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Frey C, Arad M, Ku K, Hare R, Balagtas R, Shi Y, Moon KM, Foster LJ, Ghafourifar G. Development of automated proteomic workflows utilizing silicon-based coupling agents. J Proteomics 2024; 303:105215. [PMID: 38843981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Automated methods for enzyme immobilization via 4-triethoxysilylbutyraldehyde (TESB) derived silicone-based coupling agents were developed. TESB and its oxidized derivative, 4-triethoxysilylbutanoic acid (TESBA), were determined to be the most effective. The resulting immobilized enzyme particles (IEPs) displayed robustness, rapid digestion, and immobilization efficiency of 51 ± 8%. Furthermore, we automated the IEP procedure, allowing for multiple enzymes, and/or coupling agents to be fabricated at once, in a fraction of the time via an Agilent Bravo. The automated trypsin TESB and TESBA IEPs were shown to rival a classical in-gel digestion method. Moreover, pepsin IEPs favored cleavage at leucine (>50%) over aromatic and methionine residues. The IEP method was then adapted for an in-situ immobilized enzyme microreactor (IMER) fabrication. We determined that TESBA could functionalize the silica capillary's inner wall while simultaneously acting as an enzyme coupler. The IMER digestion of bovine serum albumin (BSA), mirroring IEP digestion conditions, yielded a 33-40% primary sequence coverage per LC-MS/MS analysis in as little as 15 min. Overall, our findings underscore the potential of both IEP and IMER methods, paving the way for automated analysis and a reduction in enzyme waste through reuse, thereby contributing to a more cost-effective and timely study of the proteome. SIGNIFICANCE: This research introduces 4-triethoxysilylbutyraldehyde (TESB) and its derivatives as silicon-based enzyme coupling agents and an automated liquid handling method for bottom-up proteomics (BUP) while streamlining sample preparation for high-throughput processing. Additionally, immobilized enzyme particle (IEP) fabrication and digestion within the 96-well plate allows for flexibility in protocol where different enzyme-coupler combinations can be employed simultaneously. By enabling the digestion of entire microplates and reducing manual labor, the proposed method enhances reproducibility and offers a more efficient alternative to classical in-gel techniques. Furthermore, pepsin IEPs were noted to favor cleavage at leucine residues which represents an interesting finding when compared to the literature that warrants further study. The capability of immobilized enzyme microreactors (IMER) for rapid digestion (in as little as 15 min) demonstrated the system's efficiency and potential for rapid proteomic analysis. This advancement in BUP not only improves efficiency, but also opens avenues for a fully automated, mass spectrometry-integrated proteomics workflow, promising to expedite research and discoveries in complex biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Maor Arad
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kenneth Ku
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada
| | - Rhien Hare
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Ronald Balagtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada.
| | - Yuming Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Golfam Ghafourifar
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada.
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Song H, Zhang W, Zhang S, Liu Y, Su P, Song J, Yang Y. Trypsin Encapsulation in the Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework for Low-Molecular Weight Protein Analysis with High Selectivity and Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:24398-24409. [PMID: 38712727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Low-molecular weight proteins (LWPs) are important sources of biological information in biomarkers, signaling molecules, and pathology. However, the separation and analysis of LWPs in complex biological samples are challenging, mainly due to their low abundance and the complex sample pretreatment procedure. Herein, trypsin modified by poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was encapsulated by a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L). Mesopores were formed on the ZIF-L with the introduction of PAA. An alternative strategy for separation and pretreatment of LWPs was developed based on the prepared ZIF-L-encapsulated trypsin with adjustable pore size. The mesoporous structure of the prepared materials selectively excluded high-molecular weight proteins from the reaction system, allowing LWPs to enter the pores and react with the internal trypsin, resulting in an improved separation efficiency. The hydrophobicity of the ZIF-L simplified the digestion process by inducing significant structural changes in substrate proteins. In addition, the enzymatic activity was significantly enhanced by the developed encapsulation method that maintained the enzyme conformation, allowed low mass transfer resistance, and possessed a high enzyme-to-substrate ratio. As a result, the ZIF-L-encapsulated trypsin can achieve highly selective separation, valid denaturation, and efficient digestion of LWPs in a short time by simply mixing with substrate proteins, greatly simplifying the separation and pretreatment process of the traditional hydrolysis method. The prepared materials and the developed strategy demonstrated an excellent size-selective assay performance in model protein mixtures, showing great potential in the application of proteomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wenkang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Analytical Instrumentation Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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A highly efficient protein corona-based proteomic analysis strategy for the discovery of pharmacodynamic biomarkers. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:879-888. [PMID: 36605576 PMCID: PMC9805947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of serum is extremely complex, which complicates the discovery of new pharmacodynamic biomarkers via serum proteome for disease prediction and diagnosis. Recently, nanoparticles have been reported to efficiently reduce the proportion of high-abundance proteins and enrich low-abundance proteins in serum. Here, we synthesized a silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle and developed a highly efficient and reproducible protein corona (PC)-based proteomic analysis strategy to improve the range of serum proteomic analysis. We identified 1,070 proteins with a median coefficient of variation of 12.56% using PC-based proteomic analysis, which was twice the number of proteins identified by direct digestion. There were also more biological processes enriched with these proteins. We applied this strategy to identify more pharmacodynamic biomarkers on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model treated with methotrexate (MTX). The bioinformatic results indicated that 485 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in CIA rats, of which 323 DEPs recovered to near normal levels after treatment with MTX. This strategy can not only help enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of disease and drug action through serum proteomics studies, but also provide more pharmacodynamic biomarkers for disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Immunoaffinity extraction followed by enzymatic digestion for the isolation and identification of proteins employing automated μSPE reactors and mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022:10.1007/s00216-022-04381-0. [PMID: 36369591 PMCID: PMC10328895 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis work describes a novel automated and rapid method for bottom-up proteomics combining protein isolation with a micro-immobilised enzyme reactor (IMER). Crosslinking chemistry based on 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) coupling was exploited to immobilise trypsin and antibodies onto customisable silica particles coated with carboxymethylated dextran (CMD). This novel silica–CMD solid-phase extraction material was characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conductometric titrations and enzymatic colorimetric assays. Micro-solid-phase extraction (μSPE) cartridges equipped with the modified CMD material were employed and integrated into an automated and repeatable workflow using a sample preparation workstation to achieve rapid and repeatable protein isolation and pre-concentration, followed by tryptic digestion producing peptide fragments that were identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
Graphical abstract
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Liu Y, Yang Q, Du Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Qin W. Synthesis of Surface-Functionalized Molybdenum Disulfide Nanomaterials for Efficient Adsorption and Deep Profiling of the Human Plasma Proteome by Data-Independent Acquisition. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14956-14964. [PMID: 36264706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood is one of the most important clinical samples for protein biomarker discovery, as it provides rich physiological and pathological information and is easy to obtain with low invasiveness. However, the discovery of protein biomarkers in the blood by mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic strategies has been shown to be highly challenging due to the particularly large concentration range of proteins and the strong interference by the high-abundant proteins in the blood. Therefore, developing sensitive methods for low-abundant biomarker protein identification is a key issue that has received great attention. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of surface-functionalized magnetic molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for the large-scale adsorption of low-abundant plasma proteins and deep profiling by MS. MoS2 nanomaterials resulted in the coverage of more than 3400 proteins (including a single-peptide hit) in a single LC-MS analysis without peptide prefractionation using pooled plasma samples, which were five times more than those obtained by the direct analysis of the plasma proteome. A detection limit in the low ng L-1 range was obtained, which is rare compared with previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Qianying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhuokun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yangjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weijie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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Ren J, Zhang S, Pan Y, Jin M, Li J, Luo Y, Sun X, Li G. Diabetic retinopathy: Involved cells, biomarkers, and treatments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953691. [PMID: 36016568 PMCID: PMC9396039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least nine kinds of retinal cells, including photoreceptors, horizontal and bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, glial cells (Müller cells, astrocytes, and microglia), endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Its mechanism is complicated and involves loss of cells, inflammatory factor production, neovascularization, and BRB impairment. However, the mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Drug treatment for DR has been gradually advancing recently. Research on potential drug targets relies upon clear information on pathogenesis and effective biomarkers. Therefore, we reviewed the recent literature on the cellular pathology and the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of DR in terms of blood, protein, and clinical and preclinical drug therapy (including synthesized molecules and natural molecules). This review may provide a theoretical basis for further DR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ren
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqi Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
| | - Guang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
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Fan X, Xu M, Chen X, Ren Q, Fan Y, Wang R, Chen J, Cui L, Wang Z, Sun X, Guo N. Proteomic profiling and correlations with clinical features reveal biomarkers indicative of diabetic retinopathy with diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1001391. [PMID: 36277688 PMCID: PMC9581084 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are complications of diabetes and place serious health and economic burdens on society. However, the identification and characterization of early biomarkers for DKD, especially for nonproliferative DR (NPDR) patients with DKD, are still needed. This study aimed to demonstrate the plasma proteomic profiles of NPDR+DKD and NPDR patients and identify potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of DKD. Fifteen plasma samples from the NPDR group and nine from the NPDR+DKD group were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups. Functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction and clinical feature correlation analyses revealed the target protein candidates, which were verified using ELISA and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. In total, 410 proteins were detected in plasma; 15 were significantly upregulated and 7 were downregulated in the NPDR+DKD group. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that DKD is closely related to cell adhesion and immunity pathways. β-2-Microglobulin (B2M) and vimentin (VIM) were upregulated in NPDR+DKD, enriched as hub proteins and strongly correlated with clinical features. ELISA showed that B2M (p<0.001) and VIM (p<0.0001) were significantly upregulated in NPDR+DKD compared with NPDR. In ROC analysis, B2M and VIM could distinguish DKD from NPDR with area under the curve values of 0.9000 (p < 0.0001) and 0.9950. Our proteomic study revealed alterations in the proteomic profile and identified VIM and B2M as early biomarkers of DKD, laying the foundation for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao’e Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao’e Fan,
| | - Manhong Xu
- Department of Vitreoretinal and Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Vitreoretinal and Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianfeng Ren
- Department of Pathology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Zhengmin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
| | - Nannan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, China
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