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Svalkvist A, Svensson S, Hagberg T, Båth M. VIEWDEX 3.0-RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF A SOFTWARE APPLICATION FACILITATING ASSESSMENT OF IMAGE QUALITY AND OBSERVER PERFORMANCE. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2021; 195:372-377. [PMID: 33683321 PMCID: PMC8507463 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ViewDEX (Viewer for Digital Evaluation of X-ray Images) is an image viewer compatible with Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) that has been especially designed to facilitate image perception and observer performance studies within medical imaging. The software was first released in 2004 and since then a continuous development has been ongoing. One of the major drawbacks of previous versions of ViewDEX has been that they have lacked functionality enabling the possibility to evaluate multiple images and/or image stacks simultaneously. This functionality is especially requested by researchers working with modalities, where an image acquisition can result in multiple image stacks (e.g. axial, coronal and sagittal reformations in computed tomography). In ViewDEX 3.0 this functionality has been added and it is now possible to perform image evaluations of multiple images and/or image stacks simultaneously, by using multiple monitors and/or multiple image canvases in monitors. Additionally, some of the previously available functionality has been updated and improved. This paper describes the recent developments of ViewDEX 3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sune Svensson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Tommy Hagberg
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
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Gomes Ataide EJ, Ponugoti N, Illanes A, Schenke S, Kreissl M, Friebe M. Thyroid Nodule Classification for Physician Decision Support Using Machine Learning-Evaluated Geometric and Morphological Features. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6110. [PMID: 33121054 PMCID: PMC7663034 DOI: 10.3390/s20216110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The classification of thyroid nodules using ultrasound (US) imaging is done using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) guidelines that classify nodules based on visual and textural characteristics. These are composition, shape, size, echogenicity, calcifications, margins, and vascularity. This work aims to reduce subjectivity in the current diagnostic process by using geometric and morphological (G-M) features that represent the visual characteristics of thyroid nodules to provide physicians with decision support. A total of 27 G-M features were extracted from images obtained from an open-access US thyroid nodule image database. 11 significant features in accordance with TIRADS were selected from this global feature set. Each feature was labeled (0 = benign and 1 = malignant) and the performance of the selected features was evaluated using machine learning (ML). G-M features together with ML resulted in the classification of thyroid nodules with a high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The results obtained here were compared against state-of the-art methods and perform significantly well in comparison. Furthermore, this method can act as a computer aided diagnostic (CAD) system for physicians by providing them with a validation of the TIRADS visual characteristics used for the classification of thyroid nodules in US images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Jeto Gomes Ataide
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.K.)
- INKA-Application Driven Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (N.P.); (A.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Nikhila Ponugoti
- INKA-Application Driven Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (N.P.); (A.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Alfredo Illanes
- INKA-Application Driven Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (N.P.); (A.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Simone Schenke
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Kreissl
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Friebe
- INKA-Application Driven Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (N.P.); (A.I.); (M.F.)
- IDTM GmbH, 45657 Recklinghausen, Germany
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Tongkum S, Suwanpradit P, Vidhyarkorn S, Siripongsakun S, Oonsiri S, Rakvongthai Y, Khamwan K. Determination of radiation dose and low-dose protocol for digital chest tomosynthesis using radiophotoluminescent (RPL) glass dosimeters. Phys Med 2020; 73:13-21. [PMID: 32279046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine a low-dose protocol for digital chest tomosynthesis (DTS). METHODS Five simulated nodules with a CT number of approximately 100 HU with size diameter of 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12 mm were inserted into an anthropomorphic chest phantom (N1 Lungman model), and then scanned by DTS system (Definium 8000) with varying tube voltage, copper filter thickness, and dose ratio. Three radiophotoluminescent (RPL) glass dosimeters, type GD-352 M with a dimension of 1.5 × 12 mm, were used to measure the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) in each protocol. The effective dose (ED) was calculated using the recorded total dose-area-product (DAP). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was determined for qualitative image quality evaluation. The image criteria and nodule detection capability were scored by two experienced radiologists. The selected low-dose protocol was further applied in a clinical study with 30 pulmonary nodule follow-up patients. RESULTS The average ESAK obtained from the standard default protocol was 1.68 ± 0.15 mGy, while an ESAK of 0.47 ± 0.02 mGy was found for a low-dose protocol. The EDs for the default and low-dose protocols were 313.98 ± 0.72 µSv and 100.55 ± 0.28 µSv, respectively. There were small non-significant differences in the image criteria and nodule detection scoring between the low-dose and default protocols interpreted by two radiologists. The effective dose of 98.87 ± 0.08 µSv was obtained in clinical study after applying the low-dose protocol. CONCLUSIONS The low-dose protocol obtained in this study can substantially reduce radiation dose while preserving an acceptable image quality compared to the standard protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Tongkum
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Chulabhorn Hospital, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Petcharleeya Suwanpradit
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Radiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirachat Vidhyarkorn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Chulabhorn Hospital, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Surachate Siripongsakun
- Sonographer School, Faculty of Heath Science Technology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sornjarod Oonsiri
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yothin Rakvongthai
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Chulalongkorn University Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kitiwat Khamwan
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Chulalongkorn University Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Söderman C, Johnsson ÅA, Vikgren J, Norrlund RR, Molnar D, Mirzai M, Svalkvist A, Månsson LG, Båth M. Detection of Pulmonary Nodule Growth with Chest Tomosynthesis: A Human Observer Study Using Simulated Nodules. Acad Radiol 2019; 26:508-518. [PMID: 29903641 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Chest tomosynthesis has been suggested as a suitable alternative to CT for follow-up of pulmonary nodules. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of detecting pulmonary nodule growth using chest tomosynthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simulated nodules with volumes of approximately 100 mm3 and 300 mm3 as well as additional versions with increasing volumes were created. The nodules were inserted into images from pairs of chest tomosynthesis examinations, simulating cases where the nodule had either remained stable in size or increased in size between the two imaging occasions. Nodule volume growths ranging from 11% to 252% were included. A simulated dose reduction was applied to a subset of the cases. Cases differing in terms of nodule size, dose level, and nodule position relative to the plane of image reconstruction were included. Observers rated their confidence that the nodules were stable in size or not. The rating data for the nodules that were stable in size was compared to the rating data for the nodules simulated to have increased in size using ROC analysis. RESULTS Area under the curve values ranging from 0.65 to 1 were found. The lowest area under the curve values were found when there was a mismatch in nodule position relative to the reconstructed image plane between the two examinations. Nodule size and dose level affected the results. CONCLUSION The study indicates that chest tomosynthesis can be used to detect pulmonary nodule growth. Nodule size, dose level, and mismatch in position relative to the image reconstruction plane in the baseline and follow-up examination may affect the precision.
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Mendiratta-Lala M, Masch W, Shankar PR, Hartman HE, Davenport MS, Schipper MJ, Maurino C, Cuneo KC, Lawrence TS, Owen D. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: Long Term Imaging Follow-Up. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:169-179. [PMID: 30213751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the natural history of imaging findings seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Although arterial hyperenhancement is a key feature of untreated HCC, our clinical experience suggested that tumors that never progressed could still show hyperenhancement. Therefore, we undertook a systematic study to test the hypothesis that persistent arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) after SBRT is an expected finding that does not suggest failure of treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred forty-six patients undergoing SBRT for HCC between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2015, were screened retrospectively using an institutional review board-approved prospectively maintained registry. Inclusion criteria were (1) HCC treated with SBRT, (2) multiphasic MRI ≤3 months before SBRT, (3) up to 1 year of follow-up MRI post-SBRT, and (4) cirrhosis. The exclusion criterion was ≤3 months of locoregional therapy to the liver segment containing the SBRT-treated HCC. Pre- and post-SBRT MRI from up to 3 years were analyzed in consensus by independent pairs of subspecialty-trained radiologists to determine the temporal evolution of major features for HCC and imaging findings in off-target parenchyma. RESULTS Sixty-two patients with 67 HCCs (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network imaging criteria [OPTN] 5a [n = 26], OPTN 5b [n = 28], OPTN 5x [n = 7]; Liver Imaging Reporting Data System [LI-RAD]-M [n = 4] and LiRADs-4 [n = 2]) were studied. Tumor size either decreased (66% [44 of 67]) or remained unchanged (34% [23 of 67]) within the first 12 months. Post-SBRT APHE was common (58% [39 of 67]). When graded using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors at 3 to 6 months, 25% (17 of 67) met criteria for complete response and 75% (50 of 67) met criteria for stable disease. CONCLUSIONS SBRT is an effective locoregional treatment option for HCC. Persistent APHE is common and does not necessarily indicate viable neoplasm; thus, standard response assessment such as modified Response Evaluation Criteria should be used with caution, particularly in the early phases after SBRT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Masch
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Prasad R Shankar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Holly E Hartman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Matthew J Schipper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chris Maurino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kyle C Cuneo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dawn Owen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Jadidi M, Båth M, Nyrén S. Dependency of image quality on acquisition protocol and image processing in chest tomosynthesis-a visual grading study based on clinical data. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170683. [PMID: 29565673 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the quality of images obtained with two different protocols with different acquisition time and the influence from image post processing in a chest digital tomosynthesis (DTS) system. METHODS 20 patients with suspected lung cancer were imaged with a chest X-ray equipment with tomosynthesis option. Two examination protocols with different acquisition times (6.3 and 12 s) were performed on each patient. Both protocols were presented with two different image post-processing (standard DTS processing and more advanced processing optimised for chest radiography). Thus, 4 series from each patient, altogether 80 series, were presented anonymously and in a random order. Five observers rated the quality of the reconstructed section images according to predefined quality criteria in three different classes. Visual grading characteristics (VGC) was used to analyse the data and the area under the VGC curve (AUCVGC) was used as figure-of-merit. The 12 s protocol and the standard DTS processing were used as references in the analyses. RESULTS The protocol with 6.3 s acquisition time had a statistically significant advantage over the vendor-recommended protocol with 12 s acquisition time for the classes of criteria, Demarcation (AUCVGC = 0.56, p = 0.009) and Disturbance (AUCVGC = 0.58, p < 0.001). A similar value of AUCVGC was found also for the class Structure (definition of bone structures in the spine) (0.56) but it could not be statistically separated from 0.5 (p = 0.21). For the image processing, the VGC analysis showed a small but statistically significant advantage for the standard DTS processing over the more advanced processing for the classes of criteria Demarcation (AUCVGC = 0.45, p = 0.017) and Disturbance (AUCVGC = 0.43, p = 0.005). A similar value of AUCVGC was found also for the class Structure (0.46), but it could not be statistically separated from 0.5 (p = 0.31). CONCLUSION The study indicates that the protocol with 6.3 s acquisition time yields slightly better image quality than the vender-recommended protocol with acquisition time 12 s for several anatomical structures. Furthermore, the standard gradation processing (the vendor-recommended post-processing for DTS), yields to some extent advantage over the gradation processing/multiobjective frequency processing/flexible noise control processing in terms of image quality for all classes of criteria. Advances in knowledge: The study proves that the image quality may be strongly affected by the selection of DTS protocol and that the vendor-recommended protocol may not always be the optimal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Jadidi
- 1 Departments of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- 2 Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,3 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Sven Nyrén
- 4 Molecular medicine and surgery, Karolinska intitutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,5 Department of Thoracic radiology, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Meltzer C, Vikgren J, Bergman B, Molnar D, Norrlund RR, Hassoun A, Gottfridsson B, Båth M, Johnsson ÅA. Detection and Characterization of Solid Pulmonary Nodules at Digital Chest Tomosynthesis: Data from a Cohort of the Pilot Swedish Cardiopulmonary Bioimage Study. Radiology 2018; 287:1018-1027. [PMID: 29613826 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018171481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the performance of digital tomosynthesis (DTS) for detection and characterization of incidental solid lung nodules. Materials and Methods This prospective study was based on a population study with 1111 randomly selected participants (age range, 50-64 years) who underwent a medical evaluation that included chest computed tomography (CT). Among these, 125 participants with incidental nodules 5 mm or larger were included in this study, which added DTS in conjunction with the follow-up CT and was performed between March 2012 and October 2014. DTS images were assessed by four thoracic radiologists blinded to the true number of nodules in two separate sessions according to the 5-mm (125 participants) and 6-mm (55 participants) cut-off for follow-up of incidental nodules. Pulmonary nodules were directly marked on the images by the readers and graded regarding confidence of presence and recommendation for follow-up. Statistical analyses included jackknife free-response receiver operating characteristic, receiver operating characteristic, and Cohen κ coefficient. Results Overall detection rate ranges of CT-proven nodules 5 mm or larger and 6 mm or larger were, respectively, 49%-58% and 48%-62%. Jackknife free-response receiver operating characteristics figure of merit for detection of CT-proven nodules 5 mm or larger and 6 mm or larger was 0.47 and 0.51, respectively, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve regarding recommendation for follow-up was 0.62 and 0.65, respectively. Conclusion Routine use of DTS would result in lower detection rates and reduced number of small nodules recommended for follow-up. © RSNA, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Meltzer
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - Jenny Vikgren
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - Bengt Bergman
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - David Molnar
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - Rauni Rossi Norrlund
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - Asmaa Hassoun
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - Bengt Gottfridsson
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - Magnus Båth
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
| | - Åse A Johnsson
- From the Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M., J.V., D.M., R.R.N., Å.A.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (C.M.), Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (J.V., D.M., R.R.N., A.H., B.G., Å.A.J.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (B.B.), Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.B.), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (M.B.)
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Svensson F, Söderman C, Svalkvist A, Rossi Norrlund R, Vikgren J, Johnsson ÅA, Båth M. Evaluation of a corrected implementation of a method of simulating pulmonary nodules in chest tomosynthesis. Acta Radiol 2017; 58:408-413. [PMID: 27382042 DOI: 10.1177/0284185116654330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background A method of simulating pulmonary nodules in tomosynthesis images has previously been developed and evaluated. An unknown feature of a rounding function included in the computer code was later found to introduce an artifact, affecting simulated nodules in low-signal regions of the images. The computer code has now been corrected. Purpose To perform a thorough evaluation of the corrected nodule-simulation method, comparing the detection rate and visual appearance of artificial nodules with those of real nodules in an observer performance experiment. Material and Methods A cohort of 64 patients with a total of 129 pulmonary nodules was used in the study. Artificial nodules, each matching a corresponding real nodule by size, attenuation, and anatomical location, were generated and simulated into the tomosynthesis images of the different patients. The detection rate and visual appearance of artificial nodules generated using both the corrected and uncorrected computer code were compared to those of real nodules. The results were evaluated using modified receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Results The difference in detection rate between artificial and real nodules slightly increased using the corrected computer code (uncorrected code: area under the curve [AUC], 0.47; 95% CI, 0.43-0.51; corrected code: AUC, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.38-0.46). The visual appearance was however substantially improved using the corrected computer code (uncorrected code: AUC, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.63-0.76; corrected code: AUC, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29-0.65). Conclusion The computer code including a correct rounding function generates simulated nodules that are more visually realistic than simulated nodules generated using the uncorrected computer code, but have a slightly different detection rate compared to real nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Svensson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Christina Söderman
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Svalkvist
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rauni Rossi Norrlund
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Jenny Vikgren
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Åse Allansdotter Johnsson
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Söderman C, Johnsson ÅA, Vikgren J, Norrlund RR, Molnar D, Svalkvist A, Månsson LG, Båth M. EFFECT OF RADIATION DOSE LEVEL ON ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF MANUAL SIZE MEASUREMENTS IN CHEST TOMOSYNTHESIS EVALUATED USING SIMULATED PULMONARY NODULES. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 169:188-198. [PMID: 26994093 PMCID: PMC4911967 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the dependency of the accuracy and precision of nodule diameter measurements on the radiation dose level in chest tomosynthesis. Artificial ellipsoid-shaped nodules with known dimensions were inserted in clinical chest tomosynthesis images. Noise was added to the images in order to simulate radiation dose levels corresponding to effective doses for a standard-sized patient of 0.06 and 0.04 mSv. These levels were compared with the original dose level, corresponding to an effective dose of 0.12 mSv for a standard-sized patient. Four thoracic radiologists measured the longest diameter of the nodules. The study was restricted to nodules located in high-dose areas of the tomosynthesis projection radiographs. A significant decrease of the measurement accuracy and intraobserver variability was seen for the lowest dose level for a subset of the observers. No significant effect of dose level on the interobserver variability was found. The number of non-measurable small nodules (≤5 mm) was higher for the two lowest dose levels compared with the original dose level. In conclusion, for pulmonary nodules at positions in the lung corresponding to locations in high-dose areas of the projection radiographs, using a radiation dose level resulting in an effective dose of 0.06 mSv to a standard-sized patient may be possible in chest tomosynthesis without affecting the accuracy and precision of nodule diameter measurements to any large extent. However, an increasing number of non-measurable small nodules (≤5 mm) with decreasing radiation dose may raise some concerns regarding an applied general dose reduction for chest tomosynthesis examinations in the clinical praxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Söderman
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åse Allansdotter Johnsson
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Vikgren
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rauni Rossi Norrlund
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Molnar
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Svalkvist
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Gunnar Månsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Svalkvist A, Svensson S, Håkansson M, Båth M, Månsson LG. VIEWDEX: A STATUS REPORT. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 169:38-45. [PMID: 26822421 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ViewDEX (Viewer for Digital Evaluation of X-ray images) is an image viewer and task manager suitable for research and optimisation tasks in medical imaging. The software has undergone continuous development during more than a decade and has during this time period been used in numerous studies. ViewDEX is DICOM compatible, and the features of the interface (tasks, image handling and functionality) are general and flexible. The set-up of a study is determined by altering properties in a text-editable file, enabling easy and flexible configuration. ViewDEX is developed in Java and can run from any disc area connected to a computer. It is free to use for non-commercial purposes and can be downloaded from http://www.vgregion.se/sas/viewdex The purposes of the present article are to give a short overview of the development of ViewDEX and to describe recent updates of the software. In addition, a description on how to configure a viewing session in ViewDEX is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Svalkvist
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sune Svensson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Håkansson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Södra Älvsborgs sjukhus, SE-501 82 Borås, Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Gunnar Månsson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Söderman C, Johnsson ÅA, Vikgren J, Norrlund RR, Molnar D, Svalkvist A, Månsson LG, Båth M. INFLUENCE OF THE IN-PLANE ARTEFACT IN CHEST TOMOSYNTHESIS ON PULMONARY NODULE SIZE MEASUREMENTS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 169:199-203. [PMID: 26769904 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate how the in-plane artefact present in the scan direction around structures in tomosynthesis images should be managed when measuring the size of nodules in chest tomosynthesis images in order to achieve acceptable measurement accuracy. Data from measurements, performed by radiologists, of the longest diameter of artificial nodules inserted in chest tomosynthesis images were used. The association between the measurement error and the direction of the longest nodule diameter, relative to the scan direction, was evaluated using the Kendall rank correlation coefficient. All of the radiologists had chosen to not include the artefact in the measurements. Significant association between measurement error and the direction of the longest diameter was found for nodules larger than 12 mm, which indicates that, for these nodules, there is a risk of underestimating the nodule size if the in-plane artefact is omitted from manual diameter measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Söderman
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åse Allansdotter Johnsson
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Vikgren
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rauni Rossi Norrlund
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Molnar
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Svalkvist
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Gunnar Månsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Arvidsson J, Söderman C, Allansdotter Johnsson Å, Bernhardt P, Starck G, Kahl F, Båth M. IMAGE FUSION OF RECONSTRUCTED DIGITAL TOMOSYNTHESIS VOLUMES FROM A FRONTAL AND A LATERAL ACQUISITION. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 169:410-415. [PMID: 26683464 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) has been used in chest imaging as a low radiation dose alternative to computed tomography (CT). Traditional DTS shows limitations in the spatial resolution in the out-of-plane dimension. As a first indication of whether a dual-plane dual-view (DPDV) DTS data acquisition can yield a fair resolution in all three spatial dimensions, a manual registration between a frontal and a lateral image volume was performed. An anthropomorphic chest phantom was scanned frontally and laterally using a linear DTS acquisition, at 120 kVp. The reconstructed image volumes were resampled and manually co-registered. Expert radiologist delineations of the mediastinal soft tissues enabled calculation of similarity metrics in regard to delineations in a reference CT volume. The fused volume produced the highest total overlap, implying that the fused volume was a more isotropic 3D representation of the examined object than the traditional chest DTS volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arvidsson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Söderman
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åse Allansdotter Johnsson
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Bernhardt
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Starck
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Kahl
- Department of Signals and Systems, Digital Image Systems and Image Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Jadidi M, Sundin A, Aspelin P, Båth M, Nyrén S. Evaluation of a new system for chest tomosynthesis: aspects of image quality of different protocols determined using an anthropomorphic phantom. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150057. [PMID: 26118300 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the image quality obtained with the different protocols in a new chest digital tomosynthesis (DTS) system. METHODS A chest phantom was imaged with chest X-ray equipment with DTS. 10 protocols were used, and for each protocol, nine acquisitions were performed. Four observers visually rated the quality of the reconstructed section images according to pre-defined quality criteria in four different classes. The data were analysed with visual grading characteristics (VGC) analysis, using the vendor-recommended protocol [12-s acquisition time, source-to-image distance (SID) 180 cm] as reference, and the area under the VGC curve (AUCVGC) was determined for each protocol and class of criteria. RESULTS Protocols with a smaller swing angle resulted in a lower image quality for the classes of criteria "disturbance" and "homogeneity in nodule" but a higher image quality for the class "structure". The class "demarcation" showed little dependency on the swing angle. All protocols but one (6.3 s, SID 130 cm) obtained an AUCVGC significantly <0.5 (indicating lower quality than reference) for at least one class of criteria. CONCLUSION The study indicates that the DTS protocol with 6.3 s yields image quality similar to that obtained with the vendor-recommended protocol (12 s) but with the clinically important advantage for patients with respiratory impairment of a shorter acquisition time. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The study demonstrates that the image quality may be strongly affected by the choice of protocol and that the vendor-recommended protocol may not be optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jadidi
- 1 Departments of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Sundin
- 2 Radiology Department, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,3 Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Aspelin
- 4 Departments of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,5 Radiology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Båth
- 6 Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,7 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Nyrén
- 8 Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,9 Radiology Department, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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