1
|
Wang Q, Pang B, Bucci J, Jiang J, Li Y. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles and particles in prostate cancer diagnosis, and risk stratification. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189210. [PMID: 39510450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Current approaches for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and risk stratification require greater accuracy. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) containing diverse cargos from parent cells are released into the extracellular microenvironment and play a critical role in intercellular communication. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that EVPs are emerging as a promising focus for the exploration of cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, the precise categorisation and nomenclature of EVP subpopulations remains challenging due to their compositional complexity, inherent heterogeneity in molecular composition, and structure. The recent identification of two novel non-vesicular extracellular particle subtypes, exomeres and supermeres, has altered our understanding of the distinct subpopulations of EVPs and their roles in biological and physiological processes. Here, we discuss recent advances in the field of EVPs, describe characteristics of EVP subpopulations, focus on the application and potential of EVPs in PCa diagnosis and risk stratification by liquid biopsy, and highlight the major challenges and prospects of EVP research in PCa area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Bairen Pang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Centre of Innovative Technologies and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Equipment for Urinary System Diseases, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Joseph Bucci
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Junhui Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Centre of Innovative Technologies and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Equipment for Urinary System Diseases, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China.
| | - Yong Li
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lai H, Li G. Recent progress on media for biological sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465293. [PMID: 39181092 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples is highly valuable for disease diagnosis and treatment, forensic examination, and public safety. However, the serious matrix interference effect generated by biological samples severely affects the analysis of trace analytes. Sample preparation methods are introduced to address the limitation by extracting, separating, enriching, purifying trace target analytes from biological samples. With the raising demand of biological sample analysis, a review focuses on media for biological sample preparation and analysis over the last 5 years is presented. High-performance media in biological sample preparation are first reviewed, including porous organic frameworks, imprinted polymers, hydrogels, ionic liquids, and bioactive media. Then, application of media for different biological sample preparation and analysis is briefly introduced, including liquid samples of body fluids, solid samples (hair, feces, and tissues), and gas samples of exhale breath gas. Finally, conclusions and outlooks on media promoting biological sample preparation are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China; School of chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamed MA, Wasinger V, Wang Q, Graham P, Malouf D, Bucci J, Li Y. Prostate cancer-derived extracellular vesicles metabolic biomarkers: Emerging roles for diagnosis and prognosis. J Control Release 2024; 371:126-145. [PMID: 38768661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a global health concern, ranking as the most common cancer among men in Western countries. Traditional diagnostic methods are invasive with adverse effects on patients. Due to the heterogeneous nature of PCa and their multifocality, tissue biopsies often yield false-negative results. To address these challenges, researchers are exploring innovative approaches, particularly in the realms of proteomics and metabolomics, to identify more reliable biomarkers and improve PCa diagnosis. Liquid biopsy (LB) has emerged as a promising non-invasive strategy for PCa early detection, biopsy selection, active surveillance for low-risk cases, and post-treatment and progression monitoring. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer nanovesicles released by all cell types and play an important role in intercellular communication. EVs have garnered attention as a valuable biomarker resource in LB for PCa-specific biomarkers, enhancing diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment guidance. Metabolomics provides insight into the body's metabolic response to both internal and external stimuli, offering quantitative measurements of biochemical alterations. It excels at detecting non-genetic influences, aiding in the discovery of more accurate cancer biomarkers for early detection and disease progression monitoring. This review delves into the potential of EVs as a resource for LB in PCa across various clinical applications. It also explores cancer-related metabolic biomarkers, both within and outside EVs in PCa, and summarises previous metabolomic findings in PCa diagnosis and risk assessment. Finally, the article addresses the challenges and future directions in the evolving field of EV-based metabolomic analysis, offering a comprehensive overview of its potential in advancing PCa management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Assem Hamed
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Valerie Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Qi Wang
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St, George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao C, Sun G, Le K, Xu Q, Liu C. The Circular RNA Circ_0085494 Regulates Prostate Cancer Progression Through NRBP1/miR-497-5p Axis. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1775-1790. [PMID: 36790665 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of circular RNA (circRNA) is closely linked to the progression of various human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). In this research, we aimed to investigate the biological role of and mechanisms of circ_0085494 in PCa. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was used to detect circ_0085494, miR-497-5p, and nuclear receptor binding protein 1 (NRBP1) mRNA expression in PCa tissues and cell lines. Subsequently, colony formation, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and transwell assays were performed to evaluate PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Western blot assay was applied for assessing the protein levels. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays were implemented for verifying the association between miR-497-5p and circ_0085494 or NRBP1. The role of circ_0085494 in vivo was measured by establishing a mice xenograft model. Circ_0085494 was highly expressed in PCa tissues and cells, and its absence suppressed PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Circ_0085494 impacts NRBP1 content by adsorbing miR-497-5p. Meanwhile, the repression of circ_0085494 absence on tumor growth in vivo was validated. Our finding revealed that circ_0085494 downregulation might repress PCa tumor progression through in part regulating the miR-497-5p/NRBP1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Cao
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No.27, Jiankang Road, Jiangyan Distrit, Taizhou, 225500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghai Sun
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No.27, Jiankang Road, Jiangyan Distrit, Taizhou, 225500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Keping Le
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No.27, Jiankang Road, Jiangyan Distrit, Taizhou, 225500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Xu
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No.27, Jiankang Road, Jiangyan Distrit, Taizhou, 225500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No.27, Jiankang Road, Jiangyan Distrit, Taizhou, 225500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferro M, Rocco B, Maggi M, Lucarelli G, Falagario UG, Del Giudice F, Crocetto F, Barone B, La Civita E, Lasorsa F, Brescia A, Catellani M, Busetto GM, Tataru OS, Terracciano D. Beyond blood biomarkers: the role of SelectMDX in clinically significant prostate cancer identification. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:1061-1070. [PMID: 37897252 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2277366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New potential biomarkers to pre-intervention identification of a clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) will prevent overdiagnosis and overtreatment and limit quality of life impairment of PCa patients. AREAS COVERED We have developed a comprehensive review focusing our research on the increasing knowledge of the role of SelectMDX® in csPCa detection. Areas identified as clinically relevant are the ability of SelectMDX® to predict csPCa in active surveillance setting, its predictive ability when combined with multiparametric MRI and the role of SelectMDX® in the landscape of urinary biomarkers. EXPERT OPINION Several PCa biomarkers have been developed either alone or in combination with clinical variables to improve csPCa detection. SelectMDX® score includes genomic markers, age, PSA, prostate volume, and digital rectal examination. Several studies have shown consistency in the ability to improve detection of csPCa, avoidance of unnecessary prostate biopsies, helpful in decision-making for clinical benefit of PCa patients with future well designed, and impactful studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ferro
- Department of Urology, IEO - European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Bernardo Rocco
- Unit of Urology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Via A. Di Rudini 8, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Martina Maggi
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Umberto I - 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Ugo Giovanni Falagario
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Via A.Gramsci 89/91, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Urology Unit, AORN Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano, Caserta, Via Ferdinando Palasciano, 81100 Caserta , Italy
| | - Evelina La Civita
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Corso Umberto I 40 - 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Lasorsa
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Umberto I - 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Brescia
- Department of Urology, IEO - European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Michele Catellani
- Department of Urology, IEO - European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Via A.Gramsci 89/91, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Octavian Sabin Tataru
- Department of Simulation Applied in Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gh Marinescu 35, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Corso Umberto I 40 - 80138 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Krishnan S, Kanthaje S, Punchappady DR, Mujeeburahiman M, Ratnacaram CK. Circulating metabolite biomarkers: a game changer in the human prostate cancer diagnosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:951-967. [PMID: 35764700 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in Western and Asian countries. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has been the routine diagnostic method despite the tremendous research in diagnostic markers for early detection of PCa. A shift towards a promising and potential biomarker for PCa detection is through metabolomic profiling of biofluids, particularly the blood and urine samples. Finding reliable, routinely usable circulating metabolite biomarkers may not be a distant reality. METHODS We performed a PubMed-based literature search of metabolite biomarkers in blood and urine for the early detection of prostate cancer. The timeline of these searches was limited between 2007 and 2022 and the following keywords were used: 'metabolomics', 'liquid biopsy', 'circulating metabolites', 'serum metabolite', 'plasma metabolite', and 'urine metabolite' with respect to 'prostate cancer'. We focussed only on diagnosis-based studies with only the subject-relevant articles published in the English language and excluded all of the other irrelevant publications that included prostate tissue biomarkers and cell line biomarkers. RESULTS We have consolidated all the blood and urine-based potential metabolite candidates in individual as well as panels, including lipid classes, fatty acids, amino acids, and volatile organic compounds which may become useful for PCa diagnosis. CONCLUSION All these metabolome findings unveil the impact of different dimensions of PCa development, giving a promising strategy to diagnose the disease since suspected individuals can be subjected to repeated and largescale blood and urine testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabareeswaran Krishnan
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
- Department of Urology, Yenepoya Medical College Hospital, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Shruthi Kanthaje
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Devasya Rekha Punchappady
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - M Mujeeburahiman
- Department of Urology, Yenepoya Medical College Hospital, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Chandrahas Koumar Ratnacaram
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Woollam M, Siegel AP, Munshi A, Liu S, Tholpady S, Gardner T, Li BY, Yokota H, Agarwal M. Canine-Inspired Chemometric Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urine Headspace to Distinguish Prostate Cancer in Mice and Men. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041352. [PMID: 36831694 PMCID: PMC9954105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Canines can identify prostate cancer with high accuracy by smelling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine. Previous studies have identified VOC biomarkers for prostate cancer utilizing solid phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) but have not assessed the ability of VOCs to distinguish aggressive cancers. Additionally, previous investigations have utilized murine models to identify biomarkers but have not determined if the results are translatable to humans. To address these challenges, urine was collected from mice with prostate cancer and men undergoing prostate cancer biopsy and VOCs were analyzed by SPME GC-MS. Prior to analysis, SPME fibers/arrows were compared, and the fibers had enhanced sensitivity toward VOCs with a low molecular weight. The analysis of mouse urine demonstrated that VOCs could distinguish tumor-bearing mice with 100% accuracy. Linear discriminant analysis of six VOCs in human urine distinguished prostate cancer with sensitivity = 75% and specificity = 69%. Another panel of seven VOCs could classify aggressive cancer with sensitivity = 78% and specificity = 85%. These results show that VOCs have moderate accuracy in detecting prostate cancer and a superior ability to stratify aggressive tumors. Furthermore, the overlap in the structure of VOCs identified in humans and mice shows the merit of murine models for identifying biomarker candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Woollam
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amanda P. Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Adam Munshi
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Sunil Tholpady
- Richard L Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thomas Gardner
- Richard L Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ferro M, Crocetto F, Barone B, del Giudice F, Maggi M, Lucarelli G, Busetto GM, Autorino R, Marchioni M, Cantiello F, Crocerossa F, Luzzago S, Piccinelli M, Mistretta FA, Tozzi M, Schips L, Falagario UG, Veccia A, Vartolomei MD, Musi G, de Cobelli O, Montanari E, Tătaru OS. Artificial intelligence and radiomics in evaluation of kidney lesions: a comprehensive literature review. Ther Adv Urol 2023; 15:17562872231164803. [PMID: 37113657 PMCID: PMC10126666 DOI: 10.1177/17562872231164803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) may increase the differentiation of benign from malignant kidney lesions, differentiation of angiomyolipoma (AML) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), differentiation of oncocytoma from RCC, differentiation of different subtypes of RCC, to predict Fuhrman grade, to predict gene mutation through molecular biomarkers and to predict treatment response in metastatic RCC undergoing immunotherapy. Neural networks analyze imaging data. Statistical, geometrical, textural features derived are giving quantitative data of contour, internal heterogeneity and gray zone features of lesions. A comprehensive literature review was performed, until July 2022. Studies investigating the diagnostic value of radiomics in differentiation of renal lesions, grade prediction, gene alterations, molecular biomarkers and ongoing clinical trials have been analyzed. The application of AI and radiomics could lead to improved sensitivity, specificity, accuracy in detecting and differentiating between renal lesions. Standardization of scanner protocols will improve preoperative differentiation between benign, low-risk cancers and clinically significant renal cancers and holds the premises to enhance the diagnostic ability of imaging tools to characterize renal lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive
Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples,
Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive
Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples,
Italy
| | - Francesco del Giudice
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic
Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Martina Maggi
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic
Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation
Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari,
Bari, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Organ
Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Michele Marchioni
- Department of Medical, Oral and
Biotechnological Sciences, Urology Unit, SS Annunziata Hospital, G.
d’Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Urology, ASL Abruzzo 2, Chieti,
Italy
| | - Francesco Cantiello
- Department of Urology, Magna Graecia
University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Crocerossa
- Department of Urology, Magna Graecia
University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Luzzago
- Department of Urology, IEO – European
Institute of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere
Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan,
Italy
| | - Mattia Piccinelli
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit,
Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, QC,
Canada
- Department of Urology, IEO – European
Institute of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere
Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Alessandro Mistretta
- Department of Urology, IEO – European
Institute of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere
Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and
Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Tozzi
- Department of Urology, IEO – European
Institute of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere
Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan,
Italy
| | - Luigi Schips
- Department of Medical, Oral and
Biotechnological Sciences, Urology Unit, SS Annunziata Hospital, G.
d’Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Veccia
- Urology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera
Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mihai Dorin Vartolomei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology,
George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology
of Târgu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
- Department of Urology, Medical University of
Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gennaro Musi
- Department of Urology, IEO – European
Institute of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere
Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and
Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio de Cobelli
- Department of Urology, IEO – European
Institute of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere
Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and
Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montanari
- Department of Urology, Foundation IRCCS Ca’
Granda – Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and
Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Octavian Sabin Tătaru
- Institution Organizing University Doctoral
Studies (IOSUD), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy,
Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren W, Xu Y, Yang C, Cheng L, Yao P, Fu S, Han J, Zhuo D. Development and validation of a predictive model for diagnosing prostate cancer after transperineal prostate biopsy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1038177. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1038177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram to predict the probability of prostate cancer (PCa) after transperineal prostate biopsy by combining patient clinical information and biomarkers.MethodsFirst, we retrospectively collected the clinicopathologic data from 475 patients who underwent prostate biopsy at our hospital between January 2019 to August 2021. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to select risk factors. Then, we established the nomogram prediction model based on the risk factors. The model performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the net benefit of the model at different threshold probabilities. The model was validated in an independent cohort of 197 patients between September 2021 and June 2022.ResultsThe univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses based on the development cohort indicated that the model should include the following factors: age (OR = 1.056, p = 0.001), NEUT (OR = 0.787, p = 0.008), HPR (OR = 0.139, p < 0.001), free/total (f/T) PSA (OR = 0.013, p = 0.015), and PI-RADS (OR = 3.356, p < 0.001). The calibration curve revealed great agreement. The internal nomogram validation showed that the C-index was 0.851 (95% CI 0.809-0.894). Additionally, the AUC was 0.851 (95% CI 0.809-0.894), and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test result presented p = 0.143 > 0.05. Finally, according to decision curve analysis, the model was clinically beneficial.ConclusionHerein, we provided a nomogram combining patients’ clinical data with biomarkers to help diagnose prostate cancers.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Chen Y, Fang L, Zhao J, Deng S. The involvement of high succinylation modification in the development of prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1034605. [PMID: 36387072 PMCID: PMC9663485 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1034605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Succinylation modification of the lysine site plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development, but it is rarely reported in prostate cancer (PCa), so this study aims to elucidate its expression in and clinical correlation with PCa. METHODS A total of 95 tumor, 3 normal and 52 paired adjacent tissue of PCa were involved for succinylation stanning. 498 PCa samples with 20 succinylation modification-related genes from TCGA were downloaded for model construction. Statistical methods were employed to analyze the data, including Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithm, t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) algorithm and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS The pan-succinyllysine antibody stanning indicated that tumor tissues showed higher succinyllysine level than adjacent tissues (p<0.001). Gleason grade and PDL1 expression levels were significantly different (p<0.001) among the high, medium and low succinylation staining scores. The types of PCa tissue were divided into four clusters using RNA-seq data of 20 succinylation-related genes in TCGA database. Clinical characterize of age, PSA level, and pathological stage showed differences among four clusters. The expression of succinylation-related genes (KAT5, SDHD and GLYATL1) and PCa related genes (PDL1, AR and TP53) were significantly different in 52 matched tumor and adjacent tissues (p<0.001). GLYATL1 and AR gene expression was significantly related to the pathological stage of PCa. CONCLUSION Succinylation was significantly increased in PCa tissues and was closely related to Gleason grade and PD-L1 expression. Model construction of 20 genes related to succinylation modification showed that the later the pathological stage of PCa, the higher the level of succinylation modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China,Breast Cancer Biological Targeting Institute, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China,Breast Cancer Biological Targeting Institute, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyu Fang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China,Breast Cancer Biological Targeting Institute, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Shishan Deng, ; Jiang Zhao,
| | - Shishan Deng
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China,Breast Cancer Biological Targeting Institute, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Shishan Deng, ; Jiang Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang J, Zhao B, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Mondul AM. Metabolomic profile of prostate cancer-specific survival among 1812 Finnish men. BMC Med 2022; 20:362. [PMID: 36280842 PMCID: PMC9594924 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal metabolism and perturbations in metabolic pathways play significant roles in the development and progression of prostate cancer; however, comprehensive metabolomic analyses of human data are lacking and needed to elucidate the interrelationships. METHODS We examined the serum metabolome in relation to prostate cancer survival in a cohort of 1812 cases in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study. Using an ultrahigh-performance LC-MS/MS platform, we identified 961 known metabolites in prospectively collected serum. Median survival time from diagnosis to prostate cancer-specific death (N=472) was 6.6 years (interquartile range=2.9-11.1 years). Cox proportional hazards regression models estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the associations between the serum metabolites (in quartiles) and prostate cancer death, adjusted for age at baseline and diagnosis, disease stage, and Gleason sum. In order to calculate risk scores, we first randomly divided the metabolomic data into a discovery set (70%) and validated in a replication set (30%). RESULTS Overall, 49 metabolites were associated with prostate cancer survival after Bonferroni correction. Notably, higher levels of the phospholipid choline, amino acid glutamate, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n6) arachidonate (20:4n6), and glutamyl amino acids gamma-glutamylglutamate, gamma-glutamylglycine, and gamma-glutamylleucine were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality (fourth versus first quartile HRs=2.07-2.14; P-values <5.2×10-5). By contrast, the ascorbate/aldarate metabolite oxalate, xenobiotics S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, fibrinogen cleavage peptides ADpSGEGDFXAEGGGVR and fibrinopeptide B (1-12) were related to reduced disease-specific mortality (fourth versus first quartile HRs=0.82-0.84; P-value <5.2×10-5). Further adjustment for years from blood collection to cancer diagnosis, body mass index, smoking intensity and duration, and serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not alter the results. Participants with a higher metabolic score based on the discovery set had an elevated risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality in the replication set (fourth versus first quartile, HR=3.9, P-value for trend<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The metabolic traits identified in this study, including for choline, glutamate, arachidonate, gamma-glutamyl amino acids, fibrinopeptides, and endocannabinoid and redox pathways and their composite risk score, corroborate our previous analysis of fatal prostate cancer and provide novel insights and potential leads regarding the molecular basis of prostate cancer progression and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Alison M Mondul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Villasclaras P, Jaén C, van Drooge BL, Grimalt JO, Tauler R, Bedia C. Phenotypic and Metabolomic Characterization of 3D Lung Cell Cultures Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter from Three Air Quality Network Stations in Catalonia. TOXICS 2022; 10:632. [PMID: 36355924 PMCID: PMC9695742 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution constitutes an environmental problem that it is known to cause many serious adverse effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The chemical characterization of particulate matter (PM) is key for a better understanding of the associations between chemistry and toxicological effects. In this work, the chemical composition and biological effects of fifteen PM10 air filter samples from three air quality stations in Catalonia with contrasting air quality backgrounds were investigated. Three-dimensional (3D) lung cancer cell cultures were exposed to these sample extracts, and cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, metabolomics, and lipidomics were explored. The factor analysis method Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least-Squares (MCR-ALS) was employed for an integrated interpretation of the associations between chemical composition and biological effects, which could be related to urban traffic emission, biomass burning smoke, and secondary aerosols. In this pilot study, a novel strategy combining new approach methodologies and chemometrics provided new insights into the biomolecular changes in lung cells associated with different sources of air pollution. This approach can be applied in further research on air pollution toxicity to improve our understanding of the causality between chemistry and its effects.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gholami N, Haghparast A, Alipourfard I, Nazari M. Prostate cancer in omics era. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:274. [PMID: 36064406 PMCID: PMC9442907 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technology have prompted extraordinary attempts to define the molecular changes underlying the onset and progression of a variety of complex human diseases, including cancer. Since the advent of sequencing technology, cancer biology has become increasingly reliant on the generation and integration of data generated at these levels. The availability of multi-omic data has transformed medicine and biology by enabling integrated systems-level approaches. Multivariate signatures are expected to play a role in cancer detection, screening, patient classification, assessment of treatment response, and biomarker identification. This review reports current findings and highlights a number of studies that are both novel and groundbreaking in their application of multi Omics to prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Gholami
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institutitue of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Majid Nazari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- , P.O. Box 14155-6117, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pérez-López C, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Serra-Compte A, Alvarez-Muñoz D, Ginebreda A, Barceló D, Tauler R. Effects of sulfamethoxazole exposure on mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) metabolome using retrospective non-target high-resolution mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. Talanta 2022; 252:123804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Fibromodulin Gene Variants (FMOD) as Potential Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:5215247. [PMID: 35686032 PMCID: PMC9173908 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5215247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
By the year 2050, the world's elderly population may increase exponentially, raising the rate of disease characteristic of this group, such as prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Prostate disorders have a multifactorial etiology, especially age and genetic factors. Currently, PCa is the second most frequent neoplasm in the male population worldwide. The fibromodulin gene encodes a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) which acts in the collagen fibrillogenesis pathway, cell adhesion, and modulation of TGF-β signaling pathways, which has been recently associated with PCa. The present study sequenced the coding region of the FMOD in a sample of 44 PCa, 90 BPH, and 82 controls from a Brazilian population, and the results identified 6 variants: 2 missenses (p.(Tyr42Ser) and p.(Pro24Ala)); 3 synonymous (p.(His253=), p.(Asn353=), and p.(Glu79=)); and 1 intronic (c.980-114A>G). Of these, p.(Tyr42Ser), p.(Pro24Ala), and p.(Asn353=) are rare variants, and p.(Tyr42Ser) was predicted as potential pathogenic by the algorithms used here, in addition to not being observed in controls, suggesting that may be a potential biomarker for development of PCa and BPH. In conclusion, we identified for the first time, in Brazilian individuals with PCa and BPH, a potentially pathogenic variant in the analysis of FMOD gene. Further studies are needed to investigate the deleterious effect of this variant on the structure and/or function of the FMOD protein.
Collapse
|
16
|
Resurreccion EP, Fong KW. The Integration of Metabolomics with Other Omics: Insights into Understanding Prostate Cancer. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060488. [PMID: 35736421 PMCID: PMC9230859 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of prostate cancer (PCa) has shifted from solely caused by a few genetic aberrations to a combination of complex biochemical dysregulations with the prostate metabolome at its core. The role of metabolomics in analyzing the pathophysiology of PCa is indispensable. However, to fully elucidate real-time complex dysregulation in prostate cells, an integrated approach based on metabolomics and other omics is warranted. Individually, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics are robust, but they are not enough to achieve a holistic view of PCa tumorigenesis. This review is the first of its kind to focus solely on the integration of metabolomics with multi-omic platforms in PCa research, including a detailed emphasis on the metabolomic profile of PCa. The authors intend to provide researchers in the field with a comprehensive knowledge base in PCa metabolomics and offer perspectives on overcoming limitations of the tool to guide future point-of-care applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleazer P. Resurreccion
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Ka-wing Fong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-562-3455
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Buszewska-Forajta M, Monedeiro F, Gołębiowski A, Adamczyk P, Buszewski B. Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030268. [PMID: 35323711 PMCID: PMC8952317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies, the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer development is still unknown. Recent investigations indicated that citric acid and lipids—with a special emphasis on fatty acids, steroids and hormones (ex. prolactin)—play a significant role in prostate cancer development and progression. However, citric acid is assumed to be a potential biomarker of prostate cancer, due to which, the diagnosis at an early stage of the disease could be possible. For this reason, the main goal of this study is to determine the citric acid concentration in three different matrices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for citric acid to be determined in three different matrices (tissue, urine and blood). Samples were collected from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and from a selected control group (individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia). The analyses were performed using the rapid fluorometric test. The obtained results were correlated with both the histopathological data (the Gleason scale as well as the Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging scale) and the biochemical data (the values of the following factors: prostate specific antigen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, total cholesterol, creatinine and prolactin) using chemometric methods. For tissue samples, the results indicated a decreased level of citric acid in the case of prostate cancer. The analyte average concentrations in serum and urine appeared to be corresponding and superior in the positive cohort. This trend was statistically significant in the case of urinary citric acid. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of citric acid and the tumor stage. A negative correlation between the total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein and prolactin was particularly prominent in cancer cases. Conversely, a negative association between low-density lipoprotein and prolactin levels was observed solely in the control group. On the basis of the results, one may assume the influence of hormones, particularly prolactin, on the development of prostate cancer. The present research allowed us to verify the possibility of using citric acid as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1 Lwowska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. J. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernanda Monedeiro
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Adrian Gołębiowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Przemysław Adamczyk
- Department of General and Oncologic Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus Hospital in Torun, 17 Batorego St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Amante E, Cerrato A, Alladio E, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Marini F, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Laganà A, Vincenti M. Comprehensive biomarker profiles and chemometric filtering of urinary metabolomics for effective discrimination of prostate carcinoma from benign hyperplasia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4361. [PMID: 35288652 PMCID: PMC8921285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in male individuals, principally affecting men over 50 years old, and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Actually, the measurement of prostate-specific antigen level in blood is affected by limited sensitivity and specificity and cannot discriminate PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia patients (BPH). In the present paper, 20 urine samples from BPH patients and 20 from PCa patients were investigated to develop a metabolomics strategy useful to distinguish malignancy from benign hyperplasia. A UHPLC-HRMS untargeted approach was carried out to generate two large sets of candidate biomarkers. After mass spectrometric analysis, an innovative chemometric data treatment was employed involving PLS-DA classification with repeated double cross-validation and permutation test to provide a rigorously validated PLS-DA model. Simultaneously, this chemometric approach filtered out the most effective biomarkers and optimized their relative weights to yield the highest classification efficiency. An unprecedented portfolio of prostate carcinoma biomarkers was tentatively identified including 22 and 47 alleged candidates from positive and negative ion electrospray (ESI+ and ESI-) datasets. The PLS-DA model based on the 22 ESI+ biomarkers provided a sensitivity of 95 ± 1% and a specificity of 83 ± 3%, while that from the 47 ESI- biomarkers yielded an 88 ± 3% sensitivity and a 91 ± 2% specificity. Many alleged biomarkers were annotated, belonging to the classes of carnitine and glutamine metabolites, C21 steroids, amino acids, acetylcholine, carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman, and dihydro(iso)ferulic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Amante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Alladio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Buszewska-Forajta M, Raczak-Gutknecht J, Struck-Lewicka W, Nizioł M, Artymowicz M, Markuszewski M, Kordalewska M, Matuszewski M, Markuszewski MJ. Untargeted Metabolomics Study of Three Matrices: Seminal Fluid, Urine, and Serum to Search the Potential Indicators of Prostate Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:849966. [PMID: 35309505 PMCID: PMC8931686 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.849966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of metabolites from biological fluids may provide more accurate information about the current body condition. So far, the metabolomics approach has been successfully applied to study the mechanism of several disorders and to search for novel biomarkers. Urine and plasma are widely accepted matrices for the evaluation of several pathologies, while prostate cancer (CaP) development is still unknown. For this reason, an alternative matrix, the seminal fluid, was proposed to expand the knowledge about the CaP pathomechanism. The main aim of this study was to develop and optimize the sample preparation protocol to ensure the highest coverage of the metabolome of ejaculate samples. Parameters like the type and composition of the solvent mixture, time of extraction, and applied volume of the solvent were tested. The optimized method was applied for the untargeted metabolomics profiling of seminal fluid samples obtained from CaP patients. Moreover, urine and serum samples were also prepared for untargeted metabolomics analysis. Analyses were carried out with the use of two complementary analytical techniques: GC-EI-QqQ/MS and LC-ESI-TOF/MS. Finally, the metabolic signature of seminal fluid (n = 7), urine (n = 7), and plasma (n = 7) samples was compared. Furthermore, the hypothesis of the increased level of metabolites in ejaculate samples related to the CaP development was evaluated. The results indicated that the developed and optimized sample preparation protocol for seminal fluid may be successfully applied for metabolomics study. Untargeted analysis of ejaculate enabled to determine the following classes of compounds: fatty acids, sphingolipids, phospholipids, sugars, and their derivatives, as well as amino acids. Finally, a comparison of the three tested matrices was carried out. To our best knowledge, it is the first time when the metabolic profile of the three matrices, namely, urine, plasma, and seminal fluid, was compared. Based on the results, it can be pointed out that ejaculate comprises the metabolic signature of both matrices (polar compounds characteristic for urine, and non-polar ones present in plasma samples). Compared to plasma, semen samples revealed to have a similar profile; however, determined levels of metabolites were lower in case of ejaculate. In case of urine samples, compared to semen metabolic profiles, the levels of detected metabolites were decreased in the latter ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Torun, Poland
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta,
| | - Joanna Raczak-Gutknecht
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Struck-Lewicka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Nizioł
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Artymowicz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Markuszewski
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Kordalewska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał J. Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pourasil RSM, Cristale J, Lacorte S, Tauler R. Non-targeted Gas Chromatography Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry qualitative and quantitative analysis of semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor dust using the Regions of Interest Multivariate Cuarve Resolution chemometrics procedure. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
21
|
Ma Y, Zheng Z, Xu S, Attygalle A, Kim IY, Du H. Untargeted urine metabolite profiling by mass spectrometry aided by multivariate statistical analysis to predict prostate cancer treatment outcome. Analyst 2022; 147:3043-3054. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00676f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the key barriers to the prostate cancer is monitor treatment response. Here we described a conceptually new ‘MS-statistical analysis-metabolome’ strategy for discovery of metabolic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Sihang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Athula Attygalle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Isaac Yi Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Henry Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin X, Lécuyer L, Liu X, Triba MN, Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Demidem A, Liu Z, Palama T, Rossary A, Vasson MP, Hercberg S, Galan P, Savarin P, Xu G, Touvier M. Plasma Metabolomics for Discovery of Early Metabolic Markers of Prostate Cancer Based on Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3140. [PMID: 34201735 PMCID: PMC8268247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevention and early screening of PCa is highly dependent on the identification of new biomarkers. In this study, we investigated whether plasma metabolic profiles from healthy males provide novel early biomarkers associated with future risk of PCa. METHODS Using the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort, we identified plasma samples collected from 146 PCa cases up to 13 years prior to diagnosis and 272 matched controls. Plasma metabolic profiles were characterized using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). RESULTS Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) discriminated PCa cases from controls, with a median area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) of 0.92 using a 1000-time repeated random sub-sampling validation. Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) identified the top 10 most important metabolites (p < 0.001) discriminating PCa cases from controls. Among them, phosphate, ethyl oleate, eicosadienoic acid were higher in individuals that developed PCa than in the controls during the follow-up. In contrast, 2-hydroxyadenine, sphinganine, L-glutamic acid, serotonin, 7-keto cholesterol, tiglyl carnitine, and sphingosine were lower. CONCLUSION Our results support the dysregulation of amino acids and sphingolipid metabolism during the development of PCa. After validation in an independent cohort, these signatures may promote the development of new prevention and screening strategies to identify males at future risk of PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Lin
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Chemistry Structures Properties of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents Laboratory (CSPBAT), Nanomédecine Biomarqueurs Détection Team (NBD), The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), UMR 7244, 74 Rue Marcel
Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (X.L.); (M.N.T.); (T.P.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Lucie Lécuyer
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, University of Paris (CRESS), 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (L.L.); (S.H.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Mohamed N. Triba
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Chemistry Structures Properties of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents Laboratory (CSPBAT), Nanomédecine Biomarqueurs Détection Team (NBD), The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), UMR 7244, 74 Rue Marcel
Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (X.L.); (M.N.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, University of Paris (CRESS), 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (L.L.); (S.H.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Aïcha Demidem
- Cellular Micro-Environment, Immunomodulation and Nutrition (ECREIN), Human Nutrition Unit (UNH), Clermont Auvergne University, INRAE, UMR 1019, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.D.); (A.R.); (M.-P.V.)
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China;
| | - Tony Palama
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Chemistry Structures Properties of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents Laboratory (CSPBAT), Nanomédecine Biomarqueurs Détection Team (NBD), The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), UMR 7244, 74 Rue Marcel
Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (X.L.); (M.N.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Adrien Rossary
- Cellular Micro-Environment, Immunomodulation and Nutrition (ECREIN), Human Nutrition Unit (UNH), Clermont Auvergne University, INRAE, UMR 1019, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.D.); (A.R.); (M.-P.V.)
| | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- Cellular Micro-Environment, Immunomodulation and Nutrition (ECREIN), Human Nutrition Unit (UNH), Clermont Auvergne University, INRAE, UMR 1019, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.D.); (A.R.); (M.-P.V.)
- Anticancer Center Jean-Perrin, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CEDEX, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, University of Paris (CRESS), 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (L.L.); (S.H.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Pilar Galan
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, University of Paris (CRESS), 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (L.L.); (S.H.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Philippe Savarin
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Chemistry Structures Properties of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents Laboratory (CSPBAT), Nanomédecine Biomarqueurs Détection Team (NBD), The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), UMR 7244, 74 Rue Marcel
Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (X.L.); (M.N.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, University of Paris (CRESS), 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France; (L.L.); (S.H.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
SelectMDx and Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate for Men Undergoing Primary Prostate Biopsy: A Prospective Assessment in a Multi-Institutional Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092047. [PMID: 33922626 PMCID: PMC8122883 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing as the sole indication for prostate biopsy lacks specificity, resulting in overdiagnosis of indolent prostate cancer (PCa) and missing clinically significant PCa (csPCa). SelectMDx is a biomarker-based risk score to assess urinary HOXC6 and DLX1 mRNA expression combined with traditional clinical risk factors. The aim of this prospective multi-institutional study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of SelectMDx and its association with multiparametric magnetic resonance (mpMRI) when predicting PCa in prostate biopsies. Overall, 310 consecutive subjects were included. All patients underwent mpMRI and SelectMDx prior to prostate biopsy. SelectMDx and mpMRI showed sensitivity and specificity of 86.5% vs. 51.9%, and 73.8% vs. 88.3%, respectively, in predicting PCa at biopsy, and 87.1% vs. 61.3%, and 63.7% vs. 83.9%, respectively, in predicting csPCa at biopsy. SelectMDx was revealed to be a good predictor of PCa, while with regards to csPCa detection, it was demonstrated to be less effective, showing results similar to mpMRI. With analysis of strategies assessed to define the best diagnostic strategy to avoid unnecessary biopsy, SelectMDx appeared to be a reliable pathway after an initial negative mpMRI. Thus, biopsy could be proposed for all cases of mpMRI PI-RADS 4-5 score, and to those with Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 1-3 score followed by a positive SelectMDx.
Collapse
|
24
|
Salciccia S, Capriotti AL, Laganà A, Fais S, Logozzi M, De Berardinis E, Busetto GM, Di Pierro GB, Ricciuti GP, Del Giudice F, Sciarra A, Carroll PR, Cooperberg MR, Sciarra B, Maggi M. Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094367. [PMID: 33922033 PMCID: PMC8122596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of prostate cancer (PC) is largely carried out using assessment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; yet it cannot reliably discriminate between benign pathologies and clinically significant forms of PC. To overcome the current limitations of PSA, new urinary and serum biomarkers have been developed in recent years. Although several biomarkers have been explored in various scenarios and patient settings, to date, specific guidelines with a high level of evidence on the use of these markers are lacking. Recent advances in metabolomic, genomics, and proteomics have made new potential biomarkers available. A number of studies focused on the characterization of the specific PC metabolic phenotype using different experimental approaches has been recently reported; yet, to date, research on metabolomic application for PC has focused on a small group of metabolites that have been known to be related to the prostate gland. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are secreted from all mammalian cells and virtually detected in all bio-fluids, thus allowing their use as tumor biomarkers. Thanks to a general improvement of the technical equipment to analyze exosomes, we are able to obtain reliable quantitative and qualitative information useful for clinical application. Although some pilot clinical investigations have proposed potential PC biomarkers, data are still preliminary and non-conclusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Salciccia
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Ettore De Berardinis
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Battista Di Pierro
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Gian Piero Ricciuti
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Sciarra
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649974201; Fax: +39-0649970284
| | - Peter R. Carroll
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.R.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Matthew R. Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.R.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Beatrice Sciarra
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Martina Maggi
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|