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Zheng R, Wu A, Li J, Tang Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wei Z. Progress and Outlook on Electrochemical Sensing of Lung Cancer Biomarkers. Molecules 2024; 29:3156. [PMID: 38999110 PMCID: PMC11243195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the ultrasensitive detection of lung cancer biomarkers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This review comprehensively discusses the progress and potential of nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors for early lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. By integrating nanomaterials like graphene, metal nanoparticles, and conducting polymers, these sensors have achieved clinically relevant detection limits in the fg/mL to pg/mL range. We highlight the key role of nanomaterial functionalization in enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and antifouling properties. This review also examines challenges related to reproducibility and clinical translation, emphasizing the need for standardization of fabrication protocols and robust validation studies. With the rapid growth in understanding lung cancer biomarkers and innovations in sensor design, nanocomposite electrochemical biosensors hold immense potential for point-of-care lung cancer screening and personalized therapy guidance. Realizing this goal will require strategic collaboration among material scientists, engineers, and clinicians to address technical and practical hurdles. Overall, this work provides valuable insight for developing next-generation smart diagnostic devices to combat the high mortality of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Aochun Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiyue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zhengfang Tang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Junping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Mingli Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zheng Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
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Patil SM, Karade VC, Kim JH, Chougale AD, Patil PB. Electrochemical Detection of a Breast Cancer Biomarker with an Amine-Functionalized Nanocomposite Pt-Fe 3O 4-MWCNTs-NH 2 as a Signal-Amplifying Label. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:25601-25609. [PMID: 38727578 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
We report an ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor to detect the breast cancer biomarker CA 15-3. Amine-functionalized composite of reduced graphene oxide and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MRGO-NH2) was used as an electrochemical sensing platform material to modify the electrodes. The nanocomposite comprising Pt and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Pt-Fe3O4-MWCNTs-NH2) was utilized as a pseudoenzymatic signal-amplifying label. Compared to reduced graphene oxide, the composite MRGO-NH2 platform material demonstrated a higher electrochemical signal. In the Pt-Fe3O4-MWCNTs-NH2 label, multiwalled carbon nanotubes provided the substratum to anchor abundant catalytic Pt and Fe3O4 NPs. The nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An electroanalytical study and prevalidation of the immunosensor was carried out. The immunosensor exhibited exceptional capabilities in detecting CA 15-3, offering a wider linear range of 0.0005-100 U mL-1 and a lower detection limit of 0.00008 U mL-1. Moreover, the designed immunosensor showed good specificity, reproducibility, and acceptable stability. The sensor was successfully applied to analyze samples from breast cancer patients, yielding reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil M Patil
- Department of Physics, The New College, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay C Karade
- Optoelectronic Convergence Research Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyeok Kim
- Optoelectronic Convergence Research Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Ashok D Chougale
- Department of Chemistry, The New College, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant B Patil
- Department of Physics, The New College, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416012, Maharashtra, India
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Liu X, Wang N, Hou Y, Dong H, Liang W, Li X, Yuan Y. A highly sensitive ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay based on bioorthogonal nanozymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3978-3981. [PMID: 38502001 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00731j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We designed a novel ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay based on bioorthogonal nanozymes for carcinoembryonic antigen detection. The analytical performance of our designed immunoassay showed a wide linear range, a low detection limit, good reproducibility, selectivity and stability. Thus, bioorthogonal nanozymes hold great potential applications in clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiajian Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P. R. China.
| | - Nianhua Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yixuan Hou
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P. R. China.
| | - He Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P. R. China.
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Xinchun Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Youyong Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P. R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Musat OR, Gheorghe DC, Ilie-Mihai RM, van Staden J(KF. Carbon Nanopowder-Based Stochastic Sensor for Ultrasensitive Assay of CA 15-3, CEA and HER2 in Whole Blood. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3111. [PMID: 36144899 PMCID: PMC9501540 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two microsensors obtained by the physical immobilization of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine (TPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl chloride)-21H,23H-iron (III) porphyrin (Fe(TPFPP)Cl) in carbon nanopowder decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNp) were designed, characterized, validated and used for the molecular recognition and simultaneous ultrasensitive determination of CEA, CA15-3 and HER2 in whole blood. High sensitivities were recorded for both microsensors. Low limits of quantification were recorded for all biomarkers: CEA (12.8 pg mL-1 by using Fe(TPFPP)Cl/AuNp, and 190 fg mL-1 by using TPP/AuNp), CA 15-3 (100 fU mL-1 for both microsensors) and HER2 (3.9 fg mL-1 by using Fe(TPFPP)Cl/AuNp, and 35 fg mL-1 by using TPP/AuNp). A very good correlation between the results obtained using the proposed microsensors and ELISA, certified by the Student t-test, proves that the screening test can be used for ultrasensitive assays of the three biomarkers in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana-Raluca Musat
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Damaris-Cristina Gheorghe
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra-Maria Ilie-Mihai
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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Chen Y, Duan W, Xu L, Li G, Wan Y, Li H. Nanobody-based label-free photoelectrochemical immunoassay for highly sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1211:339904. [PMID: 35589224 PMCID: PMC9062376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Until now, COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is engulfing the worldwide and still ranging to date, continuing to threaten the public health. The main challenge facing COVID-19 epidemic is short of fast-response and high-efficiency methods to determine SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogens. Herein, a nanobody-based label-free photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor has been fabricated for rapidly detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. As a small-size and high-stability antibody, nanobody was directly and well immobilized with Au nanoparticles and TiO2 spheres by the interaction. Au deposited TiO2 nanomaterial possessed 8.5 times photoelectric performance in comparison with TiO2 in the presence of electron donor owing to surface plasma resonance effect of Au. Based on the steric hindrance effect, this immunoassay platform realized the linear detection from 0.015 to 15000 pg mL−1, and a limit of detection was low as 5 fg mL−1. The label-free PEC immunoassay design provides a new idea for convenient, rapid, and efficient test of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and broadens further application of nanobody as an identification agent to specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Henan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Electro-assisted printing of soft hydrogels via controlled electrochemical reactions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1353. [PMID: 35293384 PMCID: PMC8924165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels underpin many applications in tissue engineering, cell encapsulation, drug delivery and bioelectronics. Methods improving control over gelation mechanisms and patterning are still needed. Here we explore a less-known gelation approach relying on sequential electrochemical-chemical-chemical (ECC) reactions. An ionic species and/or molecule in solution is oxidised over a conductive surface at a specific electric potential. The oxidation generates an intermediate species that reacts with a macromolecule, forming a hydrogel at the electrode-electrolyte interface. We introduce potentiostatic control over this process, allowing the selection of gelation reactions and control of hydrogel growth rate. In chitosan and alginate systems, we demonstrate precipitation, covalent and ionic gelation mechanisms. The method can be applied in the polymerisation of hybrid systems consisting of more than one polymer. We demonstrate concomitant deposition of the conductive polymer Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and alginate. Deposition of the hydrogels occurs in small droplets held between a conductive plate (working electrode, WE), a printing nozzle (counter electrode, CE) and a pseudoreference electrode (reference electrode, RE). We install this setup on a commercial 3D printer to demonstrate patterning of adherent hydrogels on gold and flexible ITO foils. Electro-assisted printing may contribute to the integration of well-defined hydrogels on hybrid electronic-hydrogel devices for bioelectronics applications.
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The electrochemical immunosensor of the "signal on" strategy that activates MMoO4 (M = Co, Ni) peroxidase with Cu2+ to achieve ultrasensitive detection of CEA. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1176:338757. [PMID: 34399891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new type of ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor with "signal on" strategy was designed for quantitative detection of CEA. The sensing strategy design is based on the following principles: We use HMSNs-Cu2+@HA as the signal probe, the structure of HA is destroyed under acidic conditions, and the released Cu2+ activates the substrate material MMoO4 (M = Co, Ni) Peroxidase activity initiates the reaction of catalytic H2O2 and realizes the "signal on" condition of electrical signals. This strategy has the following advantages: (1) HA coating of HMSNs-Cu2+ can prevent Cu2+ leakage, has good biocompatibility and can be connected with more antibodies. (2) The prepared sensor has the characteristics of high sensitivity and a low detection limit. When the electrode substrate was CoMoO4, the detection range of the immunosensor was 0.01 pg/mL-40 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.0035 pg/mL (S/N = 3). This work innovatively applies the catalytic activity of metal ion-activated nanozymes in the detection of CEA, providing a new perspective for the monitoring and analysis of cancer markers.
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