Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms and enzyme activities in coronary artery disease and its relationship to serum lipids and glycemia

Association of PON1, APOE and SDF-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Treatment Response to Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Treatment in Patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific genetic polymorphisms affect the response to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment in patients with macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

METHODS

Participants in this prospective study were 50 patients with macular oedema secondary to RVO, who were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab or aflibercept, and were followed-up for 12 months after initiation of treatment. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from three different genes (APOE, PON1, SDF-1) were examined as potential predictors for treatment response to intravitreal anti-VEGF agents.

RESULTS

Patients with the LL genotype of the PON1 L55M SNP had significantly higher reduction in central subfield thickness (CST) at month 12 after initiation of intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment (101.63 ± 56.80 μm in LL vs. 72.44 ± 39.41 μm in LM vs. 40.25 ± 19.33 μm in MM, p = .026). Patients with the M allele of the PON1 L55M SNP were significantly associated with lower reduction in CST compared to non-carriers (68.29 ± 38.77 μm in LM + MM vs. 101.63 ± 56.80 μm in LL, p = .032).

CONCLUSION

PON1 L55M SNP may serve as a promising genetic biomarker for predicting response to intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with macular oedema due to RVO.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) Arylesterase Activity Levels in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Aim

To review and compare the PON-1 arylesterase activity between coronary artery disease (CAD) and non-CAD patients.

Methods

Data were obtained by searching MEDLINE and Scopus for all investigations published between January 1, 2000 and March 1, 2021 comparing PON-1 arylesterase activity between CAD and controls.

Results

Twenty studies, based on 5417 patients, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. A random effect model revealed that PON-1 arylesterase activity was significantly lower in the CAD group compared to controls (SMD = -0.587, 95%CI = -0.776 to -0.339, p < 0.0001, I 2 = 92.3%). In CAD patients, the PON-1 arylesterase activity was significantly higher among CAD patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to those with diabetes (SMD: 0.235, 95% CI: 0.014 to 0.456, p = 0.03, I 2 = 0%).

Conclusions

PON-1 activity is significantly lower in CAD patients, and those without DM presented a significantly higher PON-1 arylesterase activity.

Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Genetic Factors and Their Mechanisms, Gene-Gene, and Gene-Environment Interactions in the Asian Populations

Asians are more susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and its coronary heart disease (CHD) complications than the Western populations, possibly due to genetic factors, higher degrees of obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction that could occur even in healthy individuals. The genetic factors and their mechanisms, along with gene-gene and gene-environment interactions associated with CHD in T2D Asians, are yet to be explored. Therefore, the objectives of this paper were to review the current evidence of genetic factors for CHD, summarize the proposed mechanisms of these genes and how they may associate with CHD risk, and review the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in T2D Asians with CHD. The genetic factors can be grouped according to their involvement in the energy and lipoprotein metabolism, vascular and endothelial pathology, antioxidation, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism, as well as cytoskeletal function and intracellular transport. Meanwhile, interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from different genes, SNPs within a single gene, and genetic interaction with environmental factors including obesity, smoking habit, and hyperlipidemia could modify the gene's effect on the disease risk. Collectively, these factors illustrate the complexities of CHD in T2D, specifically among Asians.

Arylesterase activity of paraoxonase 1 in patients with primary hypertension

Introduction

Paraoxonase 1 is an enzyme associated with high-density lipoprotein fraction and is considered to present antioxidant activity.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to assess the arylesterase activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in the serum of patients with hypertension, due to effect of therapy and before treatment. Patients and Methods. The study was conducted in 76 patients with primary hypertension and 28 volunteers for the control group. Hypertensive subjects were assigned to one of three groups: well controlled (n=25), poorly controlled (n=26), and newly diagnosed before therapy (n=25) hypertension. We evaluated metabolic parameters in all participants using routine laboratory methods, as well as arylesterase activity of PON1.

Results

The four study groups differed with arylesterase activity of PON1 and the highest levels were found in patients with well controlled hypertension and the lowest in newly diagnosed. All patients diagnosed with hypertension presented negative correlations between PON1 and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

Effective treatment of hypertension could result in increased PON1 activity, despite unfavorable homocysteine concentrations in blood. Untreated hypertension might decrease activity of PON.

Association between Paraoxonase-1 p.Q192R Polymorphism and Coronary Artery Disease susceptibility in the Colombian Population

Background

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a glycoprotein associated with serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), has a central role in metabolizing lipid peroxides, exhibiting antiatherogenic properties. The polymorphism p.Q192R has been previously associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility and clopidogrel response.

Purpose

We aimed at investigating the association of PON1 p.Q192R with CAD and clopidogrel response in Colombian population.

Patients and Methods

The study was conducted among 163 patients diagnosed with CAD and treated with clopidogrel. The allele frequencies for the PON1 192Q and 192R alleles were determined in cases and Latin-American controls obtained from the public database gnomAD (n = 17,711). Response to clopidogrel was determined by assessing the platelet function using the INNOVANCE PFA-200 System. We determined the association between PON1 p.Q192R polymorphism, increased susceptibility to CAD and high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) by using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) on four genetic models.

Results

The allele frequencies for the PON1 192Q and 192R alleles were 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. The allele distribution was found to be statistically different from the control group and other ethnic groups. The allele 192R was positively associated with decreased susceptibility to CAD under a dominant model (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42–0.8; P < 0.01). We found no association between the polymorphism and HPR.

Conclusion

We propose that PON1 p.Q192R is a potentially useful marker for CAD susceptibility in the Colombian population and lacks association with HPR under clopidogrel treatment.

The Role of Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Gene Polymorphisms in Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Although many studies have investigated the association of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the outcomes were not consistent and remain uncertain. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to analyze the available literature and evaluate the association of PON1 polymorphisms with the CAD. All the relevant studies published in the English language from January 1, 2000, up to September 20, 2020, were identified by searching through various electronic databases. The two researchers independently extracted the information. The data were analyzed by using the MetaGenyo program. The pooled odds ratio was used to find the associations between CAD and PON1 polymorphisms. In the final analysis, we include 10 studies regarding the association of PON1 polymorphisms (rs662 and rs854560) with CAD. Overall, the Q192R polymorphism increased the risk of CAD in the tested genetic models including the homozygote model: OR 1.35, CI 1.02-1.79; allelic model: OR 1.16, CI 1.00-1.33; dominant model: OR 1.25, CI 1.03-1.52. The L55M polymorphism does not significantly associated with CAD in all the tested genetic models including the homozygote model: OR 1.00 CI, 0.64-1.56; allelic model: OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.84-1.23; dominant model: OR 1.08, CI 0.89-1.31. Further analysis showed no publication bias exists in meta-analysis. Our findings suggested that rs662 in the coding region was significantly associated with the CAD however, rs854560 has no significant association with the disease. Nevertheless, in future, there is a need for more studies with a larger sample size which may provide a more definite conclusion.Study Registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42020202278.

Association between rs662 (A > G) and rs854560 (A > T) polymorphisms in PON1 gene and the susceptibility for psoriasis in mestizo population of Western Mexico

Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune skin disease. In psoriasis, PON1 activity is diminished and peroxidation biomarkers are elevated. The most studied PON1 polymorphisms are rs662 (A > G) and rs854560 (A > T), which have been associated with the antioxidant activity of PON1, risk of cardiovascular diseases and psoriasis development. The aim of this study, was to determine the association of rs662 (A > G) and rs854560 (A > T) PON1 polymorphisms with psoriasis susceptibility in Western Mexico population. In this case-control study, we included 104 psoriasis patients and 124 control subjects. The genotyping of polymorphisms rs662 (A > G) and rs854560 (A > T) of PON1 was carried out by PCR-RFLPs. The lipid profiles were quantified by enzymatic colorimetric method, and PON1 activity was determined by spectrophotometry. The lipid profile levels, except HDL-C and atherogenic index, were higher in patients vs. controls. Patients presented lower paraoxonase and arylesterase activity. The G allele of rs662 (A > G) is associated with risk for psoriasis, while the T allele of rs854560 (A > T) is associated with low susceptibility to psoriasis. The AG haplotype was more frequent within the patient group (p < 0.05). The AA and AG genotypes of rs662 (A > G) and TT and AA genotypes of rs854560 (A > T) are associated with lower PONase and ARE activity in patients vs. controls. Patients with the G allele of rs662 (G > A) and T alleles of rs854560 (A > T) show significant differences in the lipid levels in comparison to controls. These results suggest that carriers of G allele of rs662 (A > G) present a greater susceptibility to psoriasis.

PON-1 haplotype (-108C>T, L55M, and Q192R) modulates the serum levels and activity PONase promoting an atherogenic lipid profile in rheumatoid arthritis patients

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) promotes antioxidant and antiatherogenic activity related to the hydrolysis of oxidized lipids of low-density lipoproteins. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, it has been reported that low PON1 activity is related to an impaired lipid profile, increasing cardiovascular risk (CVR). The goal of this study was to analyze the effect of common PON1 polymorphisms and haplotypes on enzymatic activity, PON1 serum levels (PON1s), and lipid parameters related to atherogenic profile in RA patients.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out on 250 Mexican patients with RA. The lipid profile was determined by colorimetric tests. The PON1 activity (CMPAase) was measured by spectrophotometry. The levels of PON1s were determined by ELISA, and the polymorphisms in the PON-1 gene (-108C>T, L55M, and Q192R) were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. The haplotypes were estimated and statistical analysis was performed.

RESULTS

The median of the CMPAase activity and PON1 levels was 13.91 U/mL and 24.75 ng/mL, respectively. The CMPAase activity was significantly lower in carriers of -108TT and 192QQ genotypes (β = - 4.09, P = 0.001 and β = - 3.73, P = 0.002, respectively); moreover, the PON1 levels were lower in 192Q allele carriers (P < 0.01). The TLQ haplotype was associated with CMPAase activity < 13.91 U/mL (OR = 2.29, P < 0.001), as well as with levels of PON1s < 24.75 ng/mL (OR = 1.65, P = 0.017). In this study, the CMPAase activity (< 13.91 U/mL) showed a positive association with lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c; < 40/50 mg/dL), and with a triglycerides/HDL-c ratio > 3%, and a total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio > 4.5/5%, all representatives of an atherogenic risk lipid profile.

CONCLUSIONS

PON1 polymorphisms modulate the CMPAase activity and PON1 levels in Mexican patients with RA. The CMPAase activity < 13.91 U/mL is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile, independently of inflammation markers and treatment with anti-rheumatic drugs. Key Points •The haplotype TLQ is a marker for low PONase activity in rheumatoid arthritis. •The haplotype TLQ is a marker for low PON1 serum levels in rheumatoid arthritis. •The enzymatic PON1 activity represents the best marker for an atherogenic lipid profile in rheumatoid arthritis, in comparison with PON1 levels. •The haplotype TLQ is a marker of low PON1 activity, levels of PON1s, and atherogenic lipid profile, independent of treatment therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

Associations of the PON1 rs854560 polymorphism with plasma lipid levels: a meta-analysis

Background

Previous studies have investigated the associations of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) rs854560 polymorphism with plasma lipid levels, but the results are inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the associations of the rs854560 polymorphism with plasma lipid levels.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the literature was carried out by using the databases which include Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and VIP database up till August 2018. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the differences in lipid levels between the genotypes. Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to examine the publication bias.

Results

A total of 41 studies (22,844 subjects) were identified for the associations of rs854560 polymorphism with plasma lipid levels. The M carriers had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) (SMD = − 0.15, 95% CI = − 0.23--0.07, P < 0.01) and apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) (SMD = − 0.67, 95% CI = − 0.93--0.41, P < 0.01) than the non-carriers. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that the effect on HDL level was significant in Caucasians and the subjects of other ethnic origins. No publication bias was detected in this meta-analysis.

Conclusions

The meta-analysis suggests that the PON1 rs854560 polymorphism is associated with a lower HDL-C level in Caucasians and subjects of other ethnic origins.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0924-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluation of Association Between Q192R and L55M Genetic Polymorphisms of PON1 and Serum Paraoxonase-1 Activity in Healthy Individuals, a Meta-Analysis

Background and Aims: Several studies have reported the alteration of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme activity in various diseases, including diabetes mellitus. The Q192R and L55M are two genetic variations in the coding region of PON1. To evaluate the relationship between these polymorphisms and the alteration in serum paraoxonase activity, the present meta-analysis was carried out. Material and Methods: Eligible studies published before October 2017 was identified in several databases. The paraoxonase activity in subjects with variant alleles of the study polymorphisms were normalized using the activity of the QQ or LL genotypes. The pooled mean effect of alterations in activity level and its 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was calculated. Results: Thirty-two studies including 11532 healthy participants were used for the present meta-analysis. The paraoxonase activity was increased in the QR and RR genotypes. This elevation was greater among Caucasians than those among Asians and Africans. The activity in the LM and MM genotypes compared with the LL genotype were decreased, this reduction in Caucasians was greater than Africans. Conclusions: At least in part other PON1 polymorphisms and environmental factors may accounts for heterogeneity between studies.

Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene and familial hypercholesterolemia in a Saudi population

BACKGROUND

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by abnormal levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood. FH is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The relationship between the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease has not been studied in Saudi patients.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the genetic associations of the Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene with FH in Saudi patients.

DESIGN

Case-control study.

SETTING

Tertiary care center, Riyadh.

METHODS

Two hundred Saudi patients were enrolled in this study, including 100 patients with FH and 100 healthy controls, during the period from January 2012 to March 2013. Serum was separated from coagulated blood (3 mL) and used for analysis of lipid profiles. Genomic DNA was isolated from anticoagulant-treated blood (2 mL). Genotyping for the Q192R polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, followed by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The strength of association between the Q192R polymorphism and FH in the Saudi population.

RESULTS

We confirmed that QR versus QQ (odds ratio [OR]: 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.43; P=.03), QR+RR versus QQ (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.13-3.49; P=.01), and R versus Q (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.09- 2.59; P=.01) in the Q192R polymorphism were associated with FH in the Saudi population.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene is associated with FH in the Saudi population. Our results confirmed that the R allele, QR, and dominant model genotypes were associated with FH.

LIMITATION

Only a single variant (Q192R) was analyzed, and the medical and family histories of the patients were not known.