Binding the gap between experiments, statistics, and method comparison: A tutorial for computing limits of detection and quantification in univariate calibration for complex samples

Impact of glass packaging leaching on the uncertainty of inorganic standard solutions

The stability of certified reference materials (CRMs) is essential for ensuring reliable measurements and maintaining metrological traceability. This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of leaching-induced uncertainty using advanced modeling approaches. We analyzed the leaching behavior of elements such as B, Na, Mg, Ca, and Zn from glass ampoules under controlled conditions, including exposure to 5% nitric acid at 50 °C for 28 days. The analysis detected significant concentrations of these elements, while others like Fe, Cd, and Pb were not detected. By applying logarithmic regression models, we predicted leaching behavior over a 365-day CRM shelf life. The results indicated that, although leaching led to concentration increases-26% for B, 28% for Na, and 15% for Mg-the associated uncertainty remained low, around 0.01% for standard concentrations of 1000 mg kg- 1 . These findings highlight the reliability of glass ampoules as a packaging option for CRMs and establish a methodological foundation for incorporating leaching effects into uncertainty estimations. This approach supports the development of improved storage protocols and enhances the long-term stability and accuracy of CRMs, contributing to advancements in the chemical metrology area.

Bioanalytical method development, in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation, ex-vivo platelet aggregation inhibition activity of a novel solid dispersion formulation of ticagrelor

Background

Ticagrelor, a potential antithrombotic drug indicated for cardiovascular events with acute coronary syndrome, has been restricted from its oral use due to poor aqueous solubility. The present investigation aimed to develop validated bioanalytical method for the analysis of plasma samples for improving the oral bioavailability of Ticagrelor. Additionally, evaluation of the improved antiplatelet activity of the Ticagrelor formulation compared to the marketed formulation.

Methods

A bioanalytical method was developed in rat plasma samples using the isocratic separation mode. Plasma samples were processed by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by using reverse phase HPLC. A validated method was used for evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of the developed formulation and marketed formulation in Sprague Dawley rats. Additionally, the ex-vivo antiplatelet aggregation activity was evaluated.

Results

The developed method was accurate and linear (100 ng-800 ng) to quantify the drug in plasma. An in-vivo pharmacokinetic study was conducted for formulation at 10 mg/kg and different pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated. From the results, we observed∼64% enhancements in the oral bioavailability of the Ticagrelor relative to the marketed formulation. The developed formulation (SD1) showed more significant inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation compared to the marketed ticagrelor (RLD) formulation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have successfully developed a validated analytical method for estimating Ticagrelor plasma concentration. Additionally, our study successfully enhanced Ticagrelor's oral bioavailability, and the developed formulation has more significant inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation relative to the marketed formulation, indicating its substantial therapeutic potential.

Aptamer-antibody sandwich immunosensor for electrochemical detection of FT4

An aptamer-antibody sandwich electrochemical immunosensor was studied. Fe3O4/MWCNTs-COOH/Nafion was modified and fixed on a glassy carbon electrode to amplify electrical signals. The antibody was coupled with AuNPs to form conjugates. It captures the target free thyroxine (FT4) and forms antibody-AuNPs/FT4 macromolecular complexes. The complex is then captured by the aptamer on the glassy carbon electrode and detected by the electrochemical workstation using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the best conditions, the prepared sensor showed a linear relationship in the concentration range 0.1 to 105 pg/mL and the detection limit (LOD) was 0.04 pg/mL. The sensor can enhance the adsorption capacity of target FT4 and detect FT4 stably and with high selectivity. The aptamers and antibodies are free from additional modifications. In addition, the high recovery of the proposed sensor was verified by testing the human serum samples. The immunosensor has the advantages of simple operation, rapid recognition process, and short response time. These results indicate that the immunosensor is expected to achieve rapid and effective detection of FT4 in early pregnancy and evaluate thyroid function in the future. The research ideas of this work will also be applicable to the detection of other small molecules and provide ideas for the detection of other substances.

Integration of paper-based analytical devices with digital microfluidics for colorimetric detection of creatinine

Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a platform that enables the automated manipulation of individual droplets of sizes ranging from nanoliter to microliter and can be coupled with numerous techniques, including colorimetry. However, although the DMF electrode architecture is highly versatile, its integration with different analytical methods often requires either changes in sample access, top plate design, or the integration of supplementary equipment into the system. As an alternative to overcome these challenges, this study proposes a simple integration between paper-based analytical devices (PADs) and DMF for automated and eco-friendly sample processing aiming at the colorimetric detection of creatinine (CR, an important biomarker for kidney disease) in artificial urine. An optimized and selective Jaffé reaction was performed on the device, and the reaction products were delivered to the PAD, which was subsequently analyzed with a bench scanner. The optimal operational parameters on the DMF platform were a reaction time of 45 s with circular mixing and image capture after 5 min. Under optimized conditions, a linear behavior was obtained for creatinine concentrations ranging from 2 to 32 mg dL-1, with limits of detection and quantitation equal to 1.4 mg dL-1 and 2.0 mg dL-1, respectively. For the concentration range tested, the relative standard deviation varied from 2.5 to 11.0%, considering four measurements per concentration. CR-spiked synthetic urine samples were subjected to analysis via DMF-PAD and the spectrophotometric reference method. The concentrations of CR determined using both analytical techniques were close to the theoretical values, with the resultant standard deviations of 2-9% and 1-4% for DMF-PADs and spectrophotometry, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery values were within the acceptable range, with DMF-PADs yielding 96-108% and spectrophotometry producing 95-102%. Finally, the greenness of the DMF-PAD and spectrophotometry methods was evaluated using the Analytical Greenness (AGREE) metric software, in which 0.71 and 0.51 scores were obtained, respectively. This indicates that the proposed method presents a higher greenness level, mainly due to its miniaturized characteristics using a smaller volume of reagent and sample and the possibility of automation, thus reducing user exposure to potentially toxic substances. Therefore, the DMF-PADs demonstrated great potential for application in the clinical analysis of creatinine, aiding in routine tests by introducing an automated, simple, and environmentally friendly process.

Evaluation of a Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor Based on Co(OH)2-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Glucose Detection

This work reports on the assessment of a non-hydrolytic electrochemical sensor for glucose sensing that is developed using functionalized carbon nanotubes (fCNTs)/Co(OH)2. The morphology of the nanocomposite was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed that the CNTs interacted with Co(OH)2. This content formed a nanocomposite that improved the electrochemical characterizations of the electrode, including the electrochemical active surface area and capacitance, thus improving sensitivity to glucose. In the electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, the increase in catalytic activity by Co(OH)2 improved the stability and reproducibility of the glucose sensor without the use of enzymes, and its concentration range was between 50 and 700 μmol L-1. The sensor exhibited good linearity towards glucose with LOD value of 43.200 µmol L-1, which proved that the Co(OH)2-fCNTs composite is judicious for constructing cost effective and feasible sensor for glucose detection.

Rapid determination of germanium in lignite coal and coal-related solid byproducts by graphite furnace digestion inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy

This study developed a rapid and efficient graphite furnace digestion combined with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method, enabling precise quantification of germanium (Ge) in coal and various coal-derived metallurgical byproducts across a broad concentration level (∼ppm-n%). The graphite furnace digestion conditions were examined intensively as a function of the acid amounts of HNO3 and HF (5-10 mL), temperature (80-180 °C), time (1-5 h), and acid drive methods (H3BO3 neutralization versus heating). Coal references including SARM 19, SARM 20, NIST SRM 1632e, and fly ash standard NIST SRM 2689 were tested. The optimum recovery of germanium was obtained when the HNO3 dosage, HF dosage, solid sample mass, temperature, and duration time were 10 mL, 5 mL, 0.1 g, 80 °C and 1 h. Agreement of 95.15-96.54 % between the measured and certified value was obtained under the optimum conditions. The spiked recovery was 103.23-103.54 %, indicating the matrix-analytes interactions were negligible. Boric acid neutralization reduced the recovery rates to 47.2-49.3 % and was not be appropriate for driving HF. The optimal spectral line for determining Ge is at a wavelength of 265.117 nm, at which the limit of detect and the limit of quantification were 0.46 μg L-1 and 1.53 μg L-1, respectively. The applicability of the method was validated by quantifying Ge in Ge-rich lignite, fly ashes (FA), and chlorinated distillation residue (CR) samples. The concentration of Ge in coals was 44.75-225.41 μg g-1, the content in FA was 0.68%-2.3 %, and the content in CR was 0.18 %, with the uncertainty of the method obtained being less than 0.5 %. X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) was used to verify the results. The difference between XRF data and ICP-OES data was less than 5 %, confirming the accuracy and reproductivity of the analytical method.

Impact of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation on dopamine receptor-ligand interaction - A case study

The octanol-water distribution coefficient (logP), used as a measure of lipophilicity, plays a major role in the drug design and discovery processes. While average logP values remain unchanged in approved oral drugs since 1983, current medicinal chemistry trends towards increasingly lipophilic compounds that require adapted analytical workflows and drug delivery systems. Solubility enhancers like cyclodextrins (CDs), especially 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD (2-HP-β-CD), have been studied in vitro and in vivo investigating their ADMET (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity)-related properties. However, data is scarce regarding the applicability of CD inclusion complexes (ICs) in vitro compared to pure compounds. In this study, dopamine receptor (DR) ligands were used as a case study, utilizing a combined in silico/in vitro workflow. Media-dependent solubility and IC stoichiometry were investigated using HPLC. NMR was used to observe IC formation-caused chemical shift deviations while in silico approaches utilizing basin hopping global minimization were used to propose putative IC binding modes. A cell-based in vitro homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay was used to quantify ligand binding affinity at the DR subtype 2 (D2R). While all ligands showed increased solubility using 2-HP-β-CD, they differed regarding IC stoichiometry and receptor binding affinity. This case study shows that IC-formation was ligand-dependent and sometimes altering in vitro binding. Therefore, IC complex formation can't be recommended as a general means of improving compound solubility for in vitro studies as they may alter ligand binding.

Monitoring of seven pesticide residues by LC-MS/MS in extra virgin olive oil samples and risk assessment for consumers

Residue levels of seven pesticides were analyzed in thirty-five samples of Extra Virgin Olive Oil to assess the health risk of consuming Italian oils correlated with the presence of these pesticides. An in-house analytical procedure was developed and validated, consisting of a specific dispersive solid-phase extraction using the QuEChERS technique and a qualitative-quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-four percent of the samples were contaminated with pesticide residues; in the concentration range of 0.53-0.56 ng/mL for imazalil, 1.11-1.56 ng/mL for acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, 1.28-1.46 ng/mL for clothianidin, 0.94-1.49 ng/mL for thiacloprid, 1.08-4.64 ng/mL for dinotefuran, 0.42-1.47 ng/mL for thiamethoxam, 0.42-6.14 ng/mL for imidacloprid). Risk assessment was evaluated using the hazard quotient, hazard index, and Pesticide Residue Intake Model by EFSA. All hazard indices confirmed that the concentrations of pesticides detected in the oil samples did not represent a short or long-term risk for consumers' health.

Analysis of time-to-positivity data in tuberculosis treatment studies: Identifying a new limit of quantification

The BACTEC Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) machine is the standard globally for detecting viable mycobacteria in patients' sputum. Samples are observed for no longer than 42 days, at which point the sample is declared "negative" for tuberculosis (TB). This time to detection of bacterial growth, referred to as time-to-positivity (TTP), is increasingly of interest not solely as a diagnostic tool, but as a continuous biomarker wherein change in TTP over time can be used for comparing the bactericidal activity of different TB treatments. However, as a continuous measure, there are oddities in the distribution of TTP values observed, particularly at higher values. We explored whether there is evidence to suggest setting an upper limit of quantification (ULOQM) lower than the diagnostic limit of detection (LOD) using data from several TB-PACTS randomized clinical trials and PanACEA MAMS-TB. Across all trials, less than 7.1% of all weekly samples returned TTP measurements between 25 and 42 days. Further, the relative absolute prediction error (%) was highest in this range. When modeling with ULOQMs of 25 and 30 days, the precision in estimation improved for 23 of 25 regimen-level slopes as compared to models using the diagnostic LOD while also improving the discrimination between regimens based on Bayesian posteriors. While TTP measurements between 25 days and the diagnostic LOD may be important for diagnostic purposes, TTP values in this range may not contribute meaningfully to its use as a quantitative measure, particularly when assessing treatment response, and may lead to under-powered clinical trials.

Sandwich assay for β-lactoglobulin in infant food formula based on a hierarchically architectured antifouling capture probe and fluorescent recognition probe

Tracing the presence of allergenic β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) in infant foods is an urgent need, but the interference from the protein-rich matrix often hampered the detection accuracy. Here, we developed a sandwich assay for β-Lg in infant food formula based on a hierarchically architectured antifouling capture probe and fluorescent recognition probe. The antifouling capture probe was constructed from the polydopamine-coated magnetic particles (Fe3O4@PDA), which was modified with repeated glutamic acid-lysine (EK) antifouling peptide and aptamer towards β-Lg. The spatial arrangement of these ligands on the Fe3O4@PDA surface was carefully tailored. Furthermore, a fluorescent recognition probe based on aptamer-modified silica-doped carbon quantum dot was developed to explore a sandwich assay for β-Lg with the capture probe. The sandwich assay was proved to have high potential in detecting β-Lg in commercially available infant food samples. The work provided a new approach to developing detection methods with matrix interference-resistant properties.

Selective and Accurate Detection of Nitrate in Aquaculture Water with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Using Gold Nanoparticles Decorated with β-Cyclodextrins

A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method for measuring nitrate nitrogen in aquaculture water was developed using a substrate of β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles (SH-β-CD@AuNPs). Addressing the issues of low sensitivity, narrow linear range, and relatively poor selectivity of single metal nanoparticles in the SERS detection of nitrate nitrogen, we combined metal nanoparticles with cyclodextrin supramolecular compounds to prepare a AuNPs substrate enveloped by cyclodextrin, which exhibits ultra-high selectivity and Raman activity. Subsequently, vanadium(III) chloride was used to convert nitrate ions into nitrite ions. The adsorption mechanism between the reaction product benzotriazole (BTAH) of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) and nitrite ions on the SH-β-CD@AuNPs substrate was studied through SERS, achieving the simultaneous detection of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen. The experimental results show that BTAH exhibits distinct SERS characteristic peaks at 1168, 1240, 1375, and 1600 cm-1, with the lowest detection limits of 3.33 × 10-2, 5.84 × 10-2, 2.40 × 10-2, and 1.05 × 10-2 μmol/L, respectively, and a linear range of 0.1-30.0 μmol/L. The proposed method provides an effective tool for the selective and accurate online detection of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in aquaculture water.

Removal of enrofloxacin using Eichhornia crassipes in microcosm wetlands

The global consumption of antibiotics leads to their possible occurrence in the environment. In this context, nature-based solutions (NBS) can be used to sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems. In this work, we studied the efficiency of the NBS free-water surface wetlands (FWSWs) using Eichhornia crassipes in microcosm for enrofloxacin removal. We also explored the behavior of enrofloxacin in the system, its accumulation and distribution in plant tissues, the detoxification mechanisms, and the possible effects on plant growth. Enrofloxacin was initially taken up by E. crassipes (first 100 h). Notably, it accumulated in the sediment at the end of the experimental time. Removal rates above 94% were obtained in systems with sediment and sediment + E. crassipes. In addition, enrofloxacin was found in leaves, petioles, and roots (8.8-23.6 µg, 11-78.3 µg, and 10.2-70.7 µg, respectively). Furthermore, enrofloxacin, the main degradation product (ciprofloxacin), and other degradation products were quantified in the tissues and chlorosis was observed on days 5 and 9. Finally, the degradation products of enrofloxacin were analyzed, and four possible metabolic pathways of enrofloxacin in E. crassipes were described.

From fundamentals in calibration to modern methodologies: A tutorial for small molecules quantification in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry bioanalysis

Over the last two decades, liquid chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (LC‒MS) has become the gold standard to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of small molecules. When quantitative analysis is developed, an analyst usually refers to international guidelines for analytical method validation. In this context, the design of calibration curves plays a key role in providing accurate results. During recent years and along with instrumental advances, strategies to build calibration curves have dramatically evolved, introducing innovative approaches to improve quantitative precision and throughput. For example, when a labeled standard is available to be spiked directly into the study sample, the concentration of the unlabeled analog can be easily determined using the isotopic pattern deconvolution or the internal calibration approach, eliminating the need for multipoint calibration curves. This tutorial aims to synthetize the advances in LC‒MS quantitative analysis for small molecules in complex matrices, going from fundamental aspects in calibration to modern methodologies and applications. Different work schemes for calibration depending on the sample characteristics (analyte and matrix nature) are distinguished and discussed. Finally, this tutorial outlines the importance of having international guidelines for analytical method validation that agree with the advances in calibration strategies and analytical instrumentation.

Electrochemical Aptasensing of SARS-CoV-2 Based on Triangular Prism DNA Nanostructures and Dumbbell Hybridization Chain Reaction

Development of convenient, accurate, and sensitive methods for rapid screening of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is highly desired. In this study, we have developed a facile electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein amplified by dumbbell hybridization chain reaction (DHCR). A triangular prism DNA (TPDNA) nanostructure is first assembled and modified at the electrode interface. Due to the multiple thiol anchors, the immobilization is quite stable. The TPDNA nanostructure also provides an excellent scaffold for better molecular recognition efficiency on the top single-strand region (DHP0). The aptamer sequence toward the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein is previously localized by partial hybridization with DHP0. In the presence of the target protein, the aptamer sequence is displaced and DHP0 is exposed. After further introduction of the fuel stands of DHCR, compressed DNA linear assembly occurs, and the product can be stacked on the TPDNA nanostructure for the enrichment of electrochemical species. This electrochemical method successfully detects the target protein in clinical samples, which provides a simple, robust, and accurate platform with great potential utility.

An In Situ Depolymerization and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantifying Polylactic Acid Microplastics in Environmental Samples

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most commonly used biodegradable plastic with rapid growth in recent years. This leads to predictable increased pollution of PLA microplastics (MPs) in the environment. However, quantification methods for the PLA MPs are still lacking. In this study, a method based on alkali-assisted thermal depolymerization and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was developed to quantify PLA MPs. After the background monomer compound was removed, PLA MPs were efficiently depolymerized to lactic acid and detected by LC-MS/MS with a limit of quantification of 18.7 ng/g. The ideal recovery of spiked PLA MPs of 93% was obtained, and the PLA MPs did not need to be separated or extracted in advance from the environmental samples. Using this method, PLA MPs were detected in all the sediment samples of a reservoir at a range of 53.5-491 ng/g dw, and the concentrations decreased with the sediment depth. In addition, after soaking in water at 95 °C for 30 min, approximately 12 μg of PLA MPs was released from a single teabag.