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Tian L, Li Y, Wang H, Li X, Gao Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Ma C, Shi C. A pH ultra-sensitive hydrated iridium oxyhydroxide films electrochemical sensor for label-free detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Anal Biochem 2024; 693:115597. [PMID: 38969155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a major foodborne pathogen, which can cause serious foodborne illnesses like diarrhoea. Rapid on-site detection of foodborne pathogens is an ideal way to respond to foodborne illnesses. Herein, we provide an electrochemical sensor for rapid on-site detection. This sensor utilized a pH-sensitive metal-oxide material for the concurrent isothermal amplification and label-free detection of nucleic acids. Based on a pH-sensitive hydrated iridium oxide oxyhydroxide film (HIROF), the electrode transforms the hydrogen ion compound generated during nucleic acid amplification into potential, so as to achieve a real-time detection. The results can be transmitted to a smartphone via Bluetooth. Moreover, HIROF was applied in nucleic acid device detection, with a super-Nernst sensitivity of 77.6 mV/pH in the pH range of 6.0-8.5, and the sensitivity showed the best results so far. Detection of V. parahaemolyticus by this novel method showed a detection limit of 1.0 × 103 CFU/mL, while the time consumption was only 30 min, outperforming real-time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Therefore, the characteristics of compact, portable, and fast make the sensor more widely used in on-site detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qian Gao
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Cuiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chao Shi
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.
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2
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Flores-Contreras EA, González-González E, Trujillo-Rodríguez GDJ, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Ancer-Rodríguez J, Pérez-Maya AA, Alvarez-Cuevas S, Martinez-Fierro ML, Marino-Martínez IA, Garza-Veloz I. Isothermal Technologies for HPV Detection: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Pathogens 2024; 13:653. [PMID: 39204253 PMCID: PMC11357395 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped DNA virus transmitted through skin-to-skin contact that infects epithelial and mucosal tissue. It has over 200 known genotypes, classified by their pathogenicity as high-risk and low-risk categories. High-risk HPV genotypes are associated with the development of different types of cancers, including cervical cancer, which is a leading cause of mortality in women. In clinical practice and the market, the principal tests used to detect HPV are based on cytology, hybrid detection, and qPCR. However, these methodologies may not be ideal for the required timely diagnosis. Tests have been developed based on isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests (INAATs) as alternatives. These tests offer multiple advantages over the qPCR, such as not requiring specialized laboratories, highly trained personnel, or expensive equipment like thermocyclers. This review analyzes the different INAATs applied for the detection of HPV, considering the specific characteristics of each test, including the HPV genotypes, gene target, the limit of detection (LOD), detection methods, and detection time. Additionally, we discuss the tests available on the market that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finally, we address the challenges and potential solutions for the large-scale implementation of INAATs, particularly in rural or underserved areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda A. Flores-Contreras
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero y Dr. E. Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.); (S.A.-C.)
| | - Everardo González-González
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (E.G.-G.); (G.d.J.T.-R.); (M.L.M.-F.)
| | - Gerardo de Jesús Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (E.G.-G.); (G.d.J.T.-R.); (M.L.M.-F.)
| | - Iram P. Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Ancer-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero y Dr. E. Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.); (S.A.-C.)
| | - Antonio Alí Pérez-Maya
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero y Dr. E. Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Salomon Alvarez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero y Dr. E. Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.); (S.A.-C.)
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (E.G.-G.); (G.d.J.T.-R.); (M.L.M.-F.)
| | - Iván A. Marino-Martínez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero y Dr. E. Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.); (S.A.-C.)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (E.G.-G.); (G.d.J.T.-R.); (M.L.M.-F.)
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3
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Adedokun G, Alipanah M, Fan ZH. Sample preparation and detection methods in point-of-care devices towards future at-home testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3626-3650. [PMID: 38952234 PMCID: PMC11270053 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Timely and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective healthcare, yet nearly half the global population lacks access to basic diagnostics. Point-of-care (POC) testing offers partial solutions by enabling low-cost, rapid diagnosis at the patient's location. At-home POC devices have the potential to advance preventive care and early disease detection. Nevertheless, effective sample preparation and detection methods are essential for accurate results. This review surveys recent advances in sample preparation and detection methods at POC. The goal is to provide an in-depth understanding of how these technologies can enhance at-home POC devices. Lateral flow assays, nucleic acid tests, and virus detection methods are at the forefront of POC diagnostic technology, offering rapid and sensitive tools for identifying and measuring pathogens, biomarkers, and viral infections. By illuminating cutting-edge research on assay development for POC diagnostics, this review aims to accelerate progress towards widely available, user-friendly, at-home health monitoring tools that empower individuals in personalized healthcare in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Adedokun
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Morteza Alipanah
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Wang L, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lin S, Zhang W, Zhu L, Xu W, Dong Y. Allosteric strand displacement isothermal amplification for the visual detection of Toxoplasma gondii in 30 minutes. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116132. [PMID: 38382270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is critical due to a lack of effective treatment for toxoplasmosis.This study established a simple, cost-effective, and rapid colorimetric detection method for T. gondii. The entire testing process, from sample collection to results, takes only 0.5 h. These characteristics fulfill the demands of researchers seeking rapid target detection with minimal equipment reliance. For genomic extraction, this study evaluated the ability of two filter papers to capture genomes. A rapid genomic extraction device combined with the two filter papers was designed to simplify the genomic extraction process, which was completed within 10 min and increased the detection sensitivity tenfold. The method utilized a simplified primer design for isothermal amplification, namely allosteric strand displacement (ASD), and employed an underutilized commercial color indicator, Bromothymol Blue (BTB), for signal output. Compared with other reported indicators, BTB exhibited a more pronounced color change, shifting from blue to yellow in positive samples, facilitating easier visual differentiation. The reaction was completed in 20 min with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.014 T. gondii per microliter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanger Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shenghao Lin
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yulan Dong
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Bartosik M, Moranova L, Izadi N, Strmiskova J, Sebuyoya R, Holcakova J, Hrstka R. Advanced technologies towards improved HPV diagnostics. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29409. [PMID: 38293790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, and an important factor in other malignancies, for example, head and neck cancer. Despite recent progress in screening and vaccination, the incidence and mortality are still relatively high, especially in low-income countries. The mortality and financial burden associated with the treatment could be decreased if a simple, rapid, and inexpensive technology for HPV testing becomes available, targeting individuals for further monitoring with increased risk of developing cancer. Commercial HPV tests available in the market are often relatively expensive, time-consuming, and require sophisticated instrumentation, which limits their more widespread utilization. To address these challenges, novel technologies are being implemented also for HPV diagnostics that include for example, isothermal amplification techniques, lateral flow assays, CRISPR-Cas-based systems, as well as microfluidics, paperfluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices, ideal for point-of-care testing in decentralized settings. In this review, we first evaluate current commercial HPV tests, followed by a description of advanced technologies, explanation of their principles, critical evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses, and suggestions for their possible implementation into medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bartosik
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Moranova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nasim Izadi
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Johana Strmiskova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ravery Sebuyoya
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Holcakova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Xie M, Chen T, Cai Z, Lei B, Dong C. An All-in-One Platform for On-Site Multiplex Foodborne Pathogen Detection Based on Channel-Digital Hybrid Microfluidics. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:50. [PMID: 38248427 PMCID: PMC10813315 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of microdevices for point-of-care infectious disease detection. However, most microdevices only allow limited steps, such as DNA amplification on the chip, while sample preparation, such as lysis and DNA extraction, is conducted off the chip using the traditional method. In this study, an all-in-one platform was developed, which incorporated all necessary procedures for nucleic acid detection. Our on-chip DNA extraction method utilized the magnetic bead-based technology on a hybrid channel-digital microfluidics (C-DMF) microdevice. It yielded high recovery rates, varying from 88.43% to 95.83%, with pathogen concentrations of 103-106 CFU/mL. In particular, the on-chip method exhibited significantly higher efficacy compared to the traditional off-chip manual method, for the DNA extraction of E. coli and S. aureus, representing Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, at a sample concentration of 103 CFU/mL. To address the need for rapid and accessible diagnostics, colorimetric LAMP amplification was integrated into the proposed microdevice. The results were visually detectable with the naked eye, making it user-friendly for non-specialists. In addition, this platform demonstrated impressive sensitivity in simultaneously detecting common foodborne pathogens in spiked meat samples, achieving the LOD of 102-103 CFU/mL. The entire process, from sampling to result, was fully automated and only required approximately 60 min, offering promising applicability in resource-limited and on-site testing scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xie
- Department of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519000, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519000, China;
| | - Cheng Dong
- School of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Ying J, Mao L, Tang Y, Fassatoui M, Song W, Xu X, Tang X, Li J, Liu H, Jian F, Du Q, Wong G, Feng W, Berthet N. Development and validation of real-time recombinase polymerase amplification-based assays for detecting HPV16 and HPV18 DNA. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0120723. [PMID: 37787547 PMCID: PMC10714791 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01207-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HPV DNA screening is an effective approach for the prevention of cervical cancer. The novel real-time recombinase polymerase amplification-based HPV detection systems we developed constitute an improvement over the HPV detection methods currently used in clinical practice and should help to extend cervical cancer screening in the future, particularly in point-of-care test settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Ying
- Centre for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai, China
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjing Mao
- Centre for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai, China
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meriem Fassatoui
- Centre for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Jian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinwen Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Centre for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai, China
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cite, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-cite, Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
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Mao Z, Deng A, Jin X, Li M, Lv W, Huang L, Zhong H, Yang H, Wang S, Shi Y, Zhang L, Liao Q, Huang G. A microfluidic-chip-based system with loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid and parallel detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus. Analyst 2023; 148:4820-4828. [PMID: 37606537 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a significant global health issue primarily caused by high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Recent studies have reported an association between Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infections and HPV infections, highlighting the importance of simultaneously detecting these pathogens for effective cervical cancer risk management. However, current methods for detecting both T. vaginalis and HPV are limited. In this study, we present a novel approach using a microfluidic-chip-based system with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the rapid and parallel detection of T. vaginalis, HPV16, HPV18, and HPV52 in a reagent-efficient and user-friendly manner. Compared to conventional LAMP assays in tubes, our system exhibits enhanced sensitivity with values of 2.43 × 101, 3.00 × 102, 3.57 × 101, and 3.60 × 102 copies per reaction for T. vaginalis, HPV16, HPV18, and HPV52, respectively. Additionally, we validated the performance of our chip by testing 47 clinical samples, yielding results consistent with the diagnostic methods used by the hospital. Therefore, our system not only offers a promising solution for concurrent diagnosis of T. vaginalis and HPV infections, particularly in resource-limited areas, due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and rapid and accurate detection performance, but can also contribute to future research on the co-infection of these two pathogens. Moreover, the system possesses the capability to simultaneously detect up to 22 different types of pathogens, making it applicable across a wide range of domains such as diagnostics, food safety, and water monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Anni Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiangyu Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China.
| | - Wenqi Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Leyang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hao Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shihong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yixuan Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China.
| | - Qinping Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China.
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing 102206, China
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9
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Wang X, Jin W, Yang Y, Ma H, Liu H, Lei J, Wu Y, Zhang L. CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated Enzymatic recombinase amplification for rapid visual quantitative authentication of halal food. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1255:341144. [PMID: 37032058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Economically motivated adulteration (EMA) has become a concern in food safety. We propose a CRISPR/Cas12a Mediated Enzymatic Recombinase Amplification detection system (CAMERA) that integrates Enzymatic Recombinase Amplification (ERA) and Cas12a cleavage to detect halal food adulteration. We designed and screened crRNA targeting CLEC, a porcine-specific nuclear single-copy gene, and optimized the reagent concentrations and incubation times for the ERA and Cas12a cleavage steps. CAMERA was highly specific for pork ingredients detection. The DNA concentration and fluorescence signal intensity relationship was linear at DNA concentrations of 20-0.032 ng/μL. CAMERA detected as few as two CLEC copies and quantified samples with porcine DNA content as low as 5% within 25 min. The system could be operated in a miniaturized working mode that requires no technical expertise or professional equipment, making CAMERA a valuable tool in resource-limited areas for the qualitative and quantitative detection of pork ingredients in halal food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenyu Jin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huizi Ma
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiawen Lei
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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10
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Ozcelikay G, Gamella M, Solís-Fernández G, Barderas R, Pingarrón JM, Campuzano S, Ozkan SA. Electrochemical bioplatform for the determination of the most common and carcinogenic human papillomavirus DNA. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 231:115411. [PMID: 37094410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based analytical bioplatforms have gained importance as diagnostic tests for genomics and as early detection tools for diseases such as cancer. In this context, we report the development of an amperometric bioplatform for the determination of a specific human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) sequence. The bioplatform utilizes an immune-nucleic acid hybrid-sandwich assay. A biotinylated RNA capture probe (RNAbCp), complementary to the selected HPV16 target DNA sequence, was immobilised on the surface of streptavidin coated magnetic microbeads (Strep-MBs). The RNA/DNA heteroduplex resulting from the hybridization of the RNAbCP and the HPV16 target sequence was recognised by a commercial antibody that specifically bound to the heteroduplex (AbDNA-RNA). A horseradish-peroxide labeled secondary antibody (antiIgG-HRP) was used for the detection of AbDNA-RNA. Relying on amperometric detection of the resulting HRP-labeled magnetic bioconjugates captured on screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) in the presence of H2O2 and hydroquinone (HQ), the biotool achieved a low limit of detection (0.5 pM) for the synthetic HPV16 target DNA. In addition, the developed bioplatform was able to discriminate between HPV16 positive and negative human cancer cells using only 25 ng of amplified DNA in a test time of 45 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksu Ozcelikay
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Gamella
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
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11
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Electrochemical biosensors for analysis of DNA point mutations in cancer research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1065-1085. [PMID: 36289102 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease induced by mutations in DNA, in particular point mutations in important driver genes that lead to protein malfunctioning and ultimately to tumorigenesis. Screening for the most common DNA point mutations, especially in such genes as TP53, BRCA1 and BRCA2, EGFR, KRAS, or BRAF, is crucial to determine predisposition risk for cancer or to predict response to therapy. In this review, we briefly depict how these genes are involved in cancer, followed by a description of the most common techniques routinely applied for their analysis, including high-throughput next-generation sequencing technology and less expensive low-throughput options, such as real-time PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism, or high resolution melting analysis. We then introduce benefits of electrochemical biosensors as interesting alternatives to the standard methods in terms of cost, speed, and simplicity. We describe most common strategies involved in electrochemical biosensing of point mutations, relying mostly on PCR or isothermal amplification techniques, and critically discuss major challenges and obstacles that, until now, prevented their more widespread application in clinical settings.
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12
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Wang J, Jing G, Huang W, Xin L, Du J, Cai X, Xu Y, Lu X, Chen W. Rapid In Situ Hydrogel LAMP for On-Site Large-Scale Parallel Single-Cell HPV Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:18083-18091. [PMID: 36517452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapid human papillomavirus (HPV) screening is urgently needed for preventing and early diagnosis of cervical cancer in rural areas. To date, no HPV nucleic acid test (NAT) can be implemented within a single patient visit starting from clinical samples. Here, we develop a hydrogel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method in a fashion of large-scale parallel (about 1000 cells) in situ HPV DNA detection in clinical cervical exfoliated cells at the single-cell level. It can be used with a hotplate and smartphone to obtain HPV NAT results in less than 30 min, which is especially suitable for the on-site scenario. We apply this rapid HPV NAT on 40 clinical cervical exfoliated cell samples and compare the results to a clinical gold standard quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method [area under curve (AUC), 1.00]. Meanwhile, our assay can provide HPV infection information for large-scale parallel single clinical cervical exfoliated cells, which cannot be received from traditional NAT methods. Our findings suggest the potential of in situ hydrogel LAMP as a powerful tool for clinical HPV screening and fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Wang
- Medical Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518052, P. R. China
| | - Gaoxing Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Wenxuan Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Luhua Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jihui Du
- Medical Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518052, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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13
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Gao Q, Li Y, Li Q, Ma C, Shi C. Sensitive Dual Electrochemical-Colorimetric Point-of-Care (POC) Sensor for the Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2134887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, the Clinical Laboratory Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, the Clinical Laboratory Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, the Clinical Laboratory Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, the Clinical Laboratory Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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14
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Li Q, Li Y, Gao Q, Jiang C, Tian Q, Ma C, Shi C. Real-time monitoring of isothermal nucleic acid amplification on a smartphone by using a portable electrochemical device for home-testing of SARS-CoV-2. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340343. [PMID: 36156220 PMCID: PMC9449873 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Home-testing of SARS-CoV-2 is an ideal approach for controlling the pandemic of COVID-19 and alleviating the shortage of medical resource caused by this acute infectious disease. Herein, a portable device that enables real-time monitoring of isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests (INAATs) through the electrochemistry method was fabricated for home-testing of SARS-CoV-2. First, a disposable plug-and-play pH-sensitive potentiometric sensor that matches this electrochemical INAATs (E-INAATs) device was designed to allow the label-free pH sensing detection of nucleic acid. By applying Nafion film on the polyaniline-based working electrode, this sensor exhibited an excellent linear potentiometric response to pH value in the range of 6.0–8.5 with a slope of −37.45 ± 1.96 mV/pH unit. A Bluetooth module was integrated into this device to enable the users real-time monitoring INAATs on their smartphones at home. Moreover, by presetting criteria, the detection results could be automatically judged by the device to avoid human errors. Finally, the utility of this E-INAATs device was demonstrated by detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein gene in artificial samples with a sensitivity of 2 × 102 copies/test within 25 min, which was comparable with fluorescence and colorimetric assay. This portable, easy-operated, sensitive, and affordable device is particularly desirable for the full integration of household SARS-CoV-2 detection products and will open a new prospect for the control of infectious diseases via electrochemical NAATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Qian Gao
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Qingwu Tian
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Cuiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Chao Shi
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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15
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Chip-Based and Wearable Tools for Isothermal Amplification and Electrochemical Analysis of Nucleic Acids. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The determination of nucleic acids has become an analytical diagnostic method with many applications in fields such as biomedical sciences, environmental monitoring, forensic identification, and food safety. Among the different methods for nucleic acid analysis, those based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are nowadays considered the gold standards. Isothermal amplification methods are an interesting alternative, especially in the design of chip-based architectures. Biosensing platforms hold great promise for the simple and rapid detection of nucleic acids since they can be embedded in lab-on-a-chip tools to perform nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection steps. Electrochemical transduction schemes are particularly interesting in the design of small and portable devices due to miniaturization, low-energy consumption, and multianalyte detection capability. The aim of this review is to summarize the different applications of isothermal amplification methods combined with electrochemical biosensing techniques in the development of lab-on-a-chip tools and wearable sensors. Different isothermal amplification methods are revised, and examples of different applications are discussed. Finally, a discussion on patented devices is also included.
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16
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Moranova L, Stanik M, Hrstka R, Campuzano S, Bartosik M. Electrochemical LAMP-based assay for detection of RNA biomarkers in prostate cancer. Talanta 2022; 238:123064. [PMID: 34801892 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current molecular diagnostics of prostate cancer relies on detection of elevated levels of PSA protein in serum, but its specificity has been questioned due to its higher levels also in non-malignant prostate diseases. A long non-coding RNA biomarker, PCA3, demonstrated excellent specificity for prostate cancer, and thus has become an interesting alternative to PSA monitoring. Its detection utilizes mostly reverse transcription PCR with optical detection, making the protocol longer and more expensive. To avoid PCR, we have developed an electrochemical assay coupled with LAMP, an isothermal amplification technique showing high sensitivities at constant temperatures and shorter reaction times. We amplified PCA3 RNA as well as PSA mRNA (serving as a control), hybridized LAMP products on magnetic beads and measured them with chronoamperometry at carbon electrode chips. We show good sensitivity and specificity for both biomarkers in prostate cancer cell lines, and successful detection of PCA3 in clinical samples, i.e., urine samples from 11 prostate cancer patients and 7 healthy controls, where we obtained excellent correlation with clinical data. This is to our knowledge a first such attempt to apply electrochemistry to determine two RNA biomarkers directly in urine samples of prostate cancer patients in a minimally invasive diagnostics format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Moranova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Stanik
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Bartosik
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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