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Ren S, Zhang X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Jiao D, Chang H. A microchip based Z-cell absorbance detector integrating micro-lenses and slits for portable liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465099. [PMID: 38901298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
A miniaturized microchip-based absorbance detector was developed for portable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to test glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The microchip integrating a Z-shaped cell, two collimating micro-lenses and two ink-filled optical slits is small in size (30 mm × 15 mm × 7 mm). The Z-shaped cell has a cross-sectional size of 500 μm × 500 μm and a physical optical path length of 2 mm. Two collimating micro-lenses were inserted in empty grooves on both sides of the cell, one micro-lens for collimating the initial light and the other for focusing the transmitted light. Optical slits on each end of the cell were used to block the stray light. Therefore, this detector indicated a low stray light level (0.011 %) and noise level (2.5 × 10-4 AU). This detector was applied for the commercial HPLC system to detect HbA1c level, and showed a low limit of detection (0.5 μg/mL) and excellent repeatability (≤ 2.03 %). The sensitivity was enhanced by 3.4 times when the optical path length was increased from 0.5 mm to 2 mm and the stray light was blocked by optical slits. The miniaturized microchip-based absorbance detector developed shows a great potential for application in portable and compact HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ruirong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Hantian Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Dezhao Jiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Wu X, Duan N, Yang S. Research Progress on the Application of Multifunctional Amino Derivative Fluorescent Probes in Food, the Environment, and the Microenvironment. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38693829 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2343848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The amino group is regarded as a multifunctional recognition group in fluorescent probes. It is nucleophilic, a strong electron-donating group and is a polar group with active hydrogen. Based on these characteristics, amino-based fluorescent probes combined with various fluorescent precursors have been constructed, with excellent sensing performance and low cytotoxicity. These probes have significant application value in the detection of food, living cells and organisms. Here, the relevant studies on amino fluorescent probes from 2016 to 2024 are systematically reviewed and their molecular design principles, recognition mechanisms and applications are described. These studies included 14 on exogenous and endogenous formaldehyde detection, five that detected polarity changes in the external environment and organelles in vivo, four intracellular mitochondrial and lysosomal viscosity detections, seven physiological environment and intracellular pH detections, seven metal ion detections in biological and environmental systems and four rapid detections of the hypochlorite anion (ClO-) in a variety of physiological processes and cells. The application scope of amino fluorescent probes is constantly expanding at present but, research progress in multiple application fields has not been summarized. This article mainly reviews the latest progress in amino fluorescent probes in the fields of food, the environment and the microenvironment, as well as looking forward to the development prospects of these fluorescent probes. Improving the reactivity of amino recognition groups and visual detection may become hot issues in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wu
- Beijing Key laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ning Duan
- Beijing Key laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaoxiang Yang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
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Jiao D, Zhang R, Zhang H, Ma H, Zhang X, Fan X, Chang H. Rapid detection of glycosylated hemoglobin levels by a microchip liquid chromatography system in gradient elution mode. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342186. [PMID: 38220313 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is crucial for diabetes diagnosis and can provide more substantial results than the simple measurement of glycemia. While there is a lack of simple methods for the determination of HbA1c using a point-of-care test (POCT) compared to glycemia measurement. In particular, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is considered the current gold standard for determining HbA1c levels. However, commercial HPLC systems usually have some sort of disadvantages such as bulky size, high-cost and need for qualified operators. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop a portable, and fast HbA1c detection system consuming fewer reagents. RESULTS We present a novel microchip that integrates a micromixer, passive injector, packed column and detection cell. The integrated microchip, in which all the microstructures were formed in the CNC machining center through micro-milling, is small in size (30 mm × 70 mm × 10 mm), and can withstand 1600 psi of liquid pressure. The integrated design is beneficial to reduce the band broadening caused by dead volume. Based on the microchip, a microchip liquid chromatography (LC) system was built and applied to the analysis of HbA1c. The separation conditions of HbA1c in blood calibrator samples were optimized using the microchip LC system. Samples containing four levels of HbA1c were completely separated within 2 min in optimal gradient conditions, with an inaccuracy (<3.2 %), a coefficient of variation (c.v. < 2.1 %) and a correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.993), indicating excellent separation efficiency and reproducibility. SIGNIFICANCE The POCT of HbA1c is critical for diabetes diagnosis. The microchip chromatography system was developed for HbA1c determination, which contains an integrated microchip and works under a gradient elution. It surpasses existing chip technology in terms of separation performance and detection speed, providing a competitive advantage for POCT of HbA1c. It is considered one important step for realizing efficient portable systems for timely and accurate diabetes diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Jiao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ruirong Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Hantian Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Haoquan Ma
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Honglong Chang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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Mikhail IE, Hemida M, Lebanov L, Astrakhantseva S, Gupta V, Hortin P, Parry JS, Macka M, Paull B. Multi-wavelength deep-ultraviolet absorbance detector based upon program-controlled pulsing light-emitting diodes. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464382. [PMID: 37722175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for multi-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection has been introduced employing a single board computer (SBC) with a field programmable gate array (FPGA), Red Pitaya SBC, to generate separated micro pulses for three deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs), λmax = 235, 250, and 280 nm, along with data acquisition and processing via a custom-made program. The pulse set generation and data acquisition were synchronized using the SBC. The outputs of the three pulsing DUV-LEDs were combined and transmitted to the flow cell via a solarisation resistant trifurcated optical fiber (OF). An ultra-fast responding photodiode was connected to the optical-fiber-compatible flow cell to record the intensity of the DUV pulses. Upper limit of detector linearity (A95 %) was found to be 1917 mAU, 2189 mAU, and 1768 mAU at 235 nm, 250 nm, and 280 nm, respectively, with stray light ≤0.9 %. In addition, the effective path length (Leff) was estimated to be ≥98.0 % of the length of the used flow cell (50 mm). The new pulsed multi-LEDs absorbance detector (PMLAD) has been successfully coupled with a standard liquid chromatograph and utilized for the analysis of pharmaceuticals. Paracetamol, caffeine, and aspirin were simultaneously determined at 250, 280, and 235 nm, respectively, using the PMLAD. The absorbance ratios between the different wavelengths were applied to further confirm the identity of the studied compounds. Excellent linearity was achieved over a range of 0.1-3.2 µg/mL for paracetamol, 0.4-6.4 µg/mL for caffeine, and 0.8-12.8 µg/mL for aspirin with a regression correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.99996. The quantitation limits (LOQs) were 0.10 µg/mL, 0.38 µg/mL, and 0.66 µg/mL for paracetamol, caffeine, and aspirin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraam E Mikhail
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Mohamed Hemida
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Leo Lebanov
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Snezhana Astrakhantseva
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Philip Hortin
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - John S Parry
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123 3058/10, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Medina DAV, Cardoso AT, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Open tubular liquid chromatography: Recent advances and future trends. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300373. [PMID: 37582640 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) is gaining significant attention as a primary analytical technique across various scientific domains. Unlike conventional high-performance LC, nanoLC utilizes columns with inner diameters (i.ds.) usually ranging from 10 to 150 μm and operates at mobile phase flow rates between 10 and 1000 nl/min, offering improved chromatographic performance and detectability. Currently, most exploration of nanoLC has focused on particle-packed columns. Although open tubular LC (OTLC) can provide superior performance, optimized OTLC columns require very narrow i.ds. (< 10 μm) and demand challenging instrumentation. At the moment, these challenges have limited the success of OTLC. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has been made in developing and utilizing OTLC systems featuring narrow columns (< 2 μm). Additionally, significant efforts have been made to explore larger columns (10-75 μm i.d), demonstrating practical applicability in many situations. Due to their perceived advantages, interest in OTLC has resurged in the last two decades. This review provides an updated outlook on the latest developments in OTLC, focusing on instrumental challenges, achievements, and advancements in column technology. Moreover, it outlines selected applications that illustrate the potential of OTLC for performing targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyber Arley Vargas Medina
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Timoteo Cardoso
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor Basolli Borsatto
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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