable insights into the future of this dynamic research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Zilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Zhenhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Haichang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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Liu G, Gao F, Yang X, Zhang J, Yang S, Li Y, Liu L. Aggregation-induced emission for the detection of peptide ligases with improving ligation efficiency. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1284:341994. [PMID: 37996157 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring peptide ligase activity is of great significance for biological research, medical diagnosis, and drug discovery. The current methods for the detection of peptide ligases suffer from the limitations of high background signal, elaborate design of substrate, and high reversibility of ligation reaction. In this work, we proposed a simple and sensitive method for ligase detection with reducing ligation reversibility on the basis of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanism. RESULTS The peptide probes labeled with AIE luminogens (AIEgens) were water-soluble and emitted weak fluorescence. After ligation reaction, the enzymatic products with AIEgens showed high hydrophobicity and could readily assembly into aggregates, thus lighting up the fluorescence. More interestingly, the formation of aggregates pushed the equilibrium to the generation of the desired ligation products, thus improving the catalytic efficiency by driving the reaction towards completion. The ligation reaction conversion rate (>80 %) is significantly higher than that without blocking the reversibility with additional treatment. With sortase A (SrtA) as the analyte example, the detection limit of this method was found to be 0.01 nM with a linear range of 0-50 nM. The system was applied to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of berberine chloride and quercetin and determine the activity of SrtA in serum, lysate and Staphylococcus aureus with satisfactory results. SIGNIFICANCE This study indicated that the ligation efficiency and detection sensitivity can be improved by reducing ligation reversibility through AIE phenomenon. The proposed strategy could be used for the detection of other peptide ligases by adopting sequence-specific peptide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Xiupei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Suling Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
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Zhang Z, Ding C, Sun T, Wang L, Chen C. Tumor Therapy Strategies Based on Microenvironment-Specific Responsive Nanomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300153. [PMID: 36933000 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and variable region characterized by hypoxia, low pH, high redox status, overexpression of enzymes, and high-adenosine triphosphate concentrations. In recent years, with the continuous in-depth study of nanomaterials, more and more TME-specific response nanomaterials are used for tumor treatment. However, the complexity of the TME causes different types of responses with various strategies and mechanisms of action. Aiming to systematically demonstrate the recent advances in research on TME-responsive nanomaterials, this work summarizes the characteristics of TME and outlines the strategies of different TME responses. Representative reaction types are illustrated and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Finally, forward-looking views on TME-response strategies for nanomaterials are presented. It is envisaged that such emerging strategies for the treatment of cancer are expected to exhibit dramatic trans-clinical capabilities, demonstrating the extensive potential for the diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chengwen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tiedong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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Luo X, Peng Y, Fan X, Xie X, Jin Z, Zhang X. The Crosstalk and Clinical Implications of CircRNAs and Glucose Metabolism in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082229. [PMID: 37190158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of glucose in tumor cells is converted to lactate despite the presence of sufficient oxygen and functional mitochondria, a phenomenon known as the "Warburg effect" or "aerobic glycolysis". Aerobic glycolysis supplies large amounts of ATP, raw material for macromolecule synthesis, and also lactate, thereby contributing to cancer progression and immunosuppression. Increased aerobic glycolysis has been identified as a key hallmark of cancer. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of endogenous single-stranded RNAs characterized by covalently circular structures. Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNAs influence the glycolytic phenotype of various cancers. In gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, circRNAs are related to glucose metabolism by regulating specific glycolysis-associated enzymes and transporters as well as some pivotal signaling pathways. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of glucose-metabolism-associated circRNAs in GI cancers. Furthermore, we also discuss the potential clinical prospects of glycolysis-associated circRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine School, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yin Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine School, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinmin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine School, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine School, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine School, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Viviano-Posadas AO, Romero-Mendoza U, Bazany-Rodríguez IJ, Velázquez-Castillo RV, Martínez-Otero D, Bautista-Renedo JM, González-Rivas N, Galindo-Murillo R, Salomón-Flores MK, Dorazco-González A. Efficient fluorescent recognition of ATP/GTP by a water-soluble bisquinolinium pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide compound. Crystal structures, spectroscopic studies and interaction mode with DNA. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27826-27838. [PMID: 36320280 PMCID: PMC9520314 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The new dicationic pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide-based compound 1 bearing two N-alkylquinolinium units was synthesized, structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and studied in-depth as a fluorescent receptor for nucleotides and inorganic phosphorylated anions in pure water. The addition of nucleotides to 1 at pH = 7.0 quenches its blue emission with a selective affinity towards adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine 5'-tripohosphate (GTP) over other nucleotides such CTP, UTP, ADP, AMP, dicarboxylates and inorganic anions. On the basis of the spectroscopic tools (1H, 31P NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence), MS measurements and DFT calculations, receptor 1 binds ATP with high affinity (log K = 5.04) through the simultaneous formation of strong hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions between the adenosine fragment and quinolinium ring with binding energy calculated in 8.7 kcal mol-1. High affinity for ATP/GTP is attributed to the high acidity of amides and preorganized rigid structure of 1. Receptor 1 is an order of magnitude more selective for ATP than GTP. An efficient photoinduced electron transfer quenching mechanism with simultaneous receptor-ATP complexation in both the excited and ground states is proposed. Additionally, multiple spectroscopic studies and molecular dynamics simulations showed that 1 can intercalate into DNA base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro O Viviano-Posadas
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, D.F., 04510 Mexico +52-55-56224514
| | - Ulises Romero-Mendoza
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, D.F., 04510 Mexico +52-55-56224514
| | - Iván J Bazany-Rodríguez
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, D.F., 04510 Mexico +52-55-56224514
| | - Rocío V Velázquez-Castillo
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, D.F., 04510 Mexico +52-55-56224514
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM km 14.5 Carrera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Campus UAEMex "El Rosedal" San Cayetano-Toluca Toluca de Lerdo 50200 Estado de México Mexico
| | - Joanatan M Bautista-Renedo
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM km 14.5 Carrera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Campus UAEMex "El Rosedal" San Cayetano-Toluca Toluca de Lerdo 50200 Estado de México Mexico
| | - Nelly González-Rivas
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM km 14.5 Carrera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Campus UAEMex "El Rosedal" San Cayetano-Toluca Toluca de Lerdo 50200 Estado de México Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Galindo-Murillo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah 2000 East 30 South Skaggs 306 Salt Lake City 84112 Utah USA
| | - María K Salomón-Flores
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, D.F., 04510 Mexico +52-55-56224514
| | - Alejandro Dorazco-González
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, D.F., 04510 Mexico +52-55-56224514
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An JM, Suh J, Kim J, Kim Y, Chung JY, Kim HS, Cho SY, Ku JH, Kwak C, Kim HH, Jeong CW, Kim D. First-in-Class: Cervical cancer diagnosis based on a urine test with fluorescent cysteine probe. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL 2022; 360:131646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
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Huang Y, Wang X, Wu S, Shen J, Ma W, Yang S, Fa H, Yang M, Hou C. Novel nitrogen-doped carbon dots for "turn-on" sensing of ATP based on aggregation induced emission enhancement effect. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 273:121044. [PMID: 35220051 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a nitrogen-doped carbon dots (CDs) was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis of polyethylenimine (PEI) and citric acid. The as-prepared CDs suffered from aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) with a high concentration, but after adding adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the CDs aggregated. The generation of aggregates caused the rotation of the surface groups on CDs and reduced the non-radiation decay. The QY of CDs in water was 9.25 %, and increased to 16.60 % and 63.38% in the addition of 100 and 1000 μM ATP. And then, the enhancement of the radiation rate led to the aggregation induced enhancement effect (AIEE). Moreover, we also found that the proportion of precursors for CDs synthesis was a key factor in the occurrence of AIEE. Therefore, such CDs would be excellent candidates as fluorescent probes for the label-free detection of ATP. Our proposed method exhibited simple and easy preparation of nanoprobe, quick response (3 min), wide range of linear rage (1-2000 μM) and eco-friendly. In addition, the method performed successfully as a "turn-on" sensor for detection of ATP in the tablet with a recovery of 100.1~106.9% and RSD below 3.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Shangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Jinhui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Siyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Huanbao Fa
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
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Wang N, Yao H, Tao Q, Sun J, Ma H, Wang Y, Zhou C, Fan H, Shao H, Qin A, Su D, Wang C, Chong H. TPE based aggregation induced emission fluorescent sensors for viscosity of liquid and mechanical properties of hydrogel. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Singh P, Sharma P, Sharma N, Kaur S. A perylene diimide-based nanoring architecture for exogenous and endogenous ATP detection: biochemical assay for monitoring phosphorylation of glucose. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:107-119. [PMID: 34889936 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Positively charged amphiphiles hold great significance in supramolecular chemistry due to their good solubility, and physiochemical and molecular recognition properties. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and molecular recognition properties of the dicationic amphiphile based on perylene diimide-tyrosine alkyl amide amine (PDI 3). PDI 3 showed the formation of a nanoring architecture in the self-assembled aggregated state (90% H2O-DMSO mixture) as observed by SEM and TEM studies. The diameter of the nanoring is around 30-50 nm with a height varying from 1 to 2 nm. The self-assembled aggregates of PDI 3 are very sensitive towards nucleoside triphosphates. Upon addition of ATP, PDI 3 showed a decrease in the absorbance and emission intensity at 535 and 580 nm (due to the monomer state), respectively. The lowest detection limit for ATP is 10.8 nM (UV) and 3.06 nM (FI). Upon interaction of ATP with PDI 3, the nanoring morphology transformed into a spherical structure. These changes could be attributed to the formation of ionic self-assembled aggregates between dicationic PDI 3 and negatively charged ATP via electrostatic and H-bonding interactions. The complexation mechanism of PDI 3 and ATP was confirmed by optical, NMR, Job's plot, DLS, SEM and AFM studies. PDI 3 displays low cytotoxicity toward MG-63 cells and can be successfully used for the detection of exogenous and endogenous ATP. The resulting PDI 3 + ATP complex is successfully used as a 'turn-on' biochemical assay for monitoring phosphorylation of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India.
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India.
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Satwinderjeet Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
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