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Sun Y, Li D, Shi Y, Wang Z, Okeke SI, Yang L, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Xiao L. Application of 3D Printing Technology in Sensor Development for Water Quality Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2366. [PMID: 36904570 PMCID: PMC10007434 DOI: 10.3390/s23052366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensors for water quality monitoring is crucial to protect water quality, aquatic biota and human health. Traditional sensor manufacturing methods have significant drawbacks, such as low fabrication freedom, limited material choice and expensive manufacturing cost. As a possible alternative method, 3D printing technologies are increasingly popular in sensor development due to their high versatility, fast fabrication/modification, powerful processing of different materials and ease of incorporation with other sensor systems. Surprisingly, a systematic review examining the application of 3D printing technology in water monitoring sensors has not yet been conducted. Here, we summarized the development history, market share and advantages/disadvantages of typical 3D printing techniques. Specifically focused on the 3D-printed sensor for water quality monitoring, we then reviewed the applications of 3D printing in the development of sensors' supporting platform, cell, sensing electrode as well as all-3D-printed sensors. The fabrication materials and processing, and the sensor's performances regarding detected parameters, response time and detection limit/sensitivity, were also compared and analyzed. Finally, the current drawbacks of 3D-printed water sensors and potential directions for future study were discussed. This review will substantially promote the understanding of 3D printing technology used in water sensor development and benefit the protection of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dunzhu Li
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yunhong Shi
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zeena Wang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saviour I. Okeke
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yanqi Shi
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liwen Xiao
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- TrinityHaus, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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Eleney CM, Bradley M, Alves S, Crudden DM. Development of a low-cost semi-automated robotic orthophosphate system for batch analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3444-3450. [PMID: 35993850 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00906d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the level of nutrients in soil and their availability for crops can be time-consuming or require expensive instrumentation. This work describes a low-cost (<€500) portable, semi-automated colourimetric orthophosphate (PO43-) analyser supplemented with 3D printed parts. Colour development was based on the phosphomolybdenum blue formation coupled with spectrophotometric detection using a low-cost LED-photodiode assembly. The batch analysis technique required only minimal autonomous additions of reagents to the reaction vessel. In addition, the reaction time was reduced with vigorous automated stirring of the small quantity of reactants. Continuous monitoring of the absorbance throughout the reaction also decreased contact time, eliminating the prerequisite of a blank and warm-up time, customarily associated with colourimetric measurements. The semi-automated Robotic Orthophosphate System (saROS) has a linear dynamic range between 10-750 μg L-1 P-PO43-, and a limit of detection of 3 μg L-1 P-PO43- with good repeatability (RSD of 2.4%). In addition to portability and low cost, the prototype is an accurate and reproducible device for measuring phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems and soil extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mc Eleney
- Department of Life & Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny, County Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland.
| | - Martin Bradley
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny, County Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland
| | - Sheila Alves
- Teagasc, Crops Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland
| | - Denis Mc Crudden
- Department of Life & Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny, County Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland.
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Karakuzu B, Tarim EA, Oksuz C, Tekin HC. An Electromechanical Lab-on-a-Chip Platform for Colorimetric Detection of Serum Creatinine. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25837-25843. [PMID: 35910133 PMCID: PMC9330075 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a high-cost disease that affects approximately one in ten people globally, progresses rapidly, results in kidney failure or dialysis, and triggers other diseases. Although clinically used serum creatinine tests are used to evaluate kidney functions, these tests are not suitable for frequent and regular control at-home settings that obstruct the regular monitoring of kidney functions, improving CKD management with early intervention. This study introduced a new electromechanical lab-on-a-chip platform for point-of-care detection of serum creatinine levels using colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The platform was composed of a chip containing microreservoirs, a stirring bar coated with creatinine-specific antibodies, and a phone to detect color generated via ELISA protocols to evaluate creatinine levels. An electromechanical system was used to move the stirring bar to different microreservoirs and stir it inside them to capture and detect serum creatinine in the sample. The presented platform allowed automated analysis of creatinine in ∼50 min down to ∼1 and ∼2 mg/dL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS), respectively. Phone camera measurements in hue, saturation, value (HSV) space showed sensitive analysis compared to a benchtop spectrophotometer that could allow low-cost analysis at point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Karakuzu
- Department
of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ergun Alperay Tarim
- Department
of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Cemre Oksuz
- Department
of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- Department
of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
- METU
MEMS Center, Ankara 06520, Turkey
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Zhang K, Qing J, Chen Y, Liu X, Fu X, Jiang B, Luo H, Yang J, Xue R, Anderson BC, Li M, Li X, Chen W, Fan L, Zhang X. Treatment try of simulated agricultural surface runoff pollution by using a novel biomass concentrator reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114272. [PMID: 34915388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased agricultural surface runoff in rural watersheds is a leading cause of nonpoint source pollution. In this study, a new biomass concentrator reactor (BCR) is conducted to degrade simulated agricultural surface runoff for both start-up process and treatment process. The results show that both in the start-up phase and in the stable phase, BCR had a good degradation effect on simulated agricultural surface runoff. Within 13 days-15 days of completed start-up of BCR, degradation of COD can be considered to the first-order kinetics: lnCt=lnC0-0.1377t (R2 = 0.78). During the stabilization phase, the average removal rate of COD, NH4+-N, NO3--N, TN and TP from the effluents through the BCR membrane was 94.58%, 85.79%, 53.58%, 37.87%, and 60.62%, respectively, which was increased by 7.4%, 2.5%, 5.1%, 0.18% and 11.4%, respectively, compared to control experiment which the effluents without membrane. The pollutants degradation by BCR in stable phase show a partly relative model of Lawrence-McCarty equation, which the nitrogen and phosphorus degradation is vN=(4.1+S)/(2.53×S) (R2 = 0.69) and vP=(8.78+S)/(3.0×S) (R2 = 0.67), respectively. In the stable phase, the operation cost of BCR is about $0.08/(L•d). Future research on improved BCR maybe focus on the membrane pollution and cleaning, optimized operation conditions, new materials of membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China; Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Village Construction, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China
| | - Jing Qing
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China
| | - Yuanye Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Information Engineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy Vocational College, Yangma Town, Chengdu, 611231, China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Business and Tourism School, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611830, China
| | - Hongbing Luo
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China; College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Village Construction, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China.
| | - Jinping Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China
| | - Ru Xue
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bruce C Anderson
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mei Li
- School of Urban and Rural Construction, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Laboratory Center, College of Chemical and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China; Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Village Construction, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China
| | - Liangqian Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China; Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Village Construction, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Chengdu, 611830, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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