The importance of the standardizing sampling methodology to detect altitudinal gradients in mountains: A study case for the resident bird community in a hotspot (Atlantic forest) and the Middle Domain Effect

The influencing factors for distribution patterns of resident and migrant bird species richness along elevational gradients

The latitudinal and elevational patterns of species richness of resident and migrant birds have been of interest to researchers over the past few decades, and various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the factors that may affect these patterns. This study aimed to shed light on the elevational distribution patterns of resident and migrant bird species richness by examining biotic and abiotic factors such as climate, and habitat heterogeneity using a piecewise structural equation model (pSEM). The overall pattern of resident species richness showed a decreasing trend with increasing elevation, whereas that of migrant species richness showed an increasing trend. The mid-peak pattern of species richness was affected by a combination of resident and migrant species and not by either resident or migrant species. Our results showed that resident species were distributed in lower elevation regions with higher mean spring temperatures, whereas migrant species were found in higher elevation regions with lower mean spring temperatures and higher overstory vegetation coverage. Although high elevation conditions might adversely affect the reproduction of migrant birds, higher overstory vegetation coverage at high elevations seemed to compensate for this by providing a better nesting and roosting environment. Despite the significance of habitat diversity and understory vegetation coverage in univariate linear regression models, multiple regression models of the interconnection of ecological processes demonstrated that mean spring temperature and overstory vegetation coverage were more explanatory than other variables.